The document discusses challenges and goals in Chinese education. It provides an overview of achievements and difficulties in compulsory education in China. It also discusses reforms in higher education, including expanding access, improving quality through projects, and increasing funding. The main challenges are improving rural education, teacher quality, and addressing regional funding disparities.
The document summarizes the European Commission's proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards 2020, which aim to address economic, environmental, and territorial challenges facing EU agriculture. The proposals include maintaining CAP spending at 2013 levels, introducing a "green payment" to incentivize sustainable farming practices, redistributing direct payments across Member States to support farmers in areas with lower income, and simplifying rules and controls to reduce administrative burdens. The proposals are accompanied by an impact assessment and will be debated and approved by the European Parliament and Council from 2011 to 2013.
The document provides an overview of rural markets in India. It notes that over 70% of India's population is still rural and agrarian, with rural areas accounting for over 50% of consumer goods markets. Rural incomes have been growing, with more consumers moving into higher income brackets. However, rural infrastructure like electricity access remains limited. The document examines factors like occupation, expenditure patterns, and media reach that differentiate rural and urban consumers. It also analyzes product penetration across regions and key drivers of market changes over time.
Strategy, Development and Challenges of Thermal Regulation of Housing in Chileeconstruccion
The document discusses the strategy, development, and challenges of thermal regulation of housing in Chile. It provides statistics on housing, population, and energy consumption from 1985-2008. It outlines Chile's zoning system and the progressive stages of its thermal regulation:
1) The first stage in 2000 focused on roofing requirements.
2) The second stage in 2007 expanded requirements to walls, windows, and floors, and involved private industry groups in the design and information system.
3) Future stages may include energy certification. Programs now aim to improve energy efficiency in housing through certification, retrofitting subsidies, and coordination between the Ministry of Housing and the new Energy Ministry and Agency.
Perspective and Regulatory Framework on peri urban Issues_Dr. Mahendra SubbaSaciWATERs
This document discusses peri-urban issues and water security in Nepal from the perspective of the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction. It notes that Nepal's urban population is growing rapidly, increasing from 14% in 2001 to an estimated 29.5% in 2021. This haphazard urbanization is resulting in issues like the encroachment of river systems and depletion of agricultural land. There are also backlogs in basic services and a reliance on groundwater. The document outlines some policy responses but notes limitations like fragmented institutions and a lack of regional planning agencies. It concludes by recommending delineating urban and rural land, enforcing zoning laws, promoting green infrastructure like rainwater harvesting, and establishing stronger regional institutions.
This document contains an exam with 4 questions that analyze the impact of various factors on students' language arts skills through multiple regression analyses. Question 1 examines the impact of student interactions with peers. Question 2 adds gender as a factor. Question 3 adds participation in an arts program. The regressions show that student interactions and gender significantly impact skills, but the arts program does not. Question 4 concludes the arts program is not a significant predictor of improvement, but interactions and gender are, though gender alone cannot determine significance.
The Chinese National Top Level Courses Project - using Open Educational Resou...Stian Håklev
The document discusses the Chinese National Top Level Courses Project, which uses Open Educational Resources (OER) to improve quality in higher education in China. It began in 2003 when Chinese universities decided to adopt the OER model inspired by MIT's OpenCourseWare initiative. The Chinese project involves selecting the best courses from universities nationwide and making them available online as open educational resources through the China Open Resources for Education (CORE) program. The goals are to encourage professors to improve their teaching methods and course materials. Over time the project has expanded, with over 1,800 courses available nationally by 2008 through the Chinese Quality OpenCourseWare program.
The document summarizes the history of education in China. It describes how the education system evolved from nobles establishing schools for their offspring, to the civil service examination system being introduced in the Tang dynasty to recruit officials based on merit rather than birth. It then outlines the key periods of education throughout Chinese dynasties, including the influence of Confucianism, the civil service examination system, and the Five Classics and Four Books that formed the basis of study. The examination system drove a focus on rote learning and conformity but also allowed social mobility based on merit. The education system influenced Chinese society and government until the early 20th century.
The document summarizes the European Commission's proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards 2020, which aim to address economic, environmental, and territorial challenges facing EU agriculture. The proposals include maintaining CAP spending at 2013 levels, introducing a "green payment" to incentivize sustainable farming practices, redistributing direct payments across Member States to support farmers in areas with lower income, and simplifying rules and controls to reduce administrative burdens. The proposals are accompanied by an impact assessment and will be debated and approved by the European Parliament and Council from 2011 to 2013.
The document provides an overview of rural markets in India. It notes that over 70% of India's population is still rural and agrarian, with rural areas accounting for over 50% of consumer goods markets. Rural incomes have been growing, with more consumers moving into higher income brackets. However, rural infrastructure like electricity access remains limited. The document examines factors like occupation, expenditure patterns, and media reach that differentiate rural and urban consumers. It also analyzes product penetration across regions and key drivers of market changes over time.
Strategy, Development and Challenges of Thermal Regulation of Housing in Chileeconstruccion
The document discusses the strategy, development, and challenges of thermal regulation of housing in Chile. It provides statistics on housing, population, and energy consumption from 1985-2008. It outlines Chile's zoning system and the progressive stages of its thermal regulation:
1) The first stage in 2000 focused on roofing requirements.
2) The second stage in 2007 expanded requirements to walls, windows, and floors, and involved private industry groups in the design and information system.
3) Future stages may include energy certification. Programs now aim to improve energy efficiency in housing through certification, retrofitting subsidies, and coordination between the Ministry of Housing and the new Energy Ministry and Agency.
Perspective and Regulatory Framework on peri urban Issues_Dr. Mahendra SubbaSaciWATERs
This document discusses peri-urban issues and water security in Nepal from the perspective of the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction. It notes that Nepal's urban population is growing rapidly, increasing from 14% in 2001 to an estimated 29.5% in 2021. This haphazard urbanization is resulting in issues like the encroachment of river systems and depletion of agricultural land. There are also backlogs in basic services and a reliance on groundwater. The document outlines some policy responses but notes limitations like fragmented institutions and a lack of regional planning agencies. It concludes by recommending delineating urban and rural land, enforcing zoning laws, promoting green infrastructure like rainwater harvesting, and establishing stronger regional institutions.
