Chief Medical Informatics Officer- I could do that!
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It’s natural that as doctors we fear failure. In Health, never has so much been asked by so many of so few. Every day feels like a battle zone. Engage a Chief Medical Informatics Officer (CMIO) to introduce technology. That will save us. Established with structure, status and enough support to create and translate innovative models of change in the mindsets of clinicians and healthcare politicians alike, this role could work. However reality is so different. So lets understand failing early to succeed sooner, simplifing and standardising the clinical arena for clinician interoperability, and driving clinician inclusion in the business of health.
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Critical Care in Humanitarian Emergencies: Nikki Blackwell
Nikki Black provides an insight into critical care in humanitarian emergencies.
Through her experiences in hunger emergencies, epidemics, natural disasters and conflict zones, Nikki has gained a wealth of wisdom and lessons.
She shares these from the SMACC stage.
Nikki talks about some of the practical things she does when working in resource poor settings. It starts with hospital hygiene to reduce nosocomial infections, and often entails Nikki working alongside the cleaners due to resource limitations.
Hand hygiene is difficult without running water and Nikki champions using the WHO Handrub Formulation.
Other challenges include cold chain storage, blood donations, limited monitoring and food and nutrition.
Nikki also discusses the challenges of working in different environments. Invariable the environment will be too hot… or too cold!
On top of this, working in remote locations often entails living with the other medical professionals you are working alongside. This presents interpersonal challenges.
Moreover, Nikki touches on the personal dangers of working in some of the more politically unstable locations around the world. Training becomes hugely important in resource poor settings when you are dealing with complex medical and surgical cases. Especially with less-than-ideal resources and equipment.
Nikki expands on what is possible with good training, intuition, and a Swiss army knife. If you do not do anything stupid, and you have basic resources backed up by sound training, it is amazing what you can achieve and who you can help.
She concludes by touching the future direction of care in resource poor settings highlight the potential for technology to make huge changes and advances.
Critical Care in Humanitarian Emergencies: Nikki Blackwell
Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Burnout in Healthcare: Peter Brindley
Peter Brindley explains how burnout affects us all. It affects the cost, quality of care, organisational culture, performance and patient outcomes.
Burnout is fatigue, loss of ideals, purposelessness, presentism and the sense of being under-appreciated. It is not tiredness, exhaustion, boredom, mid-life crisis, depression, PTSD, perfectionism or narcissism.
Moreover, burnout involves the 4 C's: cutting corners, cynicism, callousness, and contempt.
Peter explains when and why, and to whom a burnout occurs. A major reason for burnout is the difference between expectations and reality. This drives the thought, “this is not what I signed up for.”
Furthermore, he presents the 12 steps which lead to a burnout. It begins by the need to prove yourself by working harder, neglecting your needs, avoiding issues, and losing friends or hobbies. This leads to denial, withdrawal, behavioural changes, depersonalisation, inner emptiness, depression and finally burnout.
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Evidently, burnout is a chronic condition, and although it cannot be cured, it is manageable. It might take years to manifest and hence, we must always be on the lookout for the signs.
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Submassive PE should be Thrombolysed
Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell debate the use of thrombolytics in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).
PE is a spectrum of disease. Patients should be treated differently depending on where they are on the spectrum.
Subsegmental PE may need no treatment at all, whereas massive PE is unlikely to improve without thrombolytics.
Anand argues for the use of thrombolytics.
Evidently, time is critical when dealing with patients and Anand posits that thrombolytics gives the physician control over time.
Submassive PE can deteriorate, leading to massive pulmonary embolism. A proportion of these patients will die. The data is not conclusive for the use of thrombolytics in terms of mortality, however long term outcomes do improve.
Finally, Anand concludes by suggesting that the decision to use thrombolytics relies on sound clinical reasoning and decision making, informed by the available data. He argues for nuanced treatments and use of these drugs.
Iain takes a different approach in his reply.
Some of the most difficult topics in medicine attract considerable debate. The use of thrombolysis for submassive PE is one of these.
In this argument Iain attempts to highlight some of the most pertinent evidence against the use of thrombolysis. And he does so through song!
Submassive PE should be Thrombolysed: Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
The Importance of Bone Health in Intensive Care Units: Karin Amrein
Karin Amrein highlights the importance of bone health in ICU. Karin asks – do fractures matter? If the presentation is a hip fracture for elderly patients, then the answer is obviously, yes! However, Karin will describe why this answer should be a resounding yes for all patients who are admitted to the ICU.
Critical illness affects bone. It is not a stretch to conceptualise this. However, Karin wants to impress on you that bone affects critical illness also! Bone is an endocrine organ, the largest endocrine organ.
Fragility fractures are associated with substantially increased mortality and morbidity. One year post hip fracture, 50% of the patients are either dead or in a nursing home. Prevention is crucial! After an ICU stay, patients have a largely elevated risk of fractures – up to 65%. However, this risk factor is not recognised in the literature. If you survive critical illness and get home, you have done well. If you then sustain a fracture, you are almost back to square one!
Karin attempts to explain this association. The ICU population is getting older, and the very nature of an ICU admission means they are predominantly sedentary – that much is true. However, there is likely more factors at play. Inflammation, endocrine alterations, increased osteoclastic activity, hypercatabolism leading to muscle breakdown (and in turn bone breakdown), malnutrition and drugs are all likely implicated in the increased risk. Karin takes you through each factor in turn in detail.
So, what can be done about the increased risk of fractures in ICU patients post discharge. Addressing each factor in turn is difficult, however Karin shows some viable options to consider in this patient population. Karin demonstrates how poor bone health, leading to fractures, produces poor outcomes. In turn, she discusses how treating the bone health, and reducing the fracture rate, leads to improved morbidity and mortality!
Karin concludes with some recommendations for ICU patients providing some tangible and practical takeaways.
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Arrested Developments - Natalie May
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When to Stop Resuscitation in Critical Care: Patricia Gerritsen
How do you diagnose death? In Critical Care we deal with death on a regular basis and although it seems black and white, that is often far from the truth.
Patricia Gerritsen discusses what it means to be dead and how that knowledge can aid you in stopping a resuscitation effort.
Patricia presents the degrees of death in her eyes as:
Soon to be dead
Reversibly dead
Irreversibly dead
Reversibly, irreversibly dead
Changes occur following death that can be proof of death. But not always. Pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis and decomposition can all indicate someone has died.
There are other clues that can indicate a person is either dead or will soon be dead – with minimal chance of any life saving intervention. The varying ways death presents itself poses a challenge for the clinician. This is especially true when deciding when to stop a resuscitation effort.
Consider the reversibly, irreversibly dead – also known as the Lazarus phenomenon. These patients achieve return of spontaneous circulation AFTER the resuscitation effort has been stopped. There are over 50 cases in the literature, with a wide and unpredictable array of clinical situations.
Therefore, the question becomes - what are the limits that can be survived? Patricia suggests that we must know the extreme limits in order to make an educated decision about resuscitation.
Patricia details some of the most extreme stories of survival in the literature. Submersion has been survived after 66 minutes in a child. An individual survived being in an ice stream after 40 minutes, with a recorded temperature of 13.7 degrees. A man with a potassium of 14 mmol/L made a good recovery.
There is a case of someone with a pH of 6.33 recovery fully and someone surviving a CO2 level of 375mmHg.
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When to Stop Resuscitation in Critical Care: Patricia Gerritsen
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
ICU year in review - Paul Young and Flavia Machado
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Recommended
Critical Care in Humanitarian Emergencies: Nikki Blackwell
Nikki Black provides an insight into critical care in humanitarian emergencies.
Through her experiences in hunger emergencies, epidemics, natural disasters and conflict zones, Nikki has gained a wealth of wisdom and lessons.
She shares these from the SMACC stage.
Nikki talks about some of the practical things she does when working in resource poor settings. It starts with hospital hygiene to reduce nosocomial infections, and often entails Nikki working alongside the cleaners due to resource limitations.
