Very popular Ayurvedic oil preparation indicated in osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis, edema & movement restriction. Mainly helpful in relieving pain. it is mentioned in Sahasrayoga Book.
Lauha Kalpas and mandura kalpas are important formulations which constitutes Lauha bhasma (calx of iron) and mandura bhasma (calx of Ferric oxide) as the major ingredient along with the other herbal ingredients. Present presentation is based on Lauha and mandura kalpana according to C.C.I.M. Syllabus for M.D. Final year curriculum of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya kalpana paper 3, Rasa Chikitsa and aushadha vigyana, Part A
Very popular Ayurvedic oil preparation indicated in osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis, edema & movement restriction. Mainly helpful in relieving pain. it is mentioned in Sahasrayoga Book.
Lauha Kalpas and mandura kalpas are important formulations which constitutes Lauha bhasma (calx of iron) and mandura bhasma (calx of Ferric oxide) as the major ingredient along with the other herbal ingredients. Present presentation is based on Lauha and mandura kalpana according to C.C.I.M. Syllabus for M.D. Final year curriculum of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya kalpana paper 3, Rasa Chikitsa and aushadha vigyana, Part A
The present presentation tells the clear knowledge about the Paribhasa Prakaran mentioned in the text of Rasa ratna sammuchya for the rasa Shashtra scholars to go further deep into the rasa karma to attain deh vaad and lauha vaad from rasa
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Dr. Ajith The famous Integrative dermatology practitioner. And all the ppt which i have updated is prepared by myself and if you find out same in anywhere else, inform us and its 100% copied from my profile.
Fundamental principles of bhaishajya kalpana. The word Bhaishajya Kalpana is composed of two words – Bhaishajya and Kalpana. The word Bhaishajya means – relating to Bheshaja (medicine). Kalpana refers to formulation or designing of medicine. There are some fundamental principles, according to which all ayurvedi medicines are prepared.
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
Pregnancy is considered to be an important phase in woman’s life. During the nine months journey, the pregnant lady goes through certain mild illnesses such as nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. Other garbhopdrava’s such as fever, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, constipation and miscarriage can occur during pregnancy. Ayurveda has given prime importance to antenatal care as women gives birth to a new life. Antenatal care helps to assess and improve the wellbeing of the mother and the baby throughout the pregnancy. It helps to reduce the risks and other complications that arise during pregnancy. In ayurveda, the care of the pregnant lady and the new born baby has been well explained in Samhita’s. Also, ayurveda has mentioned certain formulations which can reduce the symptoms that occur during the phase of pregnancy. One such formulation is garbhapal rasa which is mentioned in rasatantrasara siddhaprayoga sangraha which counteracts the minor ailments during pregnancy and prevents miscarriage and ensures better nourishment to the fetus. In this study, we will review on the application of garbhapal rasa in pregnancy.
Sitopaladi Churna is well known Ayurvedic preparation. Sitopaladi mainly used for respiratory problems. Sitopaladi Churna is effective anti-cough formula for all age groups.
The present presentation tells the clear knowledge about the Paribhasa Prakaran mentioned in the text of Rasa ratna sammuchya for the rasa Shashtra scholars to go further deep into the rasa karma to attain deh vaad and lauha vaad from rasa
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Dr. Ajith The famous Integrative dermatology practitioner. And all the ppt which i have updated is prepared by myself and if you find out same in anywhere else, inform us and its 100% copied from my profile.
Fundamental principles of bhaishajya kalpana. The word Bhaishajya Kalpana is composed of two words – Bhaishajya and Kalpana. The word Bhaishajya means – relating to Bheshaja (medicine). Kalpana refers to formulation or designing of medicine. There are some fundamental principles, according to which all ayurvedi medicines are prepared.
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
Pregnancy is considered to be an important phase in woman’s life. During the nine months journey, the pregnant lady goes through certain mild illnesses such as nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. Other garbhopdrava’s such as fever, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, constipation and miscarriage can occur during pregnancy. Ayurveda has given prime importance to antenatal care as women gives birth to a new life. Antenatal care helps to assess and improve the wellbeing of the mother and the baby throughout the pregnancy. It helps to reduce the risks and other complications that arise during pregnancy. In ayurveda, the care of the pregnant lady and the new born baby has been well explained in Samhita’s. Also, ayurveda has mentioned certain formulations which can reduce the symptoms that occur during the phase of pregnancy. One such formulation is garbhapal rasa which is mentioned in rasatantrasara siddhaprayoga sangraha which counteracts the minor ailments during pregnancy and prevents miscarriage and ensures better nourishment to the fetus. In this study, we will review on the application of garbhapal rasa in pregnancy.