This document contains an exam with 4 questions that analyze the impact of various factors on students' language arts skills through multiple regression analyses. Question 1 examines the impact of student interactions with peers. Question 2 adds gender as a factor. Question 3 adds participation in an arts program. The regressions show that student interactions and gender significantly impact skills, but the arts program does not. Question 4 concludes the arts program is not a significant predictor of improvement, but interactions and gender are, though gender alone cannot determine significance.
The Chinese National Top Level Courses Project - using Open Educational Resou...Stian Håklev
The document discusses the Chinese National Top Level Courses Project, which uses Open Educational Resources (OER) to improve quality in higher education in China. It began in 2003 when Chinese universities decided to adopt the OER model inspired by MIT's OpenCourseWare initiative. The Chinese project involves selecting the best courses from universities nationwide and making them available online as open educational resources through the China Open Resources for Education (CORE) program. The goals are to encourage professors to improve their teaching methods and course materials. Over time the project has expanded, with over 1,800 courses available nationally by 2008 through the Chinese Quality OpenCourseWare program.
The document summarizes the history of education in China. It describes how the education system evolved from nobles establishing schools for their offspring, to the civil service examination system being introduced in the Tang dynasty to recruit officials based on merit rather than birth. It then outlines the key periods of education throughout Chinese dynasties, including the influence of Confucianism, the civil service examination system, and the Five Classics and Four Books that formed the basis of study. The examination system drove a focus on rote learning and conformity but also allowed social mobility based on merit. The education system influenced Chinese society and government until the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of Ivan Illich, a 20th century academic and social critic. It discusses his background, influences, philosophy and critiques of institutions, experts, commodification, and the principle of counter-productivity. Illich advocated for learning webs and new non-formal educational institutions as convivial alternatives. He challenged conventional assumptions and called for rethinking how learning and development occur.
Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, Catholic priest, and writer who criticized modern institutions and technologies. He was born in 1926 in Vienna and studied in several European cities before becoming a priest and moving to the US. Illich later left the priesthood and moved to Mexico, where he established an intercultural research center. He wrote several influential books critiquing issues like education, medicine, and technology. Illich argued that institutions often end up serving purposes opposite of their original intentions and advocated for more convivial and decentralized systems. He died in 2002 in Germany.
The document discusses William Chandler Bagley and his views on essentialism in education. Bagley believed in a teacher-centered, top-down approach to curriculum design focused on meeting the current needs of society. He felt adults should direct learning and the curriculum should avoid elements done only for their own sake. Bagley's essentialism philosophy was a response to extremism in the progressive education movement and found some agreement with Dewey's views on building society, while avoiding extreme positions.
Este documento resume las ideas del pensador Iván Illich sobre la educación y la desescolarización. Illich criticó la educación escolar convencional y propuso un sistema educativo basado en redes de aprendizaje voluntario en lugar de escuelas obligatorias. El documento también discute los posibles pros y contras de eliminar las escuelas tal como las propuso Illich.
The document discusses the history and current state of early childhood education in China. It notes that early pioneers in the field included Xingzhi Dao, Xuemen Zhang, and Heqin Chen in the early 20th century. Currently, early childhood education programs in China emphasize obedience, group activities, and academics over free play. Programs are offered by the government, work units, and private individuals. Teachers require a 3-year degree from a kindergarten teacher school and ongoing training. Class sizes are typically under 30 students with a ratio of less than 1 teacher for every 10 children.
China has the largest education system in the world, with over 9 million students taking the National Higher Education Entrance Examination annually. Education accounts for about 4% of China's GDP. Confucianism has had a significant influence on China's education system throughout history. Education was originally only available to elites but expanded over time. Today, China has a compulsory 9-year education system and over 20% of college-age students attend higher education. The education system includes kindergarten, primary, secondary, vocational, and university levels.
The educational system in China is very competitive with many tests, though student failure rates remain low and literacy exceeds 94%. Basic education includes 6 years of primary school, which is mandatory, as well as 3 years each of mandatory lower and upper secondary education. Vocational education is well-structured and higher education occurs at universities and colleges, including vocational training, higher education degrees, and postgraduate programs, with semesters from September to February and mandatory class attendance.
La teoría de la desescolarización de Iván Illich propone que la educación debería ser entregada a la sociedad y no a las instituciones escolares. Illich criticaba que la escuela vende el saber y genera un malestar social. Su ideal era que la educación se realice a través del acceso libre a las fuentes de conocimiento y la relación entre iguales entre quien enseña y quien aprende, sin títulos ni certificados.
Ivan Illich criticaba la institución escolar tradicional. Según él, la escuela convierte el aprendizaje en una mercancía y forma a los estudiantes para ser consumidores competitivos más que para aprender de forma libre. Illich proponía desescolarizar la sociedad permitiendo que las personas aprendan de forma autodirigida a lo largo de la vida a través de recursos comunitarios en lugar de en instituciones. Su libro "La desescolarización" analiza los problemas de la educación formal y ofrece una visión alternativa centrada en el aprend
This document discusses the educational philosophy of essentialism. It emphasizes mastering core academic skills and knowledge. Essentialism aims to promote intellectual growth, instill basic knowledge and skills, and embed traditional values. The document profiles several prominent essentialist proponents such as William Bagley, E.D. Hirsch Jr., Theodore Sizer, and William Bennett. It describes how essentialism influenced policies like exit exams, merit pay for teachers, and standards-based reforms.
The document discusses challenges and goals in Chinese education. It provides an overview of achievements and difficulties in compulsory education in China. It also discusses reforms in higher education, including expanding access, improving quality through projects, and increasing funding. The main challenges are improving rural education, teacher quality, funding levels, and addressing regional differences.
The Japanese educational system underwent reform after World War II. It now consists of 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school, and 4 years of university. Elementary and junior high education is compulsory for 9 years. Enrollment rates are near 100% for compulsory education and over 96% for high school nationwide. About 46% of high school graduates go on to university. The Ministry of Education closely supervises education nationwide to maintain high standards. The national curriculum includes subjects like Japanese, math, science, and English. High schools can be academic or vocational. The school year runs from April to March.