Hand hygiene is difficult without running water and Nikki champions using the WHO Handrub Formulation.
Other challenges include cold chain storage, blood donations, limited monitoring and food and nutrition.
Nikki also discusses the challenges of working in different environments. Invariable the environment will be too hot… or too cold!
On top of this, working in remote locations often entails living with the other medical professionals you are working alongside. This presents interpersonal challenges.
Moreover, Nikki touches on the personal dangers of working in some of the more politically unstable locations around the world. Training becomes hugely important in resource poor settings when you are dealing with complex medical and surgical cases. Especially with less-than-ideal resources and equipment.
Nikki expands on what is possible with good training, intuition, and a Swiss army knife. If you do not do anything stupid, and you have basic resources backed up by sound training, it is amazing what you can achieve and who you can help.
She concludes by touching the future direction of care in resource poor settings highlight the potential for technology to make huge changes and advances.
Critical Care in Humanitarian Emergencies: Nikki Blackwell
Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Burnout in Healthcare: Peter Brindley
Peter Brindley explains how burnout affects us all. It affects the cost, quality of care, organisational culture, performance and patient outcomes.
Burnout is fatigue, loss of ideals, purposelessness, presentism and the sense of being under-appreciated. It is not tiredness, exhaustion, boredom, mid-life crisis, depression, PTSD, perfectionism or narcissism.
Moreover, burnout involves the 4 C's: cutting corners, cynicism, callousness, and contempt.
Peter explains when and why, and to whom a burnout occurs. A major reason for burnout is the difference between expectations and reality. This drives the thought, “this is not what I signed up for.”
Furthermore, he presents the 12 steps which lead to a burnout. It begins by the need to prove yourself by working harder, neglecting your needs, avoiding issues, and losing friends or hobbies. This leads to denial, withdrawal, behavioural changes, depersonalisation, inner emptiness, depression and finally burnout.
Peter suggests a few things that we can do to prevent burnout. He recommends purposeful imbalance and dividing career into thirds: learning, earning, and returning.
Evidently, burnout is a chronic condition, and although it cannot be cured, it is manageable. It might take years to manifest and hence, we must always be on the lookout for the signs.
Finally, for more like this head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Submassive PE should be Thrombolysed
Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell debate the use of thrombolytics in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).
PE is a spectrum of disease. Patients should be treated differently depending on where they are on the spectrum.
Subsegmental PE may need no treatment at all, whereas massive PE is unlikely to improve without thrombolytics.
Anand argues for the use of thrombolytics.
Evidently, time is critical when dealing with patients and Anand posits that thrombolytics gives the physician control over time.
Submassive PE can deteriorate, leading to massive pulmonary embolism. A proportion of these patients will die. The data is not conclusive for the use of thrombolytics in terms of mortality, however long term outcomes do improve.
Finally, Anand concludes by suggesting that the decision to use thrombolytics relies on sound clinical reasoning and decision making, informed by the available data. He argues for nuanced treatments and use of these drugs.
Iain takes a different approach in his reply.
Some of the most difficult topics in medicine attract considerable debate. The use of thrombolysis for submassive PE is one of these.
In this argument Iain attempts to highlight some of the most pertinent evidence against the use of thrombolysis. And he does so through song!
Submassive PE should be Thrombolysed: Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
The Importance of Bone Health in Intensive Care Units: Karin Amrein
Karin Amrein highlights the importance of bone health in ICU. Karin asks – do fractures matter? If the presentation is a hip fracture for elderly patients, then the answer is obviously, yes! However, Karin will describe why this answer should be a resounding yes for all patients who are admitted to the ICU.
Critical illness affects bone. It is not a stretch to conceptualise this. However, Karin wants to impress on you that bone affects critical illness also! Bone is an endocrine organ, the largest endocrine organ.
Fragility fractures are associated with substantially increased mortality and morbidity. One year post hip fracture, 50% of the patients are either dead or in a nursing home. Prevention is crucial! After an ICU stay, patients have a largely elevated risk of fractures – up to 65%. However, this risk factor is not recognised in the literature. If you survive critical illness and get home, you have done well. If you then sustain a fracture, you are almost back to square one!
Karin attempts to explain this association. The ICU population is getting older, and the very nature of an ICU admission means they are predominantly sedentary – that much is true. However, there is likely more factors at play. Inflammation, endocrine alterations, increased osteoclastic activity, hypercatabolism leading to muscle breakdown (and in turn bone breakdown), malnutrition and drugs are all likely implicated in the increased risk. Karin takes you through each factor in turn in detail.
So, what can be done about the increased risk of fractures in ICU patients post discharge. Addressing each factor in turn is difficult, however Karin shows some viable options to consider in this patient population. Karin demonstrates how poor bone health, leading to fractures, produces poor outcomes. In turn, she discusses how treating the bone health, and reducing the fracture rate, leads to improved morbidity and mortality!
Karin concludes with some recommendations for ICU patients providing some tangible and practical takeaways.
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Arrested Developments - Natalie May
When was your last paediatric/neonatal life support course update? Did it include the latest recommendations from the European Resuscitation Council (2015)? NO?! Well, let's have a look at the very latest consensus recommendations for the resuscitation of children in cardiorespiratory arrest and for neonates at birth - and explore any controversies therein.
When to Stop Resuscitation in Critical Care: Patricia Gerritsen
How do you diagnose death? In Critical Care we deal with death on a regular basis and although it seems black and white, that is often far from the truth.
Patricia Gerritsen discusses what it means to be dead and how that knowledge can aid you in stopping a resuscitation effort.
Patricia presents the degrees of death in her eyes as:
Soon to be dead
Reversibly dead
Irreversibly dead
Reversibly, irreversibly dead
Changes occur following death that can be proof of death. But not always. Pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis and decomposition can all indicate someone has died.
There are other clues that can indicate a person is either dead or will soon be dead – with minimal chance of any life saving intervention. The varying ways death presents itself poses a challenge for the clinician. This is especially true when deciding when to stop a resuscitation effort.
Consider the reversibly, irreversibly dead – also known as the Lazarus phenomenon. These patients achieve return of spontaneous circulation AFTER the resuscitation effort has been stopped. There are over 50 cases in the literature, with a wide and unpredictable array of clinical situations.
Therefore, the question becomes - what are the limits that can be survived? Patricia suggests that we must know the extreme limits in order to make an educated decision about resuscitation.
Patricia details some of the most extreme stories of survival in the literature. Submersion has been survived after 66 minutes in a child. An individual survived being in an ice stream after 40 minutes, with a recorded temperature of 13.7 degrees. A man with a potassium of 14 mmol/L made a good recovery.
There is a case of someone with a pH of 6.33 recovery fully and someone surviving a CO2 level of 375mmHg.
Patricia highlights these extreme examples to show what is possible whilst acknowledging the decision to stop resuscitation is a difficult and nuanced one.
When to Stop Resuscitation in Critical Care: Patricia Gerritsen
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
ICU year in review - Paul Young and Flavia Machado
Flavia Machado and Paul Young present the top 10 ICU trials of the recent past SMACC style. Their list of trials includes a number that challenge dogma and establish interesting new lines of scientific enquiry. In addition, they also include all the recent clinical trials that should change your practice. If you want to know what’s new in critical care then this is the talk for you.
3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment
Ciaran McKenna discusses 3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment.
Simulation training is useful, but it is often a costly exercise. However, according to Ciaran McKenna, it doesn't have to be.
Ciaran shares his experience of using 3D printing to create simulation equipment. According to Ciaran, anyone with basic computer skills is capable of making their own 3D solutions for simulation training. For example, he demonstrates how to design and print a basic mackintosh blade using 3D modelling.
Training for rare procedures can be very costly using the traditional simulation methods. However, training for such procedures shouldn't be avoided. Therefore, creating low cost, high fidelity SIM equipment is key.
Furthermore, Ciaran explains how 3D scanners can be attached to iPads to take accurate facial contours of a person. Ciaran demonstrates how to make a mould of a person’s neck and then 3D print it. This mould is re-usable and cost effective.
