London has become a highly unequal city with a large financial sector driving up housing prices. This has displaced many low-income residents from central areas through gentrification and rising rents. Government cuts to housing benefits will further push out the poor to outer London, increasing social segregation. The housing market functions like a series of bowls, with high prices in central areas cascading outwards. Maintaining social mix in expensive inner areas may require assistance for low-income households.
Mumbai has traditionally relied on its textile mills and seaport for prosperity but these industries are being replaced by more skilled industries like engineering, healthcare, and IT. Several major Indian companies are headquartered in Mumbai which accounts for 20% of India's industrial employment and handles 30% of exports and imports. Historically slums in Mumbai have grown due to population growth beyond existing housing capacity, drawing migrants with higher urban incomes. Today over 60% of Mumbai's population lives in informal housing or slums despite ongoing economic growth. London also experienced urbanization challenges with its slums, known as rookeries, which were overcrowded areas with poor sanitation. Comparing rooms to occupants shows London has the highest proportion
Upwave: city dynamics and the coming economic revivalCCI
Countering the many claims that the best days of capitalism are over following the economic meltdown of 2008 onwards, this presentation provocatively argues that a new golden age of capitalism - or upwave - began around 2002, and despite the unstable markets in the western world of the past few years, this upwave will produce previously unseen levels of wealth creation during the next twenty years.
Basing this theory on the commercialisation of new technologies and the growth of new markets, the author claims that these positive trends are key to economic recovery in the US, UK and Europe. It argues that the true problem facing some countries in the West is government debt and that economic policy is of limited use in flexible and adaptive economies, where innovation, entrepreneurship and private investment should be encouraged in a range of regions.
Gentrification refers to the process of renovating deteriorated neighborhoods through investments by wealthier residents, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of long-time, usually lower-income, residents. It transforms working-class areas into more affluent, middle-class communities and changes the social character of neighborhoods. Gentrification is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts.
Urban renewal is the process of redeveloping areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It often involves relocating businesses and demolishing structures to redevelop land. While proponents see it as improving economic and living conditions, critics argue it can displace existing communities. Early examples include Haussmann's redesign of Paris in the 1850s and the redevelopment of Rome from 1925-1950. Urban renewal aims to revitalize city centers and gentrify neighborhoods but has also demolished some neighborhoods in the past.
Polycentric Cities and Sustainable DevelopmentDuncanSmith
Research mapping the density and function of commercial activities in Greater London, then exploring relationships with travel patterns. Part of my PhD research at CASA UCL. Presented at Regional Science UK and Ireland Section 2009.
London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of over 14 million people. It was founded by the Romans in 40 AD and named Londinium. Some of London's most famous landmarks include Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Hyde Park, and Trafalgar Square. London has a well-developed public transport system including the iconic red double decker buses and the Underground, known locally as the "Tube".
This document discusses the rise of neoliberal policies and their impact on increasing social and spatial polarization in cities. Some key points:
- Neoliberal policies have shifted away from egalitarian public services and wealth redistribution towards policies that benefit elites and punish the poor.
- This has led to greater inequality globally and within countries. It has also polarized urban areas, with wealthier groups congregating in privatized enclaves while the poor live in insecure conditions.
- Cities have focused on marketing themselves to outsiders over local needs, and "revanchist" policies criminalize and exclude the poor from public spaces.
- The document argues this polarization has been exacerbated by the current
Mumbai has traditionally relied on its textile mills and seaport for prosperity but these industries are being replaced by more skilled industries like engineering, healthcare, and IT. Several major Indian companies are headquartered in Mumbai which accounts for 20% of India's industrial employment and handles 30% of exports and imports. Historically slums in Mumbai have grown due to population growth beyond existing housing capacity, drawing migrants with higher urban incomes. Today over 60% of Mumbai's population lives in informal housing or slums despite ongoing economic growth. London also experienced urbanization challenges with its slums, known as rookeries, which were overcrowded areas with poor sanitation. Comparing rooms to occupants shows London has the highest proportion
Upwave: city dynamics and the coming economic revivalCCI
Countering the many claims that the best days of capitalism are over following the economic meltdown of 2008 onwards, this presentation provocatively argues that a new golden age of capitalism - or upwave - began around 2002, and despite the unstable markets in the western world of the past few years, this upwave will produce previously unseen levels of wealth creation during the next twenty years.