Essentialism focuses on teaching core subjects and transmitting knowledge in a systematic way from teacher to student. It values learning fundamental skills and information before advancing to higher levels. The teacher is the central authority in the classroom and students must adjust to their teaching methods. Essentialism emphasizes discipline, order, and mastery of basic subjects but does not account for individual learning styles or interests.
Essentialism is an educational theory that believes there is a common core of knowledge that should be provided to all students in order to participate fully in society. It emphasizes a rigorous, teacher-centered approach where students learn established fundamentals through traditional academic subjects like literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics in a systematic way. Essentialists believe education should focus on imparting essential knowledge and developing character, with students trusting the teacher knows best and focusing on learning from them.
This document outlines the philosophy and structure of a proposed school called Essentialism. The school will take a teacher-centered approach to promote education through core subjects like ELA, math, history and science. Students will receive 5-7 periods per week for these core classes. In addition to academics, the school aims to build student character. It will have four classrooms per grade and enforce rules around homework, uniforms and behavior. The overall goal is to prepare students for standardized tests and success through a rigorous academic curriculum and emphasis on strong character.
This document is from a psychology textbook that introduces students to the field of psychology. It covers the history and evolution of psychology from its early structural and functional roots to modern perspectives like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitivism. Some key figures discussed include Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The document also defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and outlines its goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
UPDATED VERSION (2011): http://www.slideshare.net/plamere/music-recommendation-and-discovery
As the world of online music grows, music 2.0 recommendation systems become an increasingly important way for music listeners to discover new music.
Commercial recommenders such as Last.fm and Pandora have enjoyed commercial and critical success. But how well do these systems really work? How good are the recommendations? How far into The Long Tail do these recommenders reach?
In this tutorial we look at the current stateof theart in music recommendation. We examine current commercial and research systems, focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of the various recommendation strategies. We look at some of the challenges in building music recommenders and we explore some of the ways that MIR techniques can be used to improve future recommenders.
A syntesis from World Economic Forum Europe's Competitiveness Report, presented by Carl Bjorkman, Director, Head of government and international organizations relations, World Economic Forum and garagErasmus' Board member.
This document discusses the use of near-real-time wildfire simulations to support firefighting operations. It provides examples of how satellite imagery and simulation models can be used to predict fire spread and estimate burnt areas. Such simulations allow incident commanders to make strategic decisions about resource allocation and evacuation planning. The document promotes several wildfire simulation and mapping platforms and tools that provide relevant, accurate and intuitive analysis to support safer firefighting operations.
1) The document discusses PPP practices and research in China, given by Prof. Dr. ShouQing Wang from Tsinghua University.
2) It outlines China's rapid economic growth and infrastructure development, the challenges faced in PPP projects in China such as lack of clear laws and guidelines, and PPP research areas like risk allocation and public-private partnerships.
3) A case study is presented on the National Stadium for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which faced disputes over construction costs, design changes, and revenue generation.
This document provides an overview of Ivan Illich, a 20th century academic and social critic. It discusses his background, influences, philosophy and critiques of institutions, experts, commodification, and the principle of counter-productivity. Illich advocated for learning webs and new non-formal educational institutions as convivial alternatives. He challenged conventional assumptions and called for rethinking how learning and development occur.
Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, Catholic priest, and writer who criticized modern institutions and technologies. He was born in 1926 in Vienna and studied in several European cities before becoming a priest and moving to the US. Illich later left the priesthood and moved to Mexico, where he established an intercultural research center. He wrote several influential books critiquing issues like education, medicine, and technology. Illich argued that institutions often end up serving purposes opposite of their original intentions and advocated for more convivial and decentralized systems. He died in 2002 in Germany.
The document discusses William Chandler Bagley and his views on essentialism in education. Bagley believed in a teacher-centered, top-down approach to curriculum design focused on meeting the current needs of society. He felt adults should direct learning and the curriculum should avoid elements done only for their own sake. Bagley's essentialism philosophy was a response to extremism in the progressive education movement and found some agreement with Dewey's views on building society, while avoiding extreme positions.
Este documento resume las ideas del pensador Iván Illich sobre la educación y la desescolarización. Illich criticó la educación escolar convencional y propuso un sistema educativo basado en redes de aprendizaje voluntario en lugar de escuelas obligatorias. El documento también discute los posibles pros y contras de eliminar las escuelas tal como las propuso Illich.
The document discusses the history and current state of early childhood education in China. It notes that early pioneers in the field included Xingzhi Dao, Xuemen Zhang, and Heqin Chen in the early 20th century. Currently, early childhood education programs in China emphasize obedience, group activities, and academics over free play. Programs are offered by the government, work units, and private individuals. Teachers require a 3-year degree from a kindergarten teacher school and ongoing training. Class sizes are typically under 30 students with a ratio of less than 1 teacher for every 10 children.
China has the largest education system in the world, with over 9 million students taking the National Higher Education Entrance Examination annually. Education accounts for about 4% of China's GDP. Confucianism has had a significant influence on China's education system throughout history. Education was originally only available to elites but expanded over time. Today, China has a compulsory 9-year education system and over 20% of college-age students attend higher education. The education system includes kindergarten, primary, secondary, vocational, and university levels.
The educational system in China is very competitive with many tests, though student failure rates remain low and literacy exceeds 94%. Basic education includes 6 years of primary school, which is mandatory, as well as 3 years each of mandatory lower and upper secondary education. Vocational education is well-structured and higher education occurs at universities and colleges, including vocational training, higher education degrees, and postgraduate programs, with semesters from September to February and mandatory class attendance.
La teoría de la desescolarización de Iván Illich propone que la educación debería ser entregada a la sociedad y no a las instituciones escolares. Illich criticaba que la escuela vende el saber y genera un malestar social. Su ideal era que la educación se realice a través del acceso libre a las fuentes de conocimiento y la relación entre iguales entre quien enseña y quien aprende, sin títulos ni certificados.