Ciaran discusses the benefits of 3D printing and how it is an excellent alternative to expensive simulation equipment that is often out of reach for many facilities.
Ultimately, 3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment is a good option. Ciaran is hopeful that more people will reap the benefits of 3D printing in the future.
Controversies in Brain Death
Martin Smith persuades you that controversies in brain death should not, and do not, exist.
Almost fifty years since the concept of brain death was first introduced, some individuals and whole nations still struggle with its concept and justification.
Many controversies continue to surround brain death, although there is broad consensus that human death is ultimately death of the brain.
Martin provides a history of the concept of brain death. He describes how advances in modern medicine have made the concept of death, and specifically brain death, muddled. This has broad implications on the diagnosis of brain death – and provides the basis to the controversies that exist.
The concept of death as a process is explored.
The idea, and in fact the truth, is that death does not happen at a discrete moment in time.
Alive or dead may be the only two states an organism can be in. However, the transition from one to the other is not instantaneous.
Martin contends that the process and the nomenclature has little practical relevance. What is important is the point of irreversibility.
He explains how we, as a medical community, can be confident of this point.
The main points are 1) fulfilment of essential preconditions, 2) exclusions of reversible causes and 3) clinical evaluation.
In his talk Martin elaborates on each and provides some important teaching points. As he explains, this is an important concept to grasp as it has implications for your patients as well as broader societal implications in the context of organ donation.
Martin’s talk will discuss the history and development of the concepts and diagnosis of brain death internationally. He examines current challenges and controversies and makes the case for an international consensus.
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
OCUS is a Problem - PRO
POCUS is a problem? Really? For who? Maybe a radiologist holding down their turf in a small hospital that has been shielded from the world wide web. Will paint a broad picture of the wide multi-specialty impact POCUS has made in clinical care citing key references and case examples.
Healthcare Capacity Building in Fiji
Dr Anne Creaton talks about the healthcare capacity building in Fiji.
Fiji was struck by Cyclone Winston in 2016. It caused widespread devastation and the impact will be felt for a long time in the future.
The most important thing that Fiji has taught her is faith, patience and persistence.
Anne begins by talking about the three Rs that are essential in trainees who want to work in Fiji or similar situations.
The three Rs being: Realistic, Resilient and Resourceful.
Emotional intelligence is also very important. Most of the people are highly trained, but always in a high resource environment. Dysfunctional systems in places like Fiji, can impact the clinician’s welfare and performance.
Critical care systems are made up of multiple building blocks with doctors playing a small part. Anne compares critical care systems in Fiji to a game of Jenga. This is because multiple blocks that are essential for critical care systems are non-existent.
Anne divides the Jenga blocks of a critical care system into three: a pre-hospital block, a hospital block, and an administration and governance block.
The pre-hospital block consists of scene care, transport care, communication, hazmat, decontamination and retrieval.
The hospital blocks consist of factors like triage, medical assessment, equipment, drugs and patient flow.
The administrative and governance block provides data, audits, leadership and human resource activities such as training, recruitment and retention.
All these blocks put together form the critical care system. This illustrates how when the different blocks in critical care services are removed, it makes it very difficult to successfully treat a patient.
She explains how doctors face multiple difficulties like faulty equipment, untrained staff, lack of timely transport vehicles, inaccessibility to interventional cardiology, lack of risk management and quality improvement. They also lack hazmat, decontamination, personal protective equipment (PPE), proper communication.
Anne then gives an example of using the three Rs technique to reduce VF arrest by early defibrillation.
Realistic: Automatic external defibrillator (AED) for all health facilities.
Resilient: Placed all AEDs in pelican cases.
Resourceful: Acquired the AEDs via Twitter.
Anne ends by saying that life is about expectation management and you need to understand that there will be a gap between the type of care you want to provide and what you will be able to provide in situations like Fiji.
So, are you ready to play critical care Jenga?
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Bare Knuckle Trauma Debate: There's no denying it - Prehospital doctors add p...
Ever wondered if prehospital doctors add LITTLE or LOTS of value in trauma? Ever wondered if an Amazonian Warrior Girl can take on a Kangaroo Aussie Military Man? If you are looking for level-1 evidence on either of these topics, you are in the wrong room! But stick around, it will sure be entertaining & enlightening. Show me anyone who doesn't like a full-contact bare knuckle debate. Bring it on!
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Marius Rehn examines the difficulties and importance of evidence based medicine in prehospital resuscitation. Notably, combining academic activity with pre- and in-hospital clinical practice is hard work. Being an academic in a flight suit can be quite lonely.
Marius wants this to change and is passionate about increasing the quantity and quality of prehospital research.
Prehospital research that examines patient pathophysiology should dictate care – as it does in the hospital environment. However, Evidence based practice pertaining to the prehospital environment is minimal. This needs to change.
Evidence based medicine in the prehospital setting can dictate care, critically appraise practice and enable improvements in process and cost effectiveness whilst decreasing harms.
Evidently, in-hospital evidence is different to the field application. Ultimately, prehospital research is critical, 5.8 million people die from injury every year – around 10% of the world’s deaths. Unfortunately, pre-hospital research is underfunded.
So, how can we take interventions from the hospital to the streets?
Marius shares three important steps:
The research that is needed
How to interpret the evidence
Why all research is important to consider (from case studies to randomised controlled trials)
Moreover, Marius highlights the need to lean on other members of the scientific community when conducting your own research. For example, a statistician is worth their weight in gold in observational studies when fleshing out regression analysis.
Finally, Marius discusses the importance of information dissemination across all platforms, including peer reviewed journals and informal FOAMed platforms such as Twitter. They all have their place.
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Resuscitation in Paediatric Cardiac Patients: Michele Domico
Michele Domico presents a talk on the pitfalls of common paediatric resuscitative manoeuvres in paediatric cardiac patients. Emergency and critical care physicians are all well accustomed to items such as oxygen, bolus adrenaline, intubation and cardioversion. However, as Michele explains, these ‘go to’ interventions may in fact be harmful for the paediatric cardiac patient presenting to the emergency department in extremis. Due to the physiology of certain complex congenital heart diseases, the usual resuscitation manoeuvres may in fact kill the patient instead of helping.
Supplemental oxygen can worsen the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio in single ventricle patients and cause them to have rising lactate levels and cardiac arrest from low systemic cardiac output. Intubation and positive pressure ventilation may impede pulmonary blood flow in patients with a Glenn shunt and the patient can become more desaturated. With increasing PEEP and higher respiratory rates, the patients will continue to deteriorate and desaturate. Regular dosing of adrenaline boluses in patients with single ventricle physiology who are nearly arrest, can worsen their systemic output by increasing systemic vascular resistance and promoting pulmonary overcirculation. Cardioversion of a previously healthy paediatric patient might be tempting when you see what looks like a stable ventricular tachycardia. This wide complex rhythm has fooled many people into shocking it. You might in fact be dealing with something else and can make the patient infinitely worse by shocking.
In her talk, Michele highlights the importance of understanding the physiology of your patients. This particularly applies to paediatric cardiac patients. In this population, the change from typical physiology means standard models of care are harmful. Tune in to hear what not to do!
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
Christina Hernon describes a traumatic experience in gripping detail.
In doing so, she shares her deeply personal insights into what it is to be an Immediate Responder. Christina suggests that the medical system must change to support these people.
After a major formative experience at a life-threatening mass casualty incident, Christina felt incredibly unprepared despite over two decades of training in emergency and first response.
Christina reflects that all the training that students undergo does not prepare them for every scenario. The standard approach to emergency care, is this scene safe? is completely inadequate for those present the very moment an incident occurs. These people are then amidst and surrounded by an unsecured and potentially unsafe scene.
After her experience Christina had an acute stress reaction exactly like after rough calls in prehospital Emergency Medical Services.
However, Christina wasn't offered the usual support given in these circumstances. She felt somehow betrayed, but unsure who to be mad at. Therefore, Christina tried to understand why she felt so unprepared and overlooked.