Basing this theory on the commercialisation of new technologies and the growth of new markets, the author claims that these positive trends are key to economic recovery in the US, UK and Europe. It argues that the true problem facing some countries in the West is government debt and that economic policy is of limited use in flexible and adaptive economies, where innovation, entrepreneurship and private investment should be encouraged in a range of regions.
Gentrification refers to the process of renovating deteriorated neighborhoods through investments by wealthier residents, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of long-time, usually lower-income, residents. It transforms working-class areas into more affluent, middle-class communities and changes the social character of neighborhoods. Gentrification is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts.
Urban renewal is the process of redeveloping areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It often involves relocating businesses and demolishing structures to redevelop land. While proponents see it as improving economic and living conditions, critics argue it can displace existing communities. Early examples include Haussmann's redesign of Paris in the 1850s and the redevelopment of Rome from 1925-1950. Urban renewal aims to revitalize city centers and gentrify neighborhoods but has also demolished some neighborhoods in the past.
Polycentric Cities and Sustainable DevelopmentDuncanSmith
Research mapping the density and function of commercial activities in Greater London, then exploring relationships with travel patterns. Part of my PhD research at CASA UCL. Presented at Regional Science UK and Ireland Section 2009.
London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of over 14 million people. It was founded by the Romans in 40 AD and named Londinium. Some of London's most famous landmarks include Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Hyde Park, and Trafalgar Square. London has a well-developed public transport system including the iconic red double decker buses and the Underground, known locally as the "Tube".
This document discusses the rise of neoliberal policies and their impact on increasing social and spatial polarization in cities. Some key points:
- Neoliberal policies have shifted away from egalitarian public services and wealth redistribution towards policies that benefit elites and punish the poor.
- This has led to greater inequality globally and within countries. It has also polarized urban areas, with wealthier groups congregating in privatized enclaves while the poor live in insecure conditions.
- Cities have focused on marketing themselves to outsiders over local needs, and "revanchist" policies criminalize and exclude the poor from public spaces.
- The document argues this polarization has been exacerbated by the current
The document discusses how the functions and demographics of places can change over time. It provides examples of how rural and urban areas in the UK have experienced changes in their functions. Rural areas have seen a loss of shops and pubs, as well as a decline in agricultural employment, replaced by growth in commuter villages, tourism, and farm diversification. Urban areas have experienced deindustrialization in northern cities and growth of retail and leisure, both in cities and out-of-town shopping centers. Demographics have also changed, with aging populations and increased diversity in urban areas according to 2011 Census data. Gentrification and studentification are mentioned as ways areas can experience demographic structural changes.
The document provides information about revising key aspects of a unit on London. It includes tasks on London's international and national importance, population growth, and urban inequality. It also discusses garden villages as a topic of revision. Key vocabulary terms are defined, and there are figures and statements provided to analyze differences between London boroughs like Kensington and Chelsea and Newham. Garden villages are described as new separate communities totaling 48,000 homes built on brownfield land and green belt land.
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
Tim Williams, Chief Executive of the Committee for Sydney, gave this presentation as a framing for a workshop in Sydney between U.S. and Australian economic development leaders.
This chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the origins of European cities and their expansion through trade and imperialism. Industrialization accelerated urbanization, and colonialism helped spread the urban model globally. Today, a small number of world cities have outsized economic and cultural influence, while many megacities in the developing world struggle with issues like overcrowding and lack of infrastructure. The chapter explores theories like central place and differences between cities in core versus peripheral regions in an increasingly interconnected world.
This document discusses the history and development of Limerick from the 1860s to today. It analyzes theories of urban development and the logic of post-war export-led growth. It argues that Limerick can no longer rely on large employers to provide jobs and must find new sources of economic growth and consumption. The document proposes that the University of Limerick invest in infrastructure projects to stimulate the local economy during stagnation and help revitalize the city center.
Economic history of the region Twente, The NetherlandsJacques Bazen
The region of Twente in the Netherlands experienced economic growth in the 19th century due to the development of the textile industry, attracted by low wages. However, the textile industry declined in the postwar period due to globalization and lack of innovation. The government invested in higher education to diversify the economy and attract talent. Measures like supporting entrepreneurship, international cooperation, and developing science parks helped improve the economy, but unemployment and income remain above average. Overall, while progress was made, it has been difficult to fully transform the regional economy.