Ivan Illich criticaba la institución escolar tradicional. Según él, la escuela convierte el aprendizaje en una mercancía y forma a los estudiantes para ser consumidores competitivos más que para aprender de forma libre. Illich proponía desescolarizar la sociedad permitiendo que las personas aprendan de forma autodirigida a lo largo de la vida a través de recursos comunitarios en lugar de en instituciones. Su libro "La desescolarización" analiza los problemas de la educación formal y ofrece una visión alternativa centrada en el aprend
This document discusses the educational philosophy of essentialism. It emphasizes mastering core academic skills and knowledge. Essentialism aims to promote intellectual growth, instill basic knowledge and skills, and embed traditional values. The document profiles several prominent essentialist proponents such as William Bagley, E.D. Hirsch Jr., Theodore Sizer, and William Bennett. It describes how essentialism influenced policies like exit exams, merit pay for teachers, and standards-based reforms.
The document discusses challenges and goals in Chinese education. It provides an overview of achievements and difficulties in compulsory education in China. It also discusses reforms in higher education, including expanding access, improving quality through projects, and increasing funding. The main challenges are improving rural education, teacher quality, funding levels, and addressing regional differences.
The Japanese educational system underwent reform after World War II. It now consists of 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school, and 4 years of university. Elementary and junior high education is compulsory for 9 years. Enrollment rates are near 100% for compulsory education and over 96% for high school nationwide. About 46% of high school graduates go on to university. The Ministry of Education closely supervises education nationwide to maintain high standards. The national curriculum includes subjects like Japanese, math, science, and English. High schools can be academic or vocational. The school year runs from April to March.
Essentialism focuses on teaching core subjects and transmitting knowledge in a systematic way from teacher to student. It values learning fundamental skills and information before advancing to higher levels. The teacher is the central authority in the classroom and students must adjust to their teaching methods. Essentialism emphasizes discipline, order, and mastery of basic subjects but does not account for individual learning styles or interests.
Essentialism is an educational theory that believes there is a common core of knowledge that should be provided to all students in order to participate fully in society. It emphasizes a rigorous, teacher-centered approach where students learn established fundamentals through traditional academic subjects like literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics in a systematic way. Essentialists believe education should focus on imparting essential knowledge and developing character, with students trusting the teacher knows best and focusing on learning from them.
This document outlines the philosophy and structure of a proposed school called Essentialism. The school will take a teacher-centered approach to promote education through core subjects like ELA, math, history and science. Students will receive 5-7 periods per week for these core classes. In addition to academics, the school aims to build student character. It will have four classrooms per grade and enforce rules around homework, uniforms and behavior. The overall goal is to prepare students for standardized tests and success through a rigorous academic curriculum and emphasis on strong character.
This document is from a psychology textbook that introduces students to the field of psychology. It covers the history and evolution of psychology from its early structural and functional roots to modern perspectives like behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitivism. Some key figures discussed include Wilhelm Wundt, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The document also defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and outlines its goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
UPDATED VERSION (2011): http://www.slideshare.net/plamere/music-recommendation-and-discovery
As the world of online music grows, music 2.0 recommendation systems become an increasingly important way for music listeners to discover new music.
Commercial recommenders such as Last.fm and Pandora have enjoyed commercial and critical success. But how well do these systems really work? How good are the recommendations? How far into The Long Tail do these recommenders reach?
In this tutorial we look at the current stateof theart in music recommendation. We examine current commercial and research systems, focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of the various recommendation strategies. We look at some of the challenges in building music recommenders and we explore some of the ways that MIR techniques can be used to improve future recommenders.
A syntesis from World Economic Forum Europe's Competitiveness Report, presented by Carl Bjorkman, Director, Head of government and international organizations relations, World Economic Forum and garagErasmus' Board member.
This document discusses the use of near-real-time wildfire simulations to support firefighting operations. It provides examples of how satellite imagery and simulation models can be used to predict fire spread and estimate burnt areas. Such simulations allow incident commanders to make strategic decisions about resource allocation and evacuation planning. The document promotes several wildfire simulation and mapping platforms and tools that provide relevant, accurate and intuitive analysis to support safer firefighting operations.
1) The document discusses PPP practices and research in China, given by Prof. Dr. ShouQing Wang from Tsinghua University.
2) It outlines China's rapid economic growth and infrastructure development, the challenges faced in PPP projects in China such as lack of clear laws and guidelines, and PPP research areas like risk allocation and public-private partnerships.
3) A case study is presented on the National Stadium for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which faced disputes over construction costs, design changes, and revenue generation.
What is Just: Education, Excellence and Equity Laurie Posner
This document discusses issues of equity and justice in education. It summarizes data showing growing income inequality in the United States and how this impacts education opportunities and outcomes. Families with higher incomes spend more on enriching their children's education and children from higher income families are more likely to complete college. It also notes that in Texas, schools with more economically disadvantaged students receive less funding per pupil and have less access to qualified teachers. Stories from parents and educators in Texas discuss how budget cuts are negatively impacting students and schools. The document argues that the quality of education a child receives should not be determined by their zip code or family income.
Susan Mercer-Williams is a financial planner and wealth coach based in South Africa who helps clients with financial planning and lifestyle protection. Her website provides an example of how R100 invested in 1986 would be worth over R4,700 today, illustrating the power of compound interest over time. She can be contacted via phone, email, or her website for assistance with financial planning.
2 user financing of rural handpump water services presentationIRC
This document discusses user financing of rural handpump water services. It provides statistics showing that only 63% of handpumps are functional, reducing coverage by one third. Functionality declines over time, with pumps from the 1970s having much lower rates than newer pumps. The document outlines a typical handpump maintenance model where 50 user households each pay $2.40 annually, with 10% exempt. It notes annual life-cycle costs are around $235. The spiral of unsustainable dependence is described where inadequate tariffs lead to inability to pay for repairs, resulting in long downtimes. Additional challenges are also listed.
The document summarizes survey data from 1974-2010 on religion and politics in the United States. It shows that the percentage of white Protestants has declined substantially while black Protestants have remained steady. It also shows Hispanic Catholics have increased significantly while white Catholics have declined slightly. Charts depict voting patterns in 2008 and 2010, with high support for Democrats among black and Hispanic religious groups and high support for Republicans among white evangelical Protestants.