In deconstructing and reflecting on the experience, she self-identified neither as bystander nor first responder. Instead she was an on scene, immediate responder, victimised rescuer. Realising that she did not fit into any already existing category, she uncovered an undefined time period that we need to give attention to.
The Disaster Gap is the time between the moment an incident occurs, through the first call for help, and until the clearheaded First Responders arrives.
In this definable time gap, the only available rescuers are people who are on scene when the event happens. These Immediate Responders, who are traumatised by their experience themselves, take immediate action to help another person or make the situation better.
They are present at virtually every scene and have been for all of time. However, we know very little about them, their actions, their safety, their impact, and their recovery.
By trying to understand the Disaster Gap and Immediate Responders, we can improve training, preparedness, resilience, and recovery.
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Interprofessional Communication: Challenges and Opportunities - Walter Eppich
Walter Eppich talks on Interprofessional Communication.
Critical Care: No place for a woman?
Ah, but you don't look like a professor! A recent statement from a (female) patient says it all, doesn't it?
Since the first women were admitted to medical schools – quite a while ago in most countries, the participation of women in clinical and academic medicine has increased steadily. Overall, women represent the majority of health care workers and also medical students in most countries of the world today. SMACC audience is almost 50% female.
However, only few women make it to the top, and with each step up the career ladder, the proportion of women decreases substantially, a phenomenon called the “glass ceiling” or the „leaky pipeline“. This is particularly true for some medical specialties such as critical care or trauma surgery, as opposed to specialties like endocrinology, pediatrics or gynecology. Although often subtle, gender discrimination against women continues to be a problem – for instance, it has been shown that a ficticious student named “John” would receive a higher salary and find a mentor easier than “Jennifer”. A manuscript written by “John” is judged more favourably than one that is authored by “Joan”, and female grant applicants with the same scientific productivity are given substantially lower scores than male applicants by reviewers (men and women). Sheryl Sandberg’s statements are as true in clinical and academic medicine as in other areas.
This talk will definitely raise your awareness for the topic.
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ECMO or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has shown promise in the use of cardiac arrest patients. Zack Shinar and his crew from San Diego have lead the way in emergency physician initiated ECMO for patients in cardiac arrest.
In this lecture he explains briefly how ECMO works, what their outcomes have been and where ECMO is moving. Initially 5 of their first 8 patients were neurologically intact survivors. Their first patient had over an hour of downtime when cardiac bypass was initiated. He walked out of the hospital completely neurologically intact nine days later and now has been featured on the film “Code Black”. Physicians from their hospital, Sharp Memorial, were also recently featured on the television show “Untold Stories in the ER” for a save of a 21 year old female arresting from hyperkalemia. Dr. Shinar also discusses some of the latest physiologic questions as the Australians have pushed for smaller diameter catheters that allow for smaller flow volumes.
He also discusses how in Paris pre-hospital ECMO is being done by physicians in various places like the subway, apartment buildings and even the Louvre.
In the end, Dr. Shinar discusses the biggest question in any novel resuscitation technique: cost. Prolongation of life and particularly after a cardiac arrest is expensive and many people do not survive.
Dr. Shinar uses various pioneers in the world of technology to tell how true genius is not in technologic advancements but in making those advancements available to the masses. He ends with a story about Linus Torvalds. Dr. Shinar shows how this man through the use of the collective minds of computer programmers worldwide created one of the best operating systems ever created: Linux. He asks the medical community to endorse this idea and introduces the concept of “free open access medical innovation”.
Disaster Ethics in Critical Care: Sara Gray
Sara Gray tackles the controversial topic of disaster ethics in critical care. Most hospitals develop a disaster plan, but few jurisdictions develop a plan for triaging or rationing scarce resources when the existing supply is overwhelmed.
Rather than leaving individual health care workers to make these decisions, we should work together as a community of experts to develop ethical, practical and appropriate policies for triaging scarce resources during a disaster.
Healthcare resources are finite. In the case of large-scale trauma with large numbers of casualties, such as a disaster scenario, how do you decide who gets what?
Sara discusses her guiding principles when thinking about disaster triage.
First and foremost, avoid having to triage or ration scarce resources. Have a plan and make first part of the plan to be “Never use the plan”. Mitigate all the risks and possibilities that would see the plan being enacted. This involves sharing with partner hospitals, urgently reordering supplies and repurposing what is available.
The second guiding principle relates to the ethics. Normal circumstances dictate offering the best for every individual patient. In a disaster, a shift to the utilitarian philosophy – the greatest good for the greatest number – is necessary. This means not everyone is going to get what they need, which is a difficult concept for people.
Thirdly, Sara stresses the importance of developing a disaster plan in a public way. This stops a plan being “sprung” on staff, the public and stakeholders. It encourages buy-in and engagement which makes it a smoother process should the plan ever be enacted. Sara next discusses the inclusion and exclusion criteria when dictating who should receive the finite resources of a hospital in a disaster. This, she admits, is the tricky part. She backs her thoughts up with the available data. Sara concludes with some points regarding the implementation of disaster plans.
Making these plans is tough, however not having them is tougher. Hospitals and health authorities should have a clear criteria for when a crisis is declared. This needs to come from the hospital level, if not the health region or government.
It is not an individual decision. Next a dedicated team should review de-identified patient files to allocate resources according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This team needs to be multi-disciplined and received adequate support. This is a tough job.
Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
It's time to do away with the hard Cervical Collar
The author takes the position that cervical spine immobilization in general, and the hard cervical collar in particular, are historical holdovers from an era of trauma care before evidence prevailed. The hard collar causes more harm than benefit and should be replaced by guidelines to limit spinal motion restriction to patients likely to benefit - if such patients exist - and alternative immobilization strategies .
Jim Manning - Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion
Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion -
Summary by: Jim Manning
Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion (SAAP) is an endovascular-extracorporeal perfusion resuscitation technique designed specifically to treat cardiac arrest. SAAP involves the blind insertion of a large-lumen balloon occlusion catheter into the descending thoracic aortic arch via a femoral artery. With the SAAP catheter balloon inflated in the thoracic aorta, the heart and brain are relatively isolated for resuscitative perfusion through the SAAP catheter lumen with an oxygen-carrying fluid (such as blood, hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier or fluorocarbon emulsion). SAAP promotes restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) by the heart while protecting the brain from further ischemic insult. SAAP can be used to treat both hemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest and medical, non-traumatic cardiac arrest.
In traumatic cardiac arrest, SAAP provides the combination of (1) thoracic aortic balloon occlusion for control of hemorrhage below the diaphragm, (2) rapid volume replacement in hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia to restore normovolemia and (3) perfusion of the heart and brain in an effort to achieve ROSC. SAAP also allows titration of small doses of intra-aortic adrenaline or other medications to achieve ROSC.
In medical cardiac arrest, SAAP catheter balloon occlusion of the thoracic aorta limits the distribution of oxygenated perfusate toward the heart and brain. Since medical cardiac arrest patients are not typically hypovolemic, SAAP with an exogenous oxygen-carrier is a volume loading intervention that can only be used for a short time period (5-10 min). If ROSC is not achieved with the limited volume of exogenous oxygen-carrier, femoral venous access during initial SAAP infusion allows venous blood withdrawal for continued SAAP support to promote ROSC without further volume loading (autologous blood SAAP or, essentially, aortic arch ECMO). Intra-aortic adrenaline and anti-reperfusion agents can also be used. Even if ROSC is not rapidly achieved, SAAP serves as a bridge that limits hypoperfusion until cannulation for full body ECMO can be achieved.
CSD by Jeffcote Coda 22.pdf
CORTICAL SPREADING DEPOLARISATION IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE – AN INTRODUCTION
By Toby Jeffcote
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a spreading loss of ion homeostasis, altered vascular response, change in synaptic architecture, and subsequent depression in electrical activity following an inciting neurological injury.
