Surface active compounds

1. CHEMICAL AGENTS OF
STERILIZATION

2. **IDEAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD DISINFECTANT:
1. ATTACKS ALL TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS
2. RAPID IN ITS ACTION
3. DO NOT DESTROY BODY TISSUES OR ACT AS
POISON IF TAKEN INTERNALLY
4. NOT RETARDED IN ITS ACTION IN THE PRESENCE
OF ORGANIC MATTER
5. CAN PENETRATE THE MATERIALS BEIN
DISINFECTED

3. 6. DISSOLVE EASILY IN OR MIX IN WATER TO
FORM A STABLE SOLUTION OR EMULSION
7. DO NOT DECOMPOSE WHEN EXPOSED TO
HEAT, LIGHT RAYS, OR UNFAVORABLE
WEATHER CONDITIONS
8. DO NOT DAMAGE MATERIALS BEING
DISINFECTED SUCH AS INSTRUMENTS AND
FABRICS

4. 9. DO NOT HAVE AN UNPLEASANT ODOR OR
DISCOLOR THE MATERIAL BEING DISINFECTED
10. BE EASILY OBTAINED AT A COMPARATIVELY
LOW COST & READILY TRANSPORTED
**MOST IMPT FEATURE OF A DISINFECTANT IS
ITS ABILITY TO FORM LETHAL COMBINTIONS
WITH MICROBIAL CELLS.

5. I. SURFACE-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS
***SOAPS---MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF DIRT
THROUGH SCRUBBING; FLOAT AWAY DIRT AS
THE LATHER IS WASHED OFF
***DETERGENTS---CLEANING AGENTS
WHICH IONIZES IN WATER & ITS
ELECTRONICALLY CHARGED IONS ATTACH
THEMSELVES TO THE DIRT

6. COMPARISON BETWEEN SOAPS &
DETERGENTS
SOAPS:
1. MADE FROM FATS & RYE
2. DEPEND ON THEIR ALKALI CONTENT FOR ITS
CLEANING ACTION
3. COMBINES WITH CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM
SALTS IN HARD WATER TO FORM AN INSOLUBLOE
SCUM
6. GERMICIDAL FOR PNEUMOCOCCI,
STREPTOCOCCI,GONOCOCCI, MENINGGOCOCCI.

7. SPIROCHETE OF SYPHILIS AND INFLUENZA VIRUS
DETERGENTS:
1. MADE FROM FATS & OILS
2. IONOZES IN WATER; ATTRACTS DIRT INTO ITS
CHARGED PARTICLES
3. DISSOLVE QUICKLY IN COLD WATER & IN HARD
WATER

8. II. SURFACE ACTIVE
COMPOUNDS/QUARTERNARY
AMMONIUM DISINFECTANTS
1. BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE/ZEPHIRAN
CHLORIDE---USED TO DISINFECT THE HANDS
AND PREPARE THE FIELD OF OPERATION
2. A 1:1000 AQUEOUS SOLUTION IS USED FOR
ENDOSCOPES & SHARP-EDGED CUTTING
INSTRUMENTS
3. INEFFECTIVE AGAINST SPORES BUT
EFFECTIVE AGAINST VEGETATIVE BACTERIA

9. except Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. DIAPARENE CHLORIDE---BACTERIOSTATIC
AGAINST BREVIBACTERIUM AMMONIAGENES
(PRODUCES AMMONIA IN DECOMPOSED
URINE)
3. CEEPRYN CHLORIDE---1:1000 SOLUTION
SERVES AS MOUTHWASH

10. III. HEAVY METAL COMPOUNDS
---EXERTS INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THE VITAL
CELLULAR ENZYME’S FUNCTION
A. ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS---
EFFECTIVE AGAINST NON-SPORING
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA EXCEPT M.
TUBERCULOSIS
EX.
MERCUROCHROME/METAPHEN/MERTHIOLA
TE/MERCRESIN

11. B. SILVER NITRATE---USED AS A CAUSTIC
SUBSTANCE(AN AGENT THAT DESTROYS
LIVING TISSUE) AND AS AN ASTRINGENT (
WITH BINDING/ CONSTRICTING EFFECT
** 1 % SOLUTION PREVENTS OPTHALMIA
NEONATUM, A FORM OF CONJUNCTIVITIS IN
YOUNG CHILDREN

12. c. ZINC SALTS----CONTROL INFECTIONS CAUSED
BY ANAEROBIC BACTERIA &
MICROAEROPHILES IN GUNSHOT WOUNDS,
BITES & DEEP PUNCTURED WOUNDS
D. COPPER SULFATE---MORE EFFECTIVE AGAINST
MOLD & ALGAE
**USED IN SWIMMING POOLS AND WATER
RESERVOIRS IN CONC. OF 1:4000,000 WATER
DESTROYS TYPHOID BACILLI IN 24 HOURS