The document compares GDP per capita between 1970-2008 of Denmark and New Zealand, showing that Denmark had higher GDP initially but New Zealand caught up over time. It also shows that in 1989, exports as a percentage of GDP were higher in Denmark than New Zealand, but by 2008 New Zealand had higher exports. The document discusses building New Zealand's "city of ideas" by connecting inventors to investors and businesses to commercialize ideas, and providing support through networks, translators, visibility, and research grants.
Shuai HE, Saini YANG, Jiayuan YE
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Between 1892 and 1997, a total of 2.1 million people were deported from the United States. A change in laws in 1996 permitted the number of deportees to increase from 70,000 in 1996 to 114,000 in 1997. In 1998, the number of deportees rose to 173,000. The numbers stayed fairly steady until 2003, when the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) infused more money into immigration law enforcement and 211,000 people were deported. From there the numbers have continued to rise – peaking at just over 400,000 in 2012. These numbers are unprecedented: by 2014 President Obama will have deported over 2 million people - more in six years than all people deported before 1997. However, there is more to this trend than these numbers. The content of policies has also changed. There have been relatively low numbers of returns as compared to removals, a reflection of a focus on interior enforcement. There has been a shift towards the deportation of convicted criminals. With these trends, unprecedented numbers of people have been separated from their families in the United States. Obama has not only deported more people than any President; he also has separated more families by focusing on interior enforcement.
The prospects and limitations for wood fibre bioenergy development in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Ahmad Dermawan discusses Indonesia’s plan for bioenergy development and the opportunities and challenges inherent in the recent interest in wood pellets from South Korea and China. In developing countries, he argues, the challenge is not (only) on technological issues or production of bioenergy, but also on social and governance issues.
Ahmad gave this presentation as part of the ‘Feedstock from wood and forestry and conversion technology’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
GCARD Roadmap identifies 6 key areas to focus on for better agricultural innovation and livelihoods: collective priorities, partnerships, investments, capacities, linkages, and impacts. GCARD 2 will focus on foresight, partnerships, and capacity development for impact. The session aims to identify gaps, expected outcomes, and commitments over the next two years. Smallholder farmers remain key, as they farm most of the land and food in developing areas. Sustainable agricultural intensification and a focus on the non-farm rural economy are important for improving livelihoods. Conditions like investment, institutions, and knowledge are needed for smallholder development.
This document discusses the effects of economic and trade policies in Venezuela from 1990-2002 on food security. It analyzes policies from three different government periods: 1989-1992, 1994-1996, and 1999-2002. The document outlines the key policies implemented, such as price liberalization, trade opening, exchange rate floating, and subsidy elimination or substitution. It examines the impact of these policies on macroeconomic variables and indicators of food availability, consumption, and security. The purpose is to show how policies influenced changes in food security in Venezuela over this time period.
Proyecto de la Unión Europea – Grupo Europa contra el Cáncer. Alfredo Carrato Mena. I Jornadas Técnicas de la Estrategia en Cáncer del SNS (Madrid, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2007)
Sustainability in its shortest definition is the capacity to endure. To endure one does not only need material goods, but also a mental and spiritual resilience and set of skills on how to cope. When the quality and quantity of our material goods and biophysical environment starts to change, when our fellow South Africans are sick and dying prematurely and when our economy does not deliver the needed health and wealth to all of us, our hope for a better future is severely tested. It is the integrity of our hope that could and should be playing a fundamental role in a possible transition towards sustainability.
In this talk ladies and gentleman, the question of South Africa’s sustainability is under scrutiny. I will first show you that from an ecological, from a human well-being, and even from an economic perspective there are several warning lights on the biophysical and material sustainability of this country. I will also show the remarkable optimism we have as South Africans and highlight the importance of hope. Third, and finally I will argue that we as humans have an ethical responsibility in the individual and collective choices we make. It is our attitudes and behaviours that sustain or destroy.
Martin de Wit addresses sustainability in South Africa. He summarizes that South Africa is ecologically, environmentally, and humanely unsustainable based on several indicators. However, recent data shows improvements in GDP, optimism, and belief that the country is heading in the right direction. De Wit argues sustainability requires hope, changes to material and lifestyle wedges, and behavioral changes to attitudes and consumption.
This document discusses the importance of saving energy. It shows that between 1986 and 2007, both Thailand's population and energy consumption increased substantially. Specifically, the population grew from around 50,000 to over 60,000 and energy usage rose from about 300,000 to nearly 900,000 tonnes of oil equivalent. This rapid growth in energy consumption could create problems if not managed properly.
Developing a Native Advertising ProductJack Krawczyk
Much (heated) debate has been placed recently on whether native ads that walk, act and quack like editorial content are misleading and bad for consumers. The philosophical debate is the wrong one; the focus should rather be on what is driving the disruption in the “traditional” interruptive ad format. Taking a look into the causes of this turbulence reflects the current zeitgeist and how a successful native ad product can come to life.
During the 2016 school year, the PCTI Crisis Response Team presented "Digital Footprints" throughout the Passaic County community. The presentatins were given in the vening in churches, town halls, and schools. Our purpose was to generate discussions between parents and students about what a digital footprint is and how students and parents can manage their social media presence.
Each summer, we host a four-day orientation for all new faculty and administrators. This presentation is given throughout the four days. Topics include Culutre, Law, Policy, Discipline, and Mentoring.
The document discusses digital footprints and social media. It was presented by the Crisis Response Team at Passaic County Technical Institute. The team monitors crises trends in schools and works with parents, faculty and students. The presentation covers what social media is, what a digital footprint is, how parents can view their child's footprint and how to talk to children about managing their footprint. It emphasizes that social media is here to stay and parents need to guide children on responsible use.
The proposed regulations aim to establish an effective evaluation system for teachers and principals as required by the TEACHNJ Act. Key elements include evaluating teacher practice based on observations and incorporating multiple measures of student growth, including standardized test scores and locally-calculated student learning objectives. Principal evaluations will similarly include measures of student growth and school environment. The regulations provide frameworks for teacher and principal practice protocols and require districts to develop evaluation policies aligned with the law.