This document presents four scenarios for the future of London in 2050 that vary based on different priorities and levels of decentralization. The scenarios are: 15-Minute London which prioritizes local communities and net zero emissions by 2030; Londependence which gives new powers to London government through federalism; London Megacapital which maximizes economic growth through deregulation and expansion; and Safety First London which focuses on public health, security and resilience in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Each scenario outlines the key changes, impacts, and a totemic project example for London by 2050.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities through history and around the world. It discusses the origins of European cities in medieval times and their expansion through trade. Industrialization and imperialism further spread the urban model globally. Today, there are major differences in urbanization trends between core and peripheral regions. A small number of world cities have outsized economic and cultural influence, while many megacities in the periphery struggle with issues like overpopulation, poverty, and lack of infrastructure.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the roots of European urban expansion in medieval times linked to rise of merchant capitalism and colonialism. This helped spread the urban model globally. Today, most people live in urban areas and cities dominate aspects of modern life. The chapter analyzes urban systems, trends in core/peripheral regions, and rise of mega cities and world cities that occupy key roles in global economies and culture. Challenges include overurbanization, slums, and differences between core and peripheral urban areas.
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and metropolitan areas. It defines key terms like urban area, urbanization, metropolis, exurban, and suburban. It then describes the history of early cities appearing thousands of years ago along fertile river valleys. It also outlines the origin of urbanization in places like Mesopotamia, India, China, and how most rapid urbanization occurred in America, Europe in the 20th century. The document also discusses the classification of cities in the Philippines and identifies 12 metropolitan areas as the country's leading industrial and economic centers.
This document discusses employment structures and how they differ between economic sectors and countries. It begins by defining the primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary economic sectors. It then explains that employment structures show the percentage of a country's workforce in each sector and can indicate its level of development. Developed countries usually have higher tertiary sector employment while developing countries rely more on primary sectors. The document analyzes changes over time in the UK employment structure as it industrialized and transitioned to a service economy. It also notes regional variations within the UK and how employment structures differ significantly between rich, poor, and developing countries globally.
Tine De Moor, President, IASC How To Be A Critical Scholar Of The Commons? Un...LabGov
The document discusses key concepts related to commons and challenges for scholars studying commons. It begins by defining different types of commons that have existed historically in Europe, including land commons, guilds, and water boards. It then discusses challenges in defining "commons" and distinguishing them from other models. The document advocates for a three-dimensional approach to analyzing commons that considers the resource, users, and governance institutions. It concludes by outlining challenges for urban commons scholars and future commons advocates, such as connecting commons to governments and markets to ensure long-term sustainability.
This document discusses various aspects of work and the economy in Britain. It notes that traditionally there was a lack of enthusiasm for work among the working class, who valued pay over job satisfaction. Attitudes are slowly changing as more people do non-manual work. Wealth distribution in Britain became less equitable in the 1970s-1990s, with the rich getting richer while the poor did not. The economy relies heavily on the financial sector in London, though most people are unaware of complex financial dealings and manage their money through local banks and shops.
The document discusses the working of a DC to AC converter for photovoltaic systems. It describes a two-stage converter with a boost converter and a full bridge inverter to interface a photovoltaic array with loads. It uses maximum power point tracking to achieve maximum output power. The converter modes of operation and related waveforms are analyzed using MATLAB Simulink.
This document discusses contrasting megacities and their development processes. It provides examples of megacities and world cities, noting that some cities are both. Megacities differ in factors like level of development, migrant populations, growth patterns, planning, and population growth rates. The document outlines urban processes occurring in cities, like urban growth, sprawl, suburbanization, and reurbanization. It presents a cycle of urbanization and categories of urban development. Case studies compare London and Mumbai, noting London is established with counterurbanization and Mumbai is consolidating with international migrants. Causes of London's suburban growth include transportation, wealth increases, household changes, new towns, and government funding.
This document discusses topics around social housing in Europe. It addresses issues like affordability, mobility, demographics, and financing social housing. It notes that over 1.3 million asylum seekers came to Europe in 2015. Inequality in housing is increasing, with housing costs disproportionately burdening low-income tenants. Affordable housing shortages, empty homes, high construction costs, and obstacles to credit are ongoing problems. Cities struggle with increasing housing prices that push people out. Innovative solutions are needed to provide permanent, decent and affordable housing connected to opportunities.