It was first described by Leão in 1944, a disturbance in neuronal electrophysiology has since been demonstrated in a number of animal studies, and recently a few human studies that examine the occurrence of this depolarizing phenomenon in the setting of a variety of pathological states, including migraines, cerebrovascular accidents, epilepsy, intracranial hemorrhages, and traumatic brain injuries. The onset of CSD has been demonstrated experimentally following a disruption in the neuronal environment leading to glutamate-induced toxicity. This initial event leads to pathological changes in the activity of ion channels that maintain membrane potential. Recovery mechanisms such as sodium-potassium pumps that aim to restore homeostasis fail, leading to osmolar shifts of fluid, swelling of the neuron, and ultimately a measurable depression in cortical activity that spreads in the order of millimeters per minute. Equally important is the resulting change in vascular response. In healthy tissue, increased electrical activity is coupled with release of vasodilatory factors such as nitric oxide and arachidonic acid metabolites that increase local blood flow to meet increased energy expenditure. In damaged tissue, not only is the restorative vascular response lacking but a vasoconstrictive response is promoted and the ischemia that follows adds to the severity of the initial injury. Tissue threatened by this ischemic response is then at elevated risk for CSD propagation and falls into a vicious cycle of electrical and hemodynamic disturbance. Efforts have been made to halt this spreading cortical depression using N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and other ion channel blockers to minimize the damaging effects of CSD that can persist long after the triggering insult.
Subdural Haemorrhage and MMA embolisation
Celia Bradford takes us through the latest on the management of subdural haemorrhage (SDH). She covers acute SDH, chronic SDH and middle meningeal artery embolisation, a novel treatment for chronic SDH management in certain circumstances.
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3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment
Ciaran McKenna discusses 3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment.
Simulation training is useful, but it is often a costly exercise. However, according to Ciaran McKenna, it doesn't have to be.
Ciaran shares his experience of using 3D printing to create simulation equipment. According to Ciaran, anyone with basic computer skills is capable of making their own 3D solutions for simulation training. For example, he demonstrates how to design and print a basic mackintosh blade using 3D modelling.
Training for rare procedures can be very costly using the traditional simulation methods. However, training for such procedures shouldn't be avoided. Therefore, creating low cost, high fidelity SIM equipment is key.
Furthermore, Ciaran explains how 3D scanners can be attached to iPads to take accurate facial contours of a person. Ciaran demonstrates how to make a mould of a person’s neck and then 3D print it. This mould is re-usable and cost effective.
Ciaran discusses the benefits of 3D printing and how it is an excellent alternative to expensive simulation equipment that is often out of reach for many facilities.
Ultimately, 3D printing of high fidelity simulation equipment is a good option. Ciaran is hopeful that more people will reap the benefits of 3D printing in the future.
Controversies in Brain Death
Martin Smith persuades you that controversies in brain death should not, and do not, exist.
Almost fifty years since the concept of brain death was first introduced, some individuals and whole nations still struggle with its concept and justification.
Many controversies continue to surround brain death, although there is broad consensus that human death is ultimately death of the brain.
Martin provides a history of the concept of brain death. He describes how advances in modern medicine have made the concept of death, and specifically brain death, muddled. This has broad implications on the diagnosis of brain death – and provides the basis to the controversies that exist.
The concept of death as a process is explored.
The idea, and in fact the truth, is that death does not happen at a discrete moment in time.
Alive or dead may be the only two states an organism can be in. However, the transition from one to the other is not instantaneous.
Martin contends that the process and the nomenclature has little practical relevance. What is important is the point of irreversibility.
He explains how we, as a medical community, can be confident of this point.
The main points are 1) fulfilment of essential preconditions, 2) exclusions of reversible causes and 3) clinical evaluation.
In his talk Martin elaborates on each and provides some important teaching points. As he explains, this is an important concept to grasp as it has implications for your patients as well as broader societal implications in the context of organ donation.
Martin’s talk will discuss the history and development of the concepts and diagnosis of brain death internationally. He examines current challenges and controversies and makes the case for an international consensus.
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
OCUS is a Problem - PRO
POCUS is a problem? Really? For who? Maybe a radiologist holding down their turf in a small hospital that has been shielded from the world wide web. Will paint a broad picture of the wide multi-specialty impact POCUS has made in clinical care citing key references and case examples.
Healthcare Capacity Building in Fiji
Dr Anne Creaton talks about the healthcare capacity building in Fiji.
Fiji was struck by Cyclone Winston in 2016. It caused widespread devastation and the impact will be felt for a long time in the future.
The most important thing that Fiji has taught her is faith, patience and persistence.
Anne begins by talking about the three Rs that are essential in trainees who want to work in Fiji or similar situations.
The three Rs being: Realistic, Resilient and Resourceful.
Emotional intelligence is also very important. Most of the people are highly trained, but always in a high resource environment. Dysfunctional systems in places like Fiji, can impact the clinician’s welfare and performance.
Critical care systems are made up of multiple building blocks with doctors playing a small part. Anne compares critical care systems in Fiji to a game of Jenga. This is because multiple blocks that are essential for critical care systems are non-existent.
Anne divides the Jenga blocks of a critical care system into three: a pre-hospital block, a hospital block, and an administration and governance block.
The pre-hospital block consists of scene care, transport care, communication, hazmat, decontamination and retrieval.
The hospital blocks consist of factors like triage, medical assessment, equipment, drugs and patient flow.
The administrative and governance block provides data, audits, leadership and human resource activities such as training, recruitment and retention.
All these blocks put together form the critical care system. This illustrates how when the different blocks in critical care services are removed, it makes it very difficult to successfully treat a patient.
She explains how doctors face multiple difficulties like faulty equipment, untrained staff, lack of timely transport vehicles, inaccessibility to interventional cardiology, lack of risk management and quality improvement. They also lack hazmat, decontamination, personal protective equipment (PPE), proper communication.
Anne then gives an example of using the three Rs technique to reduce VF arrest by early defibrillation.
Realistic: Automatic external defibrillator (AED) for all health facilities.
Resilient: Placed all AEDs in pelican cases.
Resourceful: Acquired the AEDs via Twitter.
Anne ends by saying that life is about expectation management and you need to understand that there will be a gap between the type of care you want to provide and what you will be able to provide in situations like Fiji.
So, are you ready to play critical care Jenga?
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Bare Knuckle Trauma Debate: There's no denying it - Prehospital doctors add p...
Ever wondered if prehospital doctors add LITTLE or LOTS of value in trauma? Ever wondered if an Amazonian Warrior Girl can take on a Kangaroo Aussie Military Man? If you are looking for level-1 evidence on either of these topics, you are in the wrong room! But stick around, it will sure be entertaining & enlightening. Show me anyone who doesn't like a full-contact bare knuckle debate. Bring it on!
Why would you do ECPR?
Peter McCanny is part of the LearnECMO team. In this podcast he explains some of the background and history of ECMO CPR, what evidence there is to support its use and where we're heading in the future.
Evidence Based Medicine in Prehospital Resuscitation
Marius Rehn examines the difficulties and importance of evidence based medicine in prehospital resuscitation. Notably, combining academic activity with pre- and in-hospital clinical practice is hard work. Being an academic in a flight suit can be quite lonely.
Marius wants this to change and is passionate about increasing the quantity and quality of prehospital research.
Prehospital research that examines patient pathophysiology should dictate care – as it does in the hospital environment. However, Evidence based practice pertaining to the prehospital environment is minimal. This needs to change.
Evidence based medicine in the prehospital setting can dictate care, critically appraise practice and enable improvements in process and cost effectiveness whilst decreasing harms.
Evidently, in-hospital evidence is different to the field application. Ultimately, prehospital research is critical, 5.8 million people die from injury every year – around 10% of the world’s deaths. Unfortunately, pre-hospital research is underfunded.
So, how can we take interventions from the hospital to the streets?
Marius shares three important steps:
The research that is needed
How to interpret the evidence
Why all research is important to consider (from case studies to randomised controlled trials)
Moreover, Marius highlights the need to lean on other members of the scientific community when conducting your own research. For example, a statistician is worth their weight in gold in observational studies when fleshing out regression analysis.