Sitopaladi Churna is well known Ayurvedic preparation. Sitopaladi mainly used for respiratory problems. Sitopaladi Churna is effective anti-cough formula for all age groups.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
This PPT describes the WHO guidelines for the Quality control of medicinal plant materials, in order to establish the quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
It is the proximate analysis of protein carbohydrates and others nutrient content in fish body. It also analyze the protein, carbohydrates, lipid, moisture content in the fish feed.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Churna is fine dry powder of any single drug or more than one drug.
Churna Kalpana is upkalpana of kalka Kalpana, because churna Kalpana is a dry
state of kalka Kalpana.
DEFINITION: (a/c to sa.m .6/1)
अत्यन्तशुष्क
ं यद् द्रव्यं सुपिष्टं वस्त्रगालितम् ।
तत् स्त्याच्चुर्णं रजः क्षोदस्त्तन्मारा कर्षसम्ममता । ।
Synonyms- क्षोद,रज
मारा-1 कर्ष (12 gm)
3. TYPES:(a/c to chakrapani)
चूर्णष कल्क एवान्तर्ाषवनीयं द्पवपवधो हि कल्कः-स द्रवोऽद्रवश्चेतत कृ त्वा।।
चूर्णष is included in itself dry kalka.
कल्क is 2 types- sadrava and adrava kalka
चूर्णष comes under adrava kalka
Prakshepa Dravya Matra In Churna: (Sa.m.6/2)
चुर्णे गुडः समो देयः शक
ष रा द्पवगुर्णा र्वेत्।
चुर्णेर्ु र्म्जषतं हिङ्गु देयं नोत््िेदकृ दर्वेत् । ।
गुड-सममारा
शक
ष रा-द्पवगुर्ण मारा
र्म्जषत हिङ्गु-न उत््िेदकृ त्
4. Churna Sevana Vidhi : (sa.m.6/3)
लििेच्चुर्णं द्रवैः सवैर्ृषताद्यैद्षपवगुर्णोम्न्मतैः।
पिबेच्चतुगुषर्णैरेव चूर्णषमािोडडतं द्रवैः ।।
If churna is advise to consume in paste form with any liquid(ghrita, madhu) , than
the drava dravya should be taken double the quantity of churna i.e 2 karsha(24 gm).
If churna is said to drink after mixing with liquid (dugdha, go mutra, takra) , than
the drava dravya quantity should be 4 times i.e. 4 karsha(48gm).
6. Dose:
1 Karsa = Approximately 12 grams
Preservation
Churna should be packed in airtight container.
Shelf life :
2 months according to Sharangadhara
2 years according to Official Gazette of India
7. PARAMETERS FOR STANDARDISATION OF CHURNA:
The guidelines prescribed by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).
(A)Ayurvedic parameters:
The churna should be very fine ,amorphous (structureless) and moisture free.
(B)Modern parameters:
(a) Study of organoleptic characters-:
1. colour
2. odour
3. taste
8. (b)Physico-chemical evaluation:
Determination of moisture content[Loss on drying]
Determination of Ash value
Acid insoluble ash
Water soluble ash
Water soluble extractive value
Alcohol soluble extractive value
pH determination
9. (C) Determinationof physicalcharacteristicsof powder
Bulk density
Tapped density
Angle of repose
Hausner Ratio
Carr’s Index
(D) Determination of toxic contaminants
limits for heavy metels
microbial limits in ASU products
Pesticidal Residue & Aflatoxin Limits
(E) Chromatographically analysis
10. Pharmacognostical study -
1. Determination of foreign matter
About 100 g of the sample was spread out as a thin layer.
Foreign matter was detected by inspection with the unaided eye or
by the use of a magnifying lens (6x), separated, weighed and the
percent foreign matter was calculated .
2. Organoleptic parameters
Organoleptic characters like colour, odour, taste, appearance and
texture of the ingredients and formulation samples were evaluated
using a reported method .
11. 3. Fluorescence analysis :
Fluorescence characters of powdered materials in different standard
reagent solutions in the ordinary visible light and ultraviolet light (both long
365 nm and short 254 nm wavelengths) were observed .
4. Microscopic study
Five mg of the sieved (80#) powder samples (churna and ingredients) were
taken and washed with plain water.
Then the samples were treated separately with iodine, chloral hydrate,
pholorglucinol or potassium iodide; a drop of glycerine was added and
mounted.
The powder sample characters were then observed by a Carl Zeiss binocular
microscope attached with a camera according to the standard method .
12. DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE:
A suitable quantity of sample is weighed and transferred to set of sieves from
number 10 to 85. the sieves are taken in sieve shakers for about 30 minutes and the
residue on each sieve is weighed separately.
All particle pass
through sieve no
Not more than 40% pass
through
Coarse powder 10 44
Moderately coarse
powder
22 60
Moderately fine powder 44 85
Fine powder All pass through 85
numbered sieve
Very fine powder All pass through 120
numbered silk sieve
13. Physico - chemical evaluation
13
Determination Of MoistureContent(Loss On Drying)
Significance -The Loss on Drying Test is
designed to measuretheamount ofwaterand
volatilematters in a sample when the sample is
dried under specified conditions.
HOT AIR OVEN
IR MOISTURE
BALANCE
14. LOSS ON DRYING at 1050 c
10 gm Drug
powdered
drug in Petri
dish
Heat at 1050 c
for 5 hour
Cool & Weight
the air Dried
sample
LOSS ON DRYING %w/w – (W2-W3)×100
(W2-W1)
Wt of Petri dish =W1
Wt of Petri dish + sample = W2
After drying
Wt of Petri dish + sample = W3
0
14
0
Electronic weighing balance
Petri Dish
Hot Air Oven
Dessicator
15. Impact Of Moisture Content
Microbial Growth –Presence of moisture influences growth of
micro organisms.
Effectstheflow property of thepowders .
Effects Physical and Chemical stability of theProduct.
15
16. Determination OfAsh Value
TotalAsh
Theresidueremainingafterincineration.Ashvalueis
useful in determining quality and purityof crude
drugs.
Onincineration, crudedrugsnormally leaveanashusually
consisting of carbonates,phosphatesandsilicatesofsodium,
potassium, calciumand magnesium.
Highashvalue isanindicativeof Contamination,substitution
,adulterationof carelessnessduring manufacturing .
The maximum temperatureused for total ashshould be not more
then 4500C becausealkalichlorides thatmay be volatileinhigher
temperaturewould be lost.
MUFFLE FURNANCE
Electric
Bunsen
Burner
17. Total Ash
Total ash %by weight = W
eight of Ash x100
Weightof sample taken
Incinerate
2-3 gm
sample in
Silica
crucible
Set the temperature at
450 0 C and incinerate
until free from carbon
Calculate the
percentage of Ash
17
19. Acid insolubleAsh
Boil the ash
obtained from
Ash value
determination
for 5 minutes
with 25 ml dil
hydrochloric
acid
Collect the
insoluble matter
in an ash less
filter
paper(Whattman
41)
. Acid Insloluble Ash % by weight =
Weight of Acid insoluble Ash
x100
Weight of Ash sample taken
Wash with
hot water
and ignite
to the
constant
weight .
Weigh the
ash
19
21. Water solubleAsh
Boil the ash
obtained from
Ash value
determination
for 5 minutes
with 25 ml
water
Collect the
insoluble matter
in an ashless
filter
paper(Whattman
41)
x100
. Water soluble Ash % by weight =
Weight of Water soluble Ash
Weight of Ash sample taken
Wash with
hot water
and ignite
to the
constant
weight .
Weigh the
ash
21
22. Extractive Values
Extractivevaluesareprimarilyusefulforthedeterminationof exhaustedor
adulterateddrugs.
Theextractivevalueofthe crudedrugdeterminesthequalityaswell as
purity of the drugs.
Exhaustingcrudedrugswithdifferentsolventsto evaluatethe
approximate measures of their chemical constituents
Lessextractivevalue indicatesadditionof exhaustedmaterial,
adulterationor incorrectprocessing duringdrying or storageor
formulating 22
24. Alcohol Soluble Extractive Value
50
Macerate 5
g of
Powdered
drug + 100
ml of ethyl
alcohol
24 hrs ,shaking
frequently six
hours and allow
to stand for
eighteen hours.
Filter &
evaporate 25
ml of the filtrate
to
dryness,drying
at 1050 c to
constant wt
Calculate the
percentage of
alcohol-soluble ext
Alcohol soluble extractive value (% ) =Wt of the ext ×Vol of Alcohol
Wt of sample × Vol of the filtrate
× 100
25. Water Soluble Extractive Value
5
1
Macerate 5
g of
Powdered
drug + 100
ml of
Distillled
water
24 hrs ,shaking
frequently six
hours and allow
to stand for
eighteen hours.
Filter &
evaporate 25
ml of the filtrate
to
dryness,drying
at 1050 c to
constant wt
Calculate the
percentage of
water soluble ext
Water soluble extractive value (% ) =Wt of the ext ×Vol of water
Wt of sample × Volof the filtrate
× 100
26. DETERMINATION OF pH VALUES :
The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in g per litre.