The document discusses the Progressive Science Initiative (PSI), a program begun 10 years ago at Bergen Tech - Teterboro High School in New Jersey. PSI aims to improve math and science achievement by aligning curriculum vertically to AP standards. Key elements include requiring all students to take college-level science courses in sequence from Physics to Biology. Teachers collaborate closely to develop shared lessons and assessments. PSI has successfully increased student achievement in science and participation in AP exams without increasing resources. The initiative seeks to expand this model to more schools by training new teachers in the PSI method.
The document discusses Jerome Bruner's constructivist learning theory, which posits that learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas based upon their current and past knowledge. It emphasizes that learning should involve exploring large concepts, inquiry-based learning, and making connections between ideas. According to constructivism, knowledge is temporary, culturally mediated, and developed through language. The roles of the teacher involve posing problems, structuring learning around core concepts, seeking student perspectives, and adapting instruction based on student understanding.
The document summarizes the work and philosophy of Carol Ann Tomlinson, a theorist and former educator who developed the concept of differentiated instruction. Some key points of her philosophy include that students learn in different ways and at different paces, so instruction should be tailored to individual student needs, interests, and learning styles. Teachers can differentiate content, instructional process, and products. The central goal of schools should be to maximize the learning potential of each student.
Paulo Freire was a Brazilian educator who developed a pedagogy focused on empowering oppressed peoples through problem-posing education. He opposed the "banking" model where teachers deposit knowledge into students. Instead, he advocated for dialogue between teachers and students to investigate problems and work towards social change, with the goal of liberation for the oppressed.
The document discusses the principles of backward design in assessment proposed by Grant Wiggins. It advocates that assessments should directly examine students' performance on meaningful intellectual tasks that require higher-level thinking and application of knowledge to real-world contexts. Students should be given assignments that are thought-provoking, allow for revision with examples and feedback, and teachers should provide timely feedback. Teaching fewer important topics in depth over time leads to smaller achievement gaps compared to teaching many topics superficially.
Covey outlines a model of principle-centered leadership practiced on personal, interpersonal, managerial, and organizational levels. Principle-centered leaders have integrity, maturity, an abundance mentality, and gain followers through principled power rather than fear or self-interest. Covey believes modern organizations suffer from a lack of vision, direction, trust and integrity. He proposes principle-centered leadership as a new paradigm that recognizes employees' desire for meaningful work. The author has tried to apply this approach but has found many leaders rely on coercive power instead of inspiring principled followership.
Michael Parent explores his leadership style through various personality tests and reflections on influential leaders. He identifies with quiet, principled leaders who lead from strong core values rather than ambition. As a Catholic school principal, he approaches his role as a mission to help students in need. He practices humility in leadership, admitting weaknesses and valuing staff input, in order to serve rather than dictate. Blogging helps him reflect on decisions and communicate transparently with parents and colleagues. With self-awareness of limitations and an evolving leadership approach, he feels liberated to focus on growth.
The document provides legal advice to a school superintendent regarding several issues:
1) Enrolling five special needs students without consulting the law was a violation, and the district is responsible for their education costs unless parents agree otherwise.
2) An ADA accommodation must be made for a teacher with a disability, but their condition may impose an undue hardship, so an alternative position should be found.
3) Teachers publicly protesting a board decision is protected free speech and cannot be disciplined.
4) A teacher search of a student violated their civil rights, and grounds for termination or lawsuit exist. Immediate termination proceedings should begin.
This document summarizes the results of a leadership orientations questionnaire comparing the leadership styles of the author and another leader. Both build collaborative relationships and are participative, but the author is more receptive to others' ideas. Their strengths differ, with the author focusing more on vision, relationships, and imagination, while the other leader focuses on analysis, negotiation, and decision-making. They are both effective managers but only moderately effective leaders, lacking skills in goal-setting and accountability.
The document discusses two theories of organizational structure - the human resources theory and the political frame theory - and their impact on education. The human resources theory focuses on meeting human needs and sees teachers and students as self-directed individuals. Embracing this theory has improved instruction through professional development and empowering teachers and students. However, the political frame theory highlights competition over limited resources and diverging interests within an organization. This has hindered education due to inadequate funding and teachers unions prioritizing their interests over student achievement.
This document provides a critical review of Maher's article "What Really Happens in Cohorts". The review examines Maher's methodology, credibility, and findings. It finds Maher's study to be lacking in its use of only interviews and observations for data collection. The review also notes Maher provided little information about herself as the researcher. However, it acknowledges Maher's conclusions about the benefits and challenges of cohort learning are supported by other research studies on the topic.
The document summarizes several influential leadership and change theories that have shaped the author's approach to administration. It discusses Bolman and Deal's four frames for viewing organizations, as well as theories by Helgesen, Hofstede, French and Raven, Fullan, and Goleman. The author argues that effective leadership requires understanding these theories, having a moral purpose, building relationships, and guiding meaningful change through application of the various leadership styles and frameworks.
This document contains Michael Parent's answers to 4 questions on a final exam for an ELMP course. The questions assess understanding of key statistical concepts like correlation coefficients, hypotheses testing, and interpreting statistical significance. Michael provides well-explained responses to each question, demonstrating knowledge of how to state hypotheses, perform calculations, make decisions, and draw conclusions based on statistical analyses.
The document is a reflection paper on the article "Do You Have the Will to Lead?" by LaBarre. It discusses two key points from philosopher Peter Koestenbaum's interview. First, that reflection can generate inner toughness in leaders rather than take away from decisiveness. Second, that when problems arise leaders should change their habits of thought rather than demand more of the same. The author reflects on applying these lessons as an education leader, focusing on modeling change rather than demanding it.
This document contains a summary of a school's culture and areas for improvement based on an assessment. It finds that the school has positive structures like teacher decision making, clear goals, and parent involvement. However, it identifies areas like a lack of collaboration between teachers, bored students, rows of seating hindering cooperation, lack of student representation on committees, and teacher-centered instruction. It also notes differences in projects between disciplines and a need for curriculum mapping and alignment. Minority and special education student scores were below average. The curriculum appears disconnected between subjects with no evidence it aligns with the school's philosophy, despite being reviewed regularly.