Finally, Marius discusses the importance of information dissemination across all platforms, including peer reviewed journals and informal FOAMed platforms such as Twitter. They all have their place.
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
It's all about function NOT movement re-education!
Function then movement re-education
Don't lower patient expectations
Mind-blowing stories
Future research ideas
www.kateallatt.com
Practical OT presentation
Resuscitation in Paediatric Cardiac Patients: Michele Domico
Michele Domico presents a talk on the pitfalls of common paediatric resuscitative manoeuvres in paediatric cardiac patients. Emergency and critical care physicians are all well accustomed to items such as oxygen, bolus adrenaline, intubation and cardioversion. However, as Michele explains, these ‘go to’ interventions may in fact be harmful for the paediatric cardiac patient presenting to the emergency department in extremis. Due to the physiology of certain complex congenital heart diseases, the usual resuscitation manoeuvres may in fact kill the patient instead of helping.
Supplemental oxygen can worsen the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio in single ventricle patients and cause them to have rising lactate levels and cardiac arrest from low systemic cardiac output. Intubation and positive pressure ventilation may impede pulmonary blood flow in patients with a Glenn shunt and the patient can become more desaturated. With increasing PEEP and higher respiratory rates, the patients will continue to deteriorate and desaturate. Regular dosing of adrenaline boluses in patients with single ventricle physiology who are nearly arrest, can worsen their systemic output by increasing systemic vascular resistance and promoting pulmonary overcirculation. Cardioversion of a previously healthy paediatric patient might be tempting when you see what looks like a stable ventricular tachycardia. This wide complex rhythm has fooled many people into shocking it. You might in fact be dealing with something else and can make the patient infinitely worse by shocking.
In her talk, Michele highlights the importance of understanding the physiology of your patients. This particularly applies to paediatric cardiac patients. In this population, the change from typical physiology means standard models of care are harmful. Tune in to hear what not to do!
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
Christina Hernon describes a traumatic experience in gripping detail.
In doing so, she shares her deeply personal insights into what it is to be an Immediate Responder. Christina suggests that the medical system must change to support these people.
After a major formative experience at a life-threatening mass casualty incident, Christina felt incredibly unprepared despite over two decades of training in emergency and first response.
Christina reflects that all the training that students undergo does not prepare them for every scenario. The standard approach to emergency care, is this scene safe? is completely inadequate for those present the very moment an incident occurs. These people are then amidst and surrounded by an unsecured and potentially unsafe scene.
After her experience Christina had an acute stress reaction exactly like after rough calls in prehospital Emergency Medical Services.
However, Christina wasn't offered the usual support given in these circumstances. She felt somehow betrayed, but unsure who to be mad at. Therefore, Christina tried to understand why she felt so unprepared and overlooked.
In deconstructing and reflecting on the experience, she self-identified neither as bystander nor first responder. Instead she was an on scene, immediate responder, victimised rescuer. Realising that she did not fit into any already existing category, she uncovered an undefined time period that we need to give attention to.
The Disaster Gap is the time between the moment an incident occurs, through the first call for help, and until the clearheaded First Responders arrives.
In this definable time gap, the only available rescuers are people who are on scene when the event happens. These Immediate Responders, who are traumatised by their experience themselves, take immediate action to help another person or make the situation better.
They are present at virtually every scene and have been for all of time. However, we know very little about them, their actions, their safety, their impact, and their recovery.
By trying to understand the Disaster Gap and Immediate Responders, we can improve training, preparedness, resilience, and recovery.
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Interprofessional Communication: Challenges and Opportunities - Walter Eppich
Walter Eppich talks on Interprofessional Communication.
Critical Care: No place for a woman?
Ah, but you don't look like a professor! A recent statement from a (female) patient says it all, doesn't it?
Since the first women were admitted to medical schools – quite a while ago in most countries, the participation of women in clinical and academic medicine has increased steadily. Overall, women represent the majority of health care workers and also medical students in most countries of the world today. SMACC audience is almost 50% female.
However, only few women make it to the top, and with each step up the career ladder, the proportion of women decreases substantially, a phenomenon called the “glass ceiling” or the „leaky pipeline“. This is particularly true for some medical specialties such as critical care or trauma surgery, as opposed to specialties like endocrinology, pediatrics or gynecology. Although often subtle, gender discrimination against women continues to be a problem – for instance, it has been shown that a ficticious student named “John” would receive a higher salary and find a mentor easier than “Jennifer”. A manuscript written by “John” is judged more favourably than one that is authored by “Joan”, and female grant applicants with the same scientific productivity are given substantially lower scores than male applicants by reviewers (men and women). Sheryl Sandberg’s statements are as true in clinical and academic medicine as in other areas.
This talk will definitely raise your awareness for the topic.
Gadgets and Simulation by Jon Gatward
The Sim revolution. Jon Gatward on the future of simulation in critical care. Strategies for pulling it off, no matter your resources. See smacc.net.au and intensivecarenetwork.com for more.
Zack Shinar - How we do ED– ECMO
ECMO or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has shown promise in the use of cardiac arrest patients. Zack Shinar and his crew from San Diego have lead the way in emergency physician initiated ECMO for patients in cardiac arrest.
In this lecture he explains briefly how ECMO works, what their outcomes have been and where ECMO is moving. Initially 5 of their first 8 patients were neurologically intact survivors. Their first patient had over an hour of downtime when cardiac bypass was initiated. He walked out of the hospital completely neurologically intact nine days later and now has been featured on the film “Code Black”. Physicians from their hospital, Sharp Memorial, were also recently featured on the television show “Untold Stories in the ER” for a save of a 21 year old female arresting from hyperkalemia. Dr. Shinar also discusses some of the latest physiologic questions as the Australians have pushed for smaller diameter catheters that allow for smaller flow volumes.
He also discusses how in Paris pre-hospital ECMO is being done by physicians in various places like the subway, apartment buildings and even the Louvre.
In the end, Dr. Shinar discusses the biggest question in any novel resuscitation technique: cost. Prolongation of life and particularly after a cardiac arrest is expensive and many people do not survive.
Dr. Shinar uses various pioneers in the world of technology to tell how true genius is not in technologic advancements but in making those advancements available to the masses. He ends with a story about Linus Torvalds. Dr. Shinar shows how this man through the use of the collective minds of computer programmers worldwide created one of the best operating systems ever created: Linux. He asks the medical community to endorse this idea and introduces the concept of “free open access medical innovation”.
Disaster Ethics in Critical Care: Sara Gray
Sara Gray tackles the controversial topic of disaster ethics in critical care. Most hospitals develop a disaster plan, but few jurisdictions develop a plan for triaging or rationing scarce resources when the existing supply is overwhelmed.
Rather than leaving individual health care workers to make these decisions, we should work together as a community of experts to develop ethical, practical and appropriate policies for triaging scarce resources during a disaster.
Healthcare resources are finite. In the case of large-scale trauma with large numbers of casualties, such as a disaster scenario, how do you decide who gets what?
Sara discusses her guiding principles when thinking about disaster triage.
First and foremost, avoid having to triage or ration scarce resources. Have a plan and make first part of the plan to be “Never use the plan”. Mitigate all the risks and possibilities that would see the plan being enacted. This involves sharing with partner hospitals, urgently reordering supplies and repurposing what is available.
The second guiding principle relates to the ethics. Normal circumstances dictate offering the best for every individual patient. In a disaster, a shift to the utilitarian philosophy – the greatest good for the greatest number – is necessary. This means not everyone is going to get what they need, which is a difficult concept for people.
Thirdly, Sara stresses the importance of developing a disaster plan in a public way. This stops a plan being “sprung” on staff, the public and stakeholders. It encourages buy-in and engagement which makes it a smoother process should the plan ever be enacted. Sara next discusses the inclusion and exclusion criteria when dictating who should receive the finite resources of a hospital in a disaster. This, she admits, is the tricky part. She backs her thoughts up with the available data. Sara concludes with some points regarding the implementation of disaster plans.