The document discusses how the functions and demographics of places can change over time. It provides examples of how rural and urban areas in the UK have experienced changes in their functions. Rural areas have seen a loss of shops and pubs, as well as a decline in agricultural employment, replaced by growth in commuter villages, tourism, and farm diversification. Urban areas have experienced deindustrialization in northern cities and growth of retail and leisure, both in cities and out-of-town shopping centers. Demographics have also changed, with aging populations and increased diversity in urban areas according to 2011 Census data. Gentrification and studentification are mentioned as ways areas can experience demographic structural changes.
The document provides information about revising key aspects of a unit on London. It includes tasks on London's international and national importance, population growth, and urban inequality. It also discusses garden villages as a topic of revision. Key vocabulary terms are defined, and there are figures and statements provided to analyze differences between London boroughs like Kensington and Chelsea and Newham. Garden villages are described as new separate communities totaling 48,000 homes built on brownfield land and green belt land.
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
Tim Williams, Chief Executive of the Committee for Sydney, gave this presentation as a framing for a workshop in Sydney between U.S. and Australian economic development leaders.
This chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the origins of European cities and their expansion through trade and imperialism. Industrialization accelerated urbanization, and colonialism helped spread the urban model globally. Today, a small number of world cities have outsized economic and cultural influence, while many megacities in the developing world struggle with issues like overcrowding and lack of infrastructure. The chapter explores theories like central place and differences between cities in core versus peripheral regions in an increasingly interconnected world.
This document discusses the history and development of Limerick from the 1860s to today. It analyzes theories of urban development and the logic of post-war export-led growth. It argues that Limerick can no longer rely on large employers to provide jobs and must find new sources of economic growth and consumption. The document proposes that the University of Limerick invest in infrastructure projects to stimulate the local economy during stagnation and help revitalize the city center.
Economic history of the region Twente, The NetherlandsJacques Bazen
The region of Twente in the Netherlands experienced economic growth in the 19th century due to the development of the textile industry, attracted by low wages. However, the textile industry declined in the postwar period due to globalization and lack of innovation. The government invested in higher education to diversify the economy and attract talent. Measures like supporting entrepreneurship, international cooperation, and developing science parks helped improve the economy, but unemployment and income remain above average. Overall, while progress was made, it has been difficult to fully transform the regional economy.
This document presents four scenarios for the future of London in 2050 that vary based on different priorities and levels of decentralization. The scenarios are: 15-Minute London which prioritizes local communities and net zero emissions by 2030; Londependence which gives new powers to London government through federalism; London Megacapital which maximizes economic growth through deregulation and expansion; and Safety First London which focuses on public health, security and resilience in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Each scenario outlines the key changes, impacts, and a totemic project example for London by 2050.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities through history and around the world. It discusses the origins of European cities in medieval times and their expansion through trade. Industrialization and imperialism further spread the urban model globally. Today, there are major differences in urbanization trends between core and peripheral regions. A small number of world cities have outsized economic and cultural influence, while many megacities in the periphery struggle with issues like overpopulation, poverty, and lack of infrastructure.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the roots of European urban expansion in medieval times linked to rise of merchant capitalism and colonialism. This helped spread the urban model globally. Today, most people live in urban areas and cities dominate aspects of modern life. The chapter analyzes urban systems, trends in core/peripheral regions, and rise of mega cities and world cities that occupy key roles in global economies and culture. Challenges include overurbanization, slums, and differences between core and peripheral urban areas.
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and metropolitan areas. It defines key terms like urban area, urbanization, metropolis, exurban, and suburban. It then describes the history of early cities appearing thousands of years ago along fertile river valleys. It also outlines the origin of urbanization in places like Mesopotamia, India, China, and how most rapid urbanization occurred in America, Europe in the 20th century. The document also discusses the classification of cities in the Philippines and identifies 12 metropolitan areas as the country's leading industrial and economic centers.
This document discusses employment structures and how they differ between economic sectors and countries. It begins by defining the primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary economic sectors. It then explains that employment structures show the percentage of a country's workforce in each sector and can indicate its level of development. Developed countries usually have higher tertiary sector employment while developing countries rely more on primary sectors. The document analyzes changes over time in the UK employment structure as it industrialized and transitioned to a service economy. It also notes regional variations within the UK and how employment structures differ significantly between rich, poor, and developing countries globally.