The document discusses the debate around privatizing services in schools such as transportation, food, maintenance and technology. While privatization can provide cost savings, it also raises questions about influence on students and loss of control. Private companies that provide these services see the education industry as profitable. School districts often outsource to save money that can be redirected to the classroom. However, communities sometimes oppose outsourcing when it impacts local jobs. The future of privatization remains unclear and will depend on the balance between cost savings and public opinion.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Chinese Education
1. Changllenges and Goals in
Chinese Education
Dr. Guizhen Jin
Associate Professor
Center of Educational Research
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
jgzh6688@bit.edu.cn
jgzh1965@sina.com
5. Highlights of This Part
Brief Introductions to China and Its
Education
Achievements & Difficulties in
Compulsory Education
Reforms in Higher Education
Chanllenges & Education in the Future
6. I. A Brief Introduction to
China
Location
History and Culture; Scenes and Sights
Rural Areas and Urban Areas
A Developing Country
15. Population in Rural areas &
Urban areas
P opulation by Urban & R ural
140000
120000
100000
Total
80000
Populati
60000 on
Urban
40000 Populati
on
20000 Rural
Populati
0 on
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
16. 0
100000
120000
140000
20000
40000
60000
80000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
P
1994
Population by Urban & Rural
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
on
on
on
Rural
Urban
Total
Populati
Populati
Populati
17. A Brief Introduction to Chinese
Education
What do you know about Chinese
Education?
System of Chinese Education
Population of Education in Each Level
18. System of Chinese Education
Graduate
Education
3-8 years
Higher
Education
(2-4 -3-4)
Secondary Education
(Junior and Senior)
( 3-4-3years)
Primary Education
(5-6 years)
19. System of Chinese Education
Graduate
Edu. & Post
Gra Edu.
Adult and
Distant
College & Professional
Learning
university Higher
Education
Senior
Senior Senior
Common professional technical
Education
Junior Education
Primary education
Preschool education
22. The largest population in the world
Huge educational population in various
stages
23. The most largest educational
population in various stages
各级普通学校毕业生升学率
120.0
100.0
80.0
升学率
小学升初中(%)
60.0
初中升高中(%)
40.0 高中升高等教育(%)
20.0
0.0
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1990
1992
2007
24. Achievements of Chinese
Compulsory Education
Scale of Development of the world Education in Each Level in the last 50 Years (Million)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 1997/1950
Total of the 252.5 433.1 608.1 857 980.6 1154.2 4.6
world
Higher 6.5 12.1 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Educatin
Secondary 40 79 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Education
Primary 206 342 411 542 597 668 3.2
Education
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2001/1950
Total of 30.6 101.9 137.1 205.8 178.6 228.7 7.5
China
Higher 0.14 0.97 0.05 2.7 3.8 12.1 86.4
Educatin
Secondary 1.5 7.1(1957) 31.7 56.8 52.4 91.2 60.8
Education
Primary 28.9 93.8 105.3 146.3 122.4 125.4 4.3
Education
25. sources from
1.The World Education Report:2000 ( from
UNESCO )
2. Statistics of Chinese Education Ministry:
Yearbook of Statistics of Chinese Education:
From 1978---2001
26. II. Achievements in Chinese
Education
The largest scale of education
population in the world:
2.29 billion(2001),it is 7.5 times than
that in 1950.
The scale of education increased 3.6
times between 1950-1997.
27. 1950-2001, the scale of higher education
Increased 85 times, secondary education
increased 60 times, primary education
increased 3 times.
Complusory education lasts 9 years,
1986-2000, 2 billion people have
received 9-year complusory education.
28. Free Complusory Education has come into reality:
In 2006, the government funding is 1,840 billion for
rural areas. It has benefited 5200 million of students
in west or middle-west areas.
In 2007, the central government supplied 120.5 billion
to Compulsory Education in rural areas for free
charging.
1.5 billion of students in rural areas benefit from it.
In 2008, students in urban received free schooling.
29. In a word, we spent 2% of education
expense and have educated 20% of
world population. We have made great
achievement in compulsory education.
However, Chinese education still has
much difficulties and problems.
30. II.Difficulties & Problems in
Chinese Compulsory Education
1. Lack of educational expenditure in
total amount.
From a perspective world-widely, we
supply the lowest public education
expenditure.
31. Differnces of Budgeted Funding
Among 31 Provinces and Districts
2004 primary Regular Regular Vocational HE
Junior Middle Senior Middle SMS
school school(SMS)
Mean 1129 1246 1759 1843 5553
Highest 6680 6831 7156 5191 15810
Lowest 654 764 913 921 1946
H/L 10.2 8.9 7.8 5.6 8.1
32. Comparason of Average
Budgeted Funding Ratos by GDP
(souce:The Development Report of Chinese People 2007-2008)
Year OECD Average in Developing China
countries the world countries
2003 5.5% 4.2% 4.7% 2.8%
33. Compare to students in urban areas,
students in rural receive less public funds,
not to say compare to other developed countries.
According to US statistics of May 28th 2007,
the average funds in common education is
8,701$ per student in 2005, it goes up to 5%
compared to the number of 2004.
34. Regional Differences in Budgeted
Funding Per Student in 2004(yuan)
Region Total Non-salary
Beijing 15809 10216
Shanghai 9116 4490
Tianjin 9022 3886
Guangdong 8581 3573
Hubei 2459 841
Hunan 2581 857
Sichuan 1946 870
37. 2. Qualities in rural areas cannot be
guaranteed.
Teachers in rural areas have received little
education, got little educational training.
Qualified teachers are badly in need, however, a
great number of under-qualifed teachers are
common.
According to statistics, there are 37.9 million
irregular teachers in all, 81.8 % of them are
in rural schools.(2008)
38. 3. Teacher student ratos in rural areas are
much lower than that in urban areas:
Rural Primary schools: 1:23; Junior schools:
1:18 , However, Teacher student ratos in urban areas are
1 ︰ 19 and 1 ︰ 13.5.