For the purpose of pharmacopeia pH is defined as the value given by a suitable ,
properly standardised , pH meter capable of reproducing pH value to 0.05ph unit using
an indicator electrode sensitive to hydrogen-ion activity , the glass electrodes and a
suitable reference electrode.
27. Determination of pH
Afigure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
on a logarithmicscaleon which7isneutral,lowervalues
aremore acid and highervaluesmorealkaline
58
28. Determination of physical characteristics of powder
Bulk density
• It is the ratio of given mass of powder and its bulk volume. It is determined by
transferring an accurately weighed amount of powder sample to the graduated
cylinder with the aid of a funnel. The initial volume was noted. The ratio of
weight of the volume it occupied was calculated. As shown in fig no- 1
• Bulk density=W/V0 g/ml
• Where, W = mass of the powder, V0 = untapped volume
29. Tapped density:
• It is measured by transferring a known quantity (25g) of powder into a bulk density
apparatus and tapping it for 100 times.
• The initial volume was noted. The graduated cylinder was tapped continuously for a
period of 10-15 min.
• The density can be determined as the ratio of mass of the powder to the tapped
volume.
• As shown in fig no 2
• Tapped volume= W/Vf g/ml
• Where, W = mass of the powder, Vf = tapped volume
30. Angle of repose – The main application of the angle of repose is to assess the
flowability of a granular material
The internal angle between the surface of the pile of powder and the horizontal
surface is known as the angle of repose.
The powder is passed through funnel fixed to a burette at s height of 4 cm.
A graph paper is placed below the funnel on the table. The height and the radius of
the pile were measured.
Angle of repose of the powder was calculated using the formula; as shown in fig
no 3
Angle of repose= tan-1(h/r) ,
Where, h=height of the pile
, r = radius of pile.
31.
32.
33. HAUSNER RATIO:
Hausner’s ratio: It indicates the flow properties of the powder.
The ratio of tapped density to the bulk density of the powder is called
Hausner ratio.
[Hausner ratio= Tapped density/bulk density]
34. CARR’S INDEX (Compressibility Index)
The Carr’s index is an indication of the compressibility of a powder.
The Carr’s index is calculated by;
Carr’s index=(Pₜ-Pb)/pt×100
Pₜ -Tapped density
Pb-Bulk density
35.
36. Limits For HeavyMetals
Heavy metals AYUSH Limit WHO USFDA HAS
Singapore
Lead 10ppm 10ppm 10 ppm 20ppm
Arsenic 3ppm 3 ppm 10 ppm 5ppm
Mercury 1ppm 1ppm 1 ppm 0.5ppm
Cadmium 0.3 ppm 0.30ppm 0.30 ppm 0.05ppm
Determination of contaminants
37. Microbial Limits InAsu Products
Parameter Specifications
Total Bacterial count 1×10 5 CFU/gm
Yeast & Mould 1×10 3 CFU/gm
E Coli Absent
Salmonella Absent
P .aeruginosa Absent
S .aureus Absent
40. DETERMINATIONOF THIN-LAYRER CHROMATOGRAPHY :
APPARATUS REQUIRED: TLC Plates Development Chamber
Glass capillaries Conical Flasks
Sprayer UV Chamber Hot air oven
Chromatography is any one of the several processes for separating and analysing
various gaseous or dissolved chemical material according to difference in their absorbency
with respect to a specific substance and according to their different pigments.
The separation of chemical substances and particle by differential movement through
a two-phase system is called as chromatography.
stationary phase - for adsorption form
mobile phase - for liquid form
The result of chromatography separation are expressed in the term of Rf value. It
defined as the distance travelled by the sample substance /distance travelled by the solvent
41. CONCLUSION -
In the last some years, the use of herbal drugs has been increased all over the world due
to their huge therapeutic effect and less adverse effects as compared to other medicines.
The rising use of herbal drug by the human is forcing the driving force to evaluate the
health claim of these agents and to develop standards of quality, purity, safety and
efficacy of the drug.
Mostly herbal drugs are effective but due to adulteration and lack of standardization, the
effectiveness of the herbal drug is decreased. So there is need of development of
standardization parameters.
In the standardization of the herbal drug the physical, chemical, biological, analytical
parameters are carried out. It assures the quality, purity and safety of herbal drug.
For the quality assured herbal products, the standardization is required.
In standardization, the above mentioned parameters i.e. authenticity, biological
parameter, chemical parameter, physical parameter and analytical profiling gives the
quality assured herbal products. HPTLC tool is mostly used for identification of the
compound.