Tine De Moor, President, IASC How To Be A Critical Scholar Of The Commons? Un...LabGov
The document discusses key concepts related to commons and challenges for scholars studying commons. It begins by defining different types of commons that have existed historically in Europe, including land commons, guilds, and water boards. It then discusses challenges in defining "commons" and distinguishing them from other models. The document advocates for a three-dimensional approach to analyzing commons that considers the resource, users, and governance institutions. It concludes by outlining challenges for urban commons scholars and future commons advocates, such as connecting commons to governments and markets to ensure long-term sustainability.
This document discusses various aspects of work and the economy in Britain. It notes that traditionally there was a lack of enthusiasm for work among the working class, who valued pay over job satisfaction. Attitudes are slowly changing as more people do non-manual work. Wealth distribution in Britain became less equitable in the 1970s-1990s, with the rich getting richer while the poor did not. The economy relies heavily on the financial sector in London, though most people are unaware of complex financial dealings and manage their money through local banks and shops.
The document discusses the working of a DC to AC converter for photovoltaic systems. It describes a two-stage converter with a boost converter and a full bridge inverter to interface a photovoltaic array with loads. It uses maximum power point tracking to achieve maximum output power. The converter modes of operation and related waveforms are analyzed using MATLAB Simulink.
This document discusses contrasting megacities and their development processes. It provides examples of megacities and world cities, noting that some cities are both. Megacities differ in factors like level of development, migrant populations, growth patterns, planning, and population growth rates. The document outlines urban processes occurring in cities, like urban growth, sprawl, suburbanization, and reurbanization. It presents a cycle of urbanization and categories of urban development. Case studies compare London and Mumbai, noting London is established with counterurbanization and Mumbai is consolidating with international migrants. Causes of London's suburban growth include transportation, wealth increases, household changes, new towns, and government funding.
This document discusses topics around social housing in Europe. It addresses issues like affordability, mobility, demographics, and financing social housing. It notes that over 1.3 million asylum seekers came to Europe in 2015. Inequality in housing is increasing, with housing costs disproportionately burdening low-income tenants. Affordable housing shortages, empty homes, high construction costs, and obstacles to credit are ongoing problems. Cities struggle with increasing housing prices that push people out. Innovative solutions are needed to provide permanent, decent and affordable housing connected to opportunities.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. London: international financial centre
• London is one of the world’s major financial
centres, and the premier financial centre in
Europe. Like Paris and New York, it is also an
attractive place to live and to invest with many
wealthy international property owners
• It has a lot of very highly paid jobs in financial and
business services such as corporate law.
• It has unequal earnings and income distribution
which has implications for access to housing
3. London in the C19th
• London today is very different from London in
the C19th which, like other major European
cities, had major concentrations of the poor in
the central areas of the city. Because of poor
transportation, the poor had to live in close
proximity to potential jobs, many of which
were casual. As a result central London had
many large slum areas of poor housing as well
as rich areas of luxury housing.
4.
5. The Changing Economic Structure
• The economic structure of London, like Paris
and New York, has changed greatly in recent
decades. Go back 50 years, to 1961, and over
a third of the working population of London
were employed in manufacturing industry and
just 10% in banking, finance and business
services. Today the proportions have
reversed. About 1/3 in finance and business
services and less than 7% in manufacturing
industry.
6. The Changing Employment Structure of Greater London, 1961-1998
35
30
25
20 1961%
1981%
%
1991%
15 1998%
10
5
0
Finance, Transport and Public Admin, Manufacturing Other Services Construction Primary and
Business Distribution Health, Educ Industry Utilities
Services
7. Changes in occupational structure
• The change in industrial structure has had a
major effect on the structure of occupations
and incomes. There are a lot more high skilled
and highly paid professional and managerial
workers and a much smaller industrial
working class today than in the past. This has
had big implications for the housing market
and the growth of home ownership and rising
prices.
8. Social polarisation or….
• There has been major debate in recent years
about the nature of social changes in global
and world cities like London. Some writers
think that such cities are
becomingincreasingly socially polarized
between a growing highly skilled and high
income group and a growing low skill and low
income group, with a major decrease in the
size of the middle class and income groups. In
this view there are more rich and more poor
and less in the middle.
9. Proletarianisation or professionalisatio
• Others take a different view. Some traditional
marxists argue that there is a process of job de‐
skilling and growth of low income working
population. This is called proletarianisation.