4. There are many schools in danger.
In 2007, there are 3.358 m2 million schools in
danger , they are 2.48% in tatol , however, 90 % of
them are distributed in werstern rural areas.
39. Till the end of December 31, 2001 ,“ Hope
Project” has totally set up 8,890 primary
schools and gave financially aid to 2,474,342
students.; subsided 20,543 students of Hope
Stars ; and build up 130 distant schools
through internet.
(souces: China Youth Development Foundation,2002)
Conclusion: the main difficulties and problems
in compulsory education today is in rural and
western areas.
40. Some Other Crucial problems
Goals of Compulsory Education:
------Qualitive Education
Curriculum reforms: too much subjects to learn
Teaching method: Learning Knowledge or Learning
how to learn? Knowledge or method(technics)?
Evaluation of students: What is the function of
Evaluation? Multiple perspectively.
The enviorment of Schooling
Schools, families & Communities
41. Discussions
How to Assess the Achievement of School Education?
More Subjects?
D:My DocumentsrecourceComparison of Subjects of S
Higher Scores?
More Skills?
More Activities
Moral Education?
Process of Learning?
More Envolvement?
D:My DocumentsComparison of School Time of USA w
42. IV. Chanllenges & Reforms in
Higher Education
HE System in China
Chanllenges of Chinese HEs.
Reforms of HEs in late 15 years
43. HE System in China
(not including Adult Education HEIs:413)
Total: PRC:3,800(2007) vs USA: 3,941
(2000)
Regular Univs. Bach, Master & Doctor
Degrees
479
Common Regular
Colls & Univs740
(4 years, Bachelor)
Regular Vcational &Technical
Colleges 1168
(2-3yearsCertificate and Diploma)
44. IV.Chanllenges and Reforms in
Chinese HEIs
Chanllenges:
Development: the aims of the country
Industrialization: the means of the development
Modernization: the main goals of
industrialization
Education: the fundenmental of all
Globolization: the main Chanlleges
45. Reforms in Chinese HEIs From
1990s
The Outline of Development & Reforms of
Education in China (1993) (A Blueprint in HE)
Project 211 (1995)
Reforms of NEE & Employment (1998)
Project 985 (1998)
Expansion & Fee-charging in HEIs
(Marketization & Privatization )
Project of Quality in HEs (2006)
46. The Outline of Development &
Reforms of Education in China
(1993) (A Blueprint in Education in 1990’s)
Goals of education in China in 1990s :
Get a great inprovement in the level of over-all
education
Attain great development in pre-vocations and after-
vocations in urban, as well in rural areas
Meet the needs for experts in various fields in the
constructions of socialist & modernization
Form the base framwork of education system of
socialist characteristic in China
Focus on building up a great deal of top universities
and key desicplines in HE
47. Project 211 :Establishment of World-
class Universities(1995)
Strengthen about 100 institutions of higher education and key
disciplinary areas during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period to
meet the challenges of the 21st century
Cultivate mainly at home high-level innovative talents to meet the
needs of economic construction & social development
Projects fall into 3 categories:
Development of key academic programs
Development of public service systems of higher education
Improvement of overall institutional capacity
48. Higher Education Quality
Assurance System
Higher Education Evaluation Center under
MoE established in 2004
All HEIs have to undergo a five-year cycle
of quality evaluation
Re-positioning of HEIs under new quality
assurance - from pyramid to network
49. Research Universities
PH.D
Teaching & Research Universities
Master’s
Teaching & Research Universities
Bachelor’s
Advanced Vocational Advanced Vocational Institutions
Qualifications
50. Expansion of HEIs & Charging
Fees in HEIs
Fee-paying
Dual-track to single-track
Full cost private institutions & “self-financed” programs
Self-financed overseas higher education
Ability to pay & willingness to pay
Major concerns
Equity & regional disparity
Quality assurance & consumer protection
Different modes of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
Public-funded HEIs (different categories, assessment mechanisms)
Private-funded HEIs (legislation)
Mixed-mode HEIs (independent institutional policy)
Chinese-foreign cooperative institutions (legislation & quality
assurance)
51. Reforms of NEEHE &
Employment (1998)
Reforms of National Entrance Examination
of HE:
“3 + X”:
3 →Chinese, Mathematics & English
X → Comprehensive of physics, chemical
& biology for Science/ Comprehensive
of history,geography & politics for
Social Science
52. Reforms of Employment
From free HE system to charging HE
System
From a-job-giving system to job-finding
system
53. Project 985 (1998)
May 4, 1998, President Jiang Zemin declared at the
Peking University Centennial Celebrations that:
‘China must have a few world-class & a number of
world renowned advanced universities’
Then launched the “Educational Action Plan toward
the 21st Century” which explicitly stressed the
development of World-Class Universities and
Internationally Renowned High-Level Research
Universities (MoE 2007).
54. Phase 1 (1999-2002)
Making few top universities by
combination/adjustment of academic
disciplines & special support for strategic
fields
Selected universities to nurture talent &
engage in high-level research
55. Phase 2 (2004-2007)
Establish modern university system -structure & management
Enhance capabilities in cultivating elite professionals &
creative academic teams
Establish national platforms for scientific innovation &
research bases for humanities & social sciences
84 key technology innovation platforms on cross-disciplinary
researches & in areas of national development priorities
168 technology innovation platforms
Presently 38 universities in ‘985 Project’
56. Project of Quality in HEs
(2007)
Project of Quality in Undergraduate
Reform and Teaching
Take up 6 Measures:
Adjustment of professional framwork
and professional certification
Shareness of disciplines, textbooks &
information
57. Innovation of Practice Teaching & Reform of
Model of Cultivating Elites
Constructions of Teams of Teaching &
Prominent Facultis
Annancement of Basic Statistics of Assessment
of Teaching & State of Teaching
One-to-one Helping of Universities in West
Provinces
58. Constructions of 7 Systems
Predict system of setting up college professions
Database of Statistics of Teaching Atomousphere
Test Online System: College English & Education by
internet
Management of Online Education & Assessment
System of Qualities
Share System of Distinguished Disciplines
Digetal Resource System of Multi-level Textbooks
Service System of Life-long Learning