Making these plans is tough, however not having them is tougher. Hospitals and health authorities should have a clear criteria for when a crisis is declared. This needs to come from the hospital level, if not the health region or government.
It is not an individual decision. Next a dedicated team should review de-identified patient files to allocate resources according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This team needs to be multi-disciplined and received adequate support. This is a tough job.
Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
It's time to do away with the hard Cervical Collar
The author takes the position that cervical spine immobilization in general, and the hard cervical collar in particular, are historical holdovers from an era of trauma care before evidence prevailed. The hard collar causes more harm than benefit and should be replaced by guidelines to limit spinal motion restriction to patients likely to benefit - if such patients exist - and alternative immobilization strategies .
Jim Manning - Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion
Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion -
Summary by: Jim Manning
Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion (SAAP) is an endovascular-extracorporeal perfusion resuscitation technique designed specifically to treat cardiac arrest. SAAP involves the blind insertion of a large-lumen balloon occlusion catheter into the descending thoracic aortic arch via a femoral artery. With the SAAP catheter balloon inflated in the thoracic aorta, the heart and brain are relatively isolated for resuscitative perfusion through the SAAP catheter lumen with an oxygen-carrying fluid (such as blood, hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier or fluorocarbon emulsion). SAAP promotes restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) by the heart while protecting the brain from further ischemic insult. SAAP can be used to treat both hemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest and medical, non-traumatic cardiac arrest.
In traumatic cardiac arrest, SAAP provides the combination of (1) thoracic aortic balloon occlusion for control of hemorrhage below the diaphragm, (2) rapid volume replacement in hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia to restore normovolemia and (3) perfusion of the heart and brain in an effort to achieve ROSC. SAAP also allows titration of small doses of intra-aortic adrenaline or other medications to achieve ROSC.
In medical cardiac arrest, SAAP catheter balloon occlusion of the thoracic aorta limits the distribution of oxygenated perfusate toward the heart and brain. Since medical cardiac arrest patients are not typically hypovolemic, SAAP with an exogenous oxygen-carrier is a volume loading intervention that can only be used for a short time period (5-10 min). If ROSC is not achieved with the limited volume of exogenous oxygen-carrier, femoral venous access during initial SAAP infusion allows venous blood withdrawal for continued SAAP support to promote ROSC without further volume loading (autologous blood SAAP or, essentially, aortic arch ECMO). Intra-aortic adrenaline and anti-reperfusion agents can also be used. Even if ROSC is not rapidly achieved, SAAP serves as a bridge that limits hypoperfusion until cannulation for full body ECMO can be achieved.
Viewers also liked (19)
Bare Knuckle Trauma Debate: There's no denying it - Prehospital doctors add p...
Bare Knuckle Trauma Debate: There's no denying it - Prehospital doctors add p...
Evidence Based Medicine in Prehospital Resuscitation
Evidence Based Medicine in Prehospital Resuscitation
It's all about function NOT movement re-education!
It's all about function NOT movement re-education!
Resuscitation in Paediatric Cardiac Patients: Michele Domico
Resuscitation in Paediatric Cardiac Patients: Michele Domico
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
The Role of the Immediate Responder in Mass Casualty Trauma
Interprofessional Communication: Challenges and Opportunities - Walter Eppich
Interprofessional Communication: Challenges and Opportunities - Walter Eppich
It's time to do away with the hard Cervical Collar
It's time to do away with the hard Cervical Collar
More from SMACC Conference
CSD by Jeffcote Coda 22.pdf
CORTICAL SPREADING DEPOLARISATION IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE – AN INTRODUCTION
By Toby Jeffcote
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a spreading loss of ion homeostasis, altered vascular response, change in synaptic architecture, and subsequent depression in electrical activity following an inciting neurological injury.
It was first described by Leão in 1944, a disturbance in neuronal electrophysiology has since been demonstrated in a number of animal studies, and recently a few human studies that examine the occurrence of this depolarizing phenomenon in the setting of a variety of pathological states, including migraines, cerebrovascular accidents, epilepsy, intracranial hemorrhages, and traumatic brain injuries. The onset of CSD has been demonstrated experimentally following a disruption in the neuronal environment leading to glutamate-induced toxicity. This initial event leads to pathological changes in the activity of ion channels that maintain membrane potential. Recovery mechanisms such as sodium-potassium pumps that aim to restore homeostasis fail, leading to osmolar shifts of fluid, swelling of the neuron, and ultimately a measurable depression in cortical activity that spreads in the order of millimeters per minute. Equally important is the resulting change in vascular response. In healthy tissue, increased electrical activity is coupled with release of vasodilatory factors such as nitric oxide and arachidonic acid metabolites that increase local blood flow to meet increased energy expenditure. In damaged tissue, not only is the restorative vascular response lacking but a vasoconstrictive response is promoted and the ischemia that follows adds to the severity of the initial injury. Tissue threatened by this ischemic response is then at elevated risk for CSD propagation and falls into a vicious cycle of electrical and hemodynamic disturbance. Efforts have been made to halt this spreading cortical depression using N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and other ion channel blockers to minimize the damaging effects of CSD that can persist long after the triggering insult.
Subdural Haemorrhage and MMA embolisation
Celia Bradford takes us through the latest on the management of subdural haemorrhage (SDH). She covers acute SDH, chronic SDH and middle meningeal artery embolisation, a novel treatment for chronic SDH management in certain circumstances.
Andy Neill - More neuroanatomy pearls for neurocritical care
Andy Neill shares some more neuroanatomy wisdom that's highly practical for anyone working with neuro emergencies. This time he covers brain herniation syndromes, hydrocephalus, extradural vs subdural haematomas, cervical spinal imaging, vertebral artery dissection and "things you read on CT reports but don't know what they mean"!
The BONANZA Trial and PbTO2 Monitoring
Andrew Udy talks about Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring:
It’s Not What You’ve Got It’s What You Do With It
The BONANZA Trial
Andrew Udy talks about the ongoing BONANZA Trial which is assessing whether an algorithm that incorporates both ICP and brain tissue oxygen (PbTO2) can improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Like with all monitoring, how the PbTO2 is interpreted and managed is critical and the devil is in the detail!
More on BONANZA here
More on BOOST3 here
Dilating the Dogma of Vasospasm
R. Loch Macdonald, M.D., Ph.D.
Community Neurosciences Institute
Fresno, California, USA
Angiographic vasospasm and more accurately, delayed cerebral ischemia, continue to contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is known that angiographic vasospasm is common after SAH, occurring in two-thirds of patients. Cerebral infarctions that developed days after the SAH have been attributed to angiographic vasospasm, occuring in about a third of patients, although this has always been controversial. Angiographic vasospasm theoretically can only damage the brain by restricting blood flow but there is no easy, accurate, widely available method to measure cerebral blood flow and this is not the measurement we need. Blood flow depends on metabolic demand so what we need to know to determine if angiographic vasospasm is causing ischemia is oxygen extraction fraction in the brain tissue supplied the the spastic artery. Without this measurement, the attribution of ischemia to vasospasm is subjective. Since angiographic vasospasm is essentially the only detectable delayed phenomenon after SAH, we focus on it and apply tremendous resources to preventing or reversing the vasospasm. Undoubtedly angiographic vasospasm can cause cerebral infarctions, but it has to be severe and flow limiting. But SAH is a complex disease. There are many other causes for cerebral infarctions after SAH, the most common being due to the aneurysm repair procedure. And a given degree of vasospasm may cause infarction in a volume-depleted patient with poor collateral blood supply but not in a patient without these things. There also are hypodense brain lesions after SAH that are due to intracerebral hemorrhages. There can be hypodensities in the brain directly under usually thick SAH where the brain dies. This observation in particular supports a role for cortical spreading depolarizations/ischemia as a cause of infarction after SAH. Other macromolecular processes that are hypothesized to cause brain damage after SAH include microthromboembolism, changes in the microcirculation, delayed brain cell apoptosis and capillary transit time heterogeneity. Determining the importance of these things is hindered by the lack of an easy way to detect them in patients. It is also known that poor grade patients, who presumably have more early brain injury and ischemia than good grade patients, are more prone to delayed cerebral ischemia, suggesting increased sensitivity to secondary insults of the already injured brain. We also assume delayed neurological deterioration when attributed to vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia, is purely due to ischemia. While knowledge about what happens pathophysiologically after SAH is increasing, management of delayed cerebral ischemia still focuses on detecting angiographic vasospasm and then augmenting the blood pressure to improve cerebral blood flow or dilating the spastic arteries with balloons or drugs.