13. IV. ALCOHOLS & ALDEHYDES
1. ETHYL ALCOHOL
* ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED AND ONE OF
THE BEST
* DESTROYS MICROORGANISMS BY
COAGULATING ITS PROTEIN THROUGH THE
ADDITION OF WATER
* CRITICAL SOLUTION AT 70%
* NOT SPOROCIDAL
* EFFECTIVE AGAINST M. TUBERCULOSIS &
OTHER VEGETATIVE FORMS

14. 2. ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
* SLIGHTLY SUPERIOR TO ETHYL ALCOHOL
* CHEAPER
* ACTS ON VEGETATIVE BACTERIA
3. FORMALDEHYDE (GAS)
* FAOMALIN IN 37 % SOLUTION
* USED AS DISINFECTANT AND PRESERVATIVE
OF TISSUES

15. * USED TO CONVERT TOXINS TO TOXOIDS
* DISINFECTS CYTOSCOPES AND CERTAIN
INSTRUMENTS DAMAGED BY HEAT
4. GLUTARALDEHYDE
* MARKETED AS ACTIVATED
GLUTARALDEHYDE SOLUTION (CIDEX)

16. * BACTERICIDAL, VIRICIDAL, SPOROCIDAL
* DISINFECTS ANESTHETIC EQUIPMENT,
BREATHING APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS
WITH OPTICAL LENSES
V. PHENOLS & DERIVATIVES
1. PHENOL ( CARBOLIC ACID)
* CORROSIVE POISON

17. * INHIBITS BACTERIAL GROWTH IN 0.2 %
SOLUTION
* KILLS VEGETATIVE BACTERIA AND LESS
RESISTANT SPORES IN 5 % SOLUTION
* ACTION IS INHIBITED BY ALCOHOL, ETHER &
SOAP
* ACTION IS ENHANCED WITH 5-10 % HCl
* EXCELLENT DISINFECTANT FOR FECES.

18. BLOOD, PUS, SPUTUM & PROTEINACEOUS
MATERIAL
* INJUROUS TO THE SKIN & MUCOUS
MEMBRANES
2. CRESOL
* MORE EFFECTIVE THAN PHENOL
*LESS POISONOUS

19. * LYSOL---SAPONATED CRESOL SOLUTION;
CRESOL AND SOAP IN 2.5 % SOLUTION
* USED TO DISINFECT FECES,
SPUTUM,INSTRUMENTS, FURNITURE, TABLES,
WALLS, RUBBER GOODS, RECTAL
THERMOMETERS
* TUBERCULOSIDE

20. 3. HEXACHLOROPHENE ( G-11):
* USED IN PRE AND POST OPERATIVE
HAND SCRUBS OF SURGICAL TEAMS
* EFFECTIVE AGAINST GRAM+ BACTERIA
ESPECIALLY STAPHYLOCOCCI
* UNVERSAL ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT &
INCORPORATED INTO SOAPS,
SHAMPOOS,TOOTHPASTES, DEODORANTS,
LOTIONS, POWDERS, OINTMENTS,

21. COSMETICS, MEDICINAL CLEANERS
VI. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS:
* STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS THAT FORM
HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF MANY OF
THE NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE
PROTOPLASM

22. 1. IODINE:
* AMEBICIDE, BACTERICIDE,
TUBERCULOSIDE, FUNGICIDE
* CAUSES IODINATION OF AMINO ACIDS
RESULTING IN THE INACTIVATION OF ITS
PROTEIN
* TINCTURE---2 % IODINE IN ALCOHOL
* USED IN MINOR CUTS, ABRASIONS,
WOUNDS

23. * IODINE SOLUTION---2% IODINE IN WATER;
EFFECTIVE LIKE TINCTURES; USED TO
DISINFECT WATER IN SWIMMING POOLS
* IODOPHORS----COMPOUNDS IN WHICH
IODINE IS CARRIED BY A SURFACE-ACTIVE
SOLVENT; GERM-KILLING ACTION RESULTS
FROM THE RELEASE OF FREE IODINE WHEN
THE COMPOUND IS DILUTED WITH WATER.

24. * ENHANCES BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF
IODINE AND REDUCES ODOR
E.X. BETADINE-POVIDONE-IODINE COMPLEX
2. CHLORINE:
* MOST EFFECTIVE & WIDELY USED
DISINFECTANT

25. * HYPOCHLOROUS ACID---STRONG OXIDIZING
AGENT; USED TO DISINFECT DRINKING WATER,
PURIFICATION OF SWIMMING POOLS,
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
* 0.5-1 PPM--- EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION FOR
DISINFECTION
* SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (NaOCl) –POWERFUL
OXIDIZING AGENT USED AS A BLEACH &
BACTERICIDAL TREATMENT OF FOOD-HANDLING
EQUIPMENT

26. • DAKIN’S SOLUTION----WEAK NEUTRAL
SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
• 5 % NaOCl---VALUABLE