• My view is that the growth of high skilled and
professional managerial and technical jobs in
some cities has been accompanied by decline in
working class jobs, though there may have been
some increase in low paid service jobs. I term this
professionalisation. What has happened is Oslo?
10.
11.
12.
13. A desirable place to live
• Not surprisingly, London is an expensive city,
particularly in terms of its desirable residential
areas like Kensington and Westminster where
prices are very high.
• A report in last weeks Financial Times ‘A World
Apart’ said that ‘financial capitals constitute a
prime property market that is decoupled from
national economies’
• Foreign buyers account for 60% of all buyers in
the prime central London market and 70% >£10m
• The most expensive development is 1, Hyde Park
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Spatially displaced demand
• You might think that this is good news, but is it
really good news for most Londoners, and for
middle and low income groups?
• I do not think it is good news because high
income groups who push up residential property
prices at the top end have an effect on the rest of
the market, making housing less affordable in the
city as their high incomes and purchasing power
push up prices across the city as a whole.
19. The survival of the fittest?
• In 1964 ruth glass, an émigré German social
scientist, coined the term gentrification to
describe what was happening in some parts of
inner London. She said that:
• ‘One by one, many of the working class quarters
of London have been invaded by the middle
classes – upper and lower…Once this process of
gentrification starts in a district it goes on rapidly
until all or most of the original working class
occupiers are displaced and the whole social
character of the district is displaced’.
20. The survival of the fittest
• She added: ‘any district in or near London, however
dingy or unfashionable, is likely to become expensive,
and London may quite soon be a city which illustrates
the principle of the survival of the financially fittest,
who can still afford to work and live there’.
• The notion of the survival of the financially fittest is
fascinating one, and if we look at the changing
structure of house prices in London, New York or Paris
or the other major world cities, it is clear that prices in
the expensive areas have risen over the last 30 years
so fast that, without social or rent controlled housing,
it is almost impossible for any bar the affluent to live
there.
21. Spatially displaced demand
• The increase in property prices, and rents, in the
most expensive areas also has an impact in other
areas through spatially displaced demand.
• People who would like to live in most expensive
areas but can’t afford to look for property in
adjacent, but slightly cheaper areas, pushing up
prices there. Then, in turn the people who would
like to buy in these areas get forced further out
to cheaper areas where they also help to push up
prices.
22. The multi‐bowl water fountain
• The best analogy of the city housing market is
a multi‐bowl water fountain where the jet of
water at the top fills the top bowl. The water
then spills over into the next bigger bowl, and
so on down into the bottom and biggest bowl.
• Each bowl is bigger in diameter and they are
filled progressively by water from the topmost
bowl. The same with property prices which
cascade downwards from the top.
23.
24.
25. Pushed out or into social housing
• The process of growing gentrification in inner
London has meant that property prices have
risen more rapidly in inner London than in
outer London as a result, lower income buyers
have been forced further out to find property
which is affordable. The main areas of low
income residents in inner London are now
social housing which now houses the poor,
economically inactive and unemployed etc.
But social housing has been shrinking…..
26.
27. Cuts to housing benefits in London
• The displacement of low income groups from
inner London as a result of rising prices will be
compounded by the changes which are taking
place in government welfare policy, especially
the level of housing benefits.
• Because of high rents in london, a proportion
of low income residents depend on HB which
is paid by central government to bridge the
gap between their income and their rents.
28. Cutting housing benefit
• The overall cost of HB has risen dramatically in
Britain in recent years, from £2.5bn to £21bn.
London takes a large share of the overall cost.
• The government have decided that they must
cut this and have put in place various policies
to do so including capping benefits, reducing
the sector of the market that low income
families can live in, and capping overall
benefit payments to median post tax
earnings.
29. Pushing out the poor?
• The implication of the cuts is that many low
income households who currently live in inner
or central London will find that the level of hB
will no longer pay their rents. They will have
to move out of the central expensive areas
into cheaper areas in outer London. We are
thus seeing a process of large scale
displacement of low income groups out of the
expensive parts of central and inner London.
This will increase social segregation.
30.
31. Lessons for Oslo
• You need to decide whether you want to have
a reasonable degree of socialmix in the central
and inner city, with both low income and high
income residents or whether you want the
market to decide this for you. If the decision is
that you want a mix of residents in the more
expensive areas, this may require a degree of
financial help to low income households. This
may already occur. Be grateful you are not like
London with a high proportion of big earners.