EVD Tips and Tricks
By Catherine Bell and Andrew Udy
Catherine Bell takes us through how to troubleshoot problems commonly encountered when looking after patients who have an external ventricular drain (EVD) in situ. Issues with using brain tissue oxygen monitors are also discussed. A highly practical session aimed at bedside clinicians.
There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy
Part 2 of a debate over the classification of TBI. Andrew Udy then argues that this classification is fundamentally flawed. He discusses the issues with the Glasgow Coma Scale, and therefore the follow-on issues in TBI classification, including all the confounders to the GCS, the issues with timing of the score as well as GCS not taking baseline function or specifics subtypes of TBI into account. He makes teh argument that biomarkers may better categorise the diffuse entity we call TBI.
TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work
Andrew Chow, Intensivist with a neurosurgical background, argues that the current categorisation system for traumatic brain injury (TBI) works, and makes sense! He tackles us through the history of this system, and why it’s important to differentiate different types of TBI. The arguments in favour of this categorisation include the consistency and benefits of a universal language, the implications for triage and management, and the fact that this system has been endorsed by all major organisations
TBI: when to stop and when to give time
Dr Nick Little is an experienced Neurosurgeon who's looked after patients with traumatic brain injury for his whole career. Here he discusses the difficulties of prognostication following traumatic brain injury (TBI). He talks about the statistics of outcomes following mild, moderate and severe TBI and then goes on to tackle the harder topic of how we try to work out what an individual would want if they knew the spectrum of outcomes that they may face. The issues with the clinical examination findings we use to prognosticate are covered, as well as which imaging findings he finds most helpful. He also mentions the difficulties with current prognostic calculators.
Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote
Historically, when it came to brain injury, ketamine had a bad rap. Much of that dogma was dispelled in the last decade, and ketamine is now frequently used as an induction agent in acute brain injury, especially traumatic brain injury, due to it’s favorable effects on haemodynamics.
However a new application of ketamine is now being explored - whether ketamine may be able to reduce secondary brain injury.
Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee
20 million people around the world are living with a spinal cord injury (SCI). The medical issues they develop over the years differ to any other patient cohort.
These complications include autonomic dysreflexia, management of pressure areas, specific infections, nuanced peri-operative care and highly specific issues such as baclofen pump management and syringomyelia
Do look at the NeuroResus section on this and listen to Spinal Rehab Specialist Bonne Lee talk about this side of SCI care.
Keywords
SCI, spinal, spinal cord injury, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure areas, infection, peri-operative care, baclofen pump, syringomyelia, chronic SCI, spinal trauma, spinal rehab, incomplete SCI
EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar
Tania is a neurologist and epileptologist with expertise in continuous EEG (cEEG) and status epilepticus (SE). This talk covers what a seizure is, what status is, including focal and generalised status epilepticus.
So why do we do cEEGs for patients with suspected SE?
To confirm the diagnosis
To see if patient just post ictal or still seizing
To establish that the clinical and electric seizures have stopped
To see if burst suppression is achieved
To exclude other differential diagnoses
She makes a good argument for why cEEG is such an important tool in managing SE.
In the questions after the talk, the issue of availability of cEEG in the Australian setting was discussed. Limited montage EEGs are discussed including their pros and cons.
Browne Neuro symposium.pptx
Stuart Browne is a Neuro Rehab specialist from Sydney. These slides accompany a talk he gave at the Brian Symposium in 2023. He discusses what "severe disability" really means.
Severe disability is more common than many realise - about 6% of the Australian population.
Stuart discusses how health is more than simply physical recovery and how it is a multidimensional construct. He covers how permanent disability doesn't necessarily equate to a poor quality of life. He also discusses the long timespan of recovery, which is often much longer than appreciated.
He specifically discusses "Locked-in Syndrome" and how the survivors have surprisingly positive self-reported health-related quality of life and well-being.
Stuart also covers how severely disabled people face various forms of discrimination.
Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu
Shree Basu is a Paediatirc Intensivist in Sydney. These slides from the Brain Symposium 2023 accompany the talk she gave. She discusses how Paediatric stroke presents, what neuroimaging is required and what interventions are available, including thrombolysis and the role of endovascular thrombectomy.
Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?
After spinal cord injury (SCI), there aren’t many interventions we have available that actually make a difference.
Augmenting blood pressure to increase spinal cord perfusion pressure is an attractive concept that may improve neurological outcomes following SCI. We know that hypotension can make SCI worse. Clinical studies looking at blood pressure augmentation are mostly old, retrospective and flawed in various ways.
Aiming for a MAP of > 85 for 5-7 days is recommended by guidelines but why this pressure and duration are good questions.
Hypertensive therapy is relatively safe and easy to implement but not without risk.
Tessa discusses the pros and cons, how this is managed practically and what the future may hold in this area.
Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Mark Weedon takes us through the increasingly utilised concept of an optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPopt) for each unique patient. He discusses the background to CPPopt, including intrcranial pressure (ICP), the Monroe Kelly hypothesis, neurovascular coupling, and cerebral autoregulation in health and following brain injury. He shows how intracranial pressure is affected by intracranial compliance and how this affects ICP waveforms. Cerebral perfusion pressure in relation to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines is covered including management of elevated ICP (EICP). The currently recommended tiered approach to managing cerebral perfusion pressure and EICP is mentioned citing recent guidelines. He uses a clinical case of a TBI to illustrate how the CPPopt can be ascertained and used to guide therapy, including the easy to perform “MAP Challenge”. Mark also describes the Pressure Reactivity Index (PRx) and how it can be used as a target for therapy. Finally, he covers the exciting results of the preliminary COGiTATE pilot study.
The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt
Social Worker Victoria Whitfield and Bereavement councilor Louise Sayers discuss the power of words when health professionals are communicating topics around of death and serious injury with relatives and patients in critical care. They use role plays to bring theories to life.
Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin
Appropriate use of antimicrobials is primarily a patient safety issue, and is the key aim of an effective antimicrobial stewardship program. We discuss the challenges in the management of a patient with sepsis, and how decision-making is usually done in the absence of effective diagnostics. Time dependent protocols and the knowledge that undertreatment of a patient with sepsis will lead to poor outcomes will lead to prescribing that may be driven by fear. Antimicrobial resistance is associated with over-use of antimicrobials but is usually not the immediate concern. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should work closely with sepsis teams to ensure that sepsis pathways are implemented across the whole hospital, and that key principles of judicious use are embedded within the clinical pathway.
Brain injury outcomes and predictors
Being able to prognosticate in the aftermath of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important as it assists with counselling patients and families. Moreover, it helps rationally allocate healthcare resources.
However, due to the heterogenous nature of TBI and variable pre brain injury patient factors and post brain injury course, this has proven to be a difficult task.
Large cohort studies have enabled improved accuracy in the prediction of 6 month mortality and unfavourable outcome.
Furthermore, many of the factors that contribute to long-term outcome have also emerged. However, it is not yet possible to use them in prediction algorithms or mathematical models.
There is emerging evidence that pre injury psychosocial and demographic factors may be of more relevance than injury severity. Moreover, that 'outcome' becomes increasingly subjective and complex as the post injury duration increases.
We end with three brief vignettes which highlight the fraught nature of long term outcome prediction.
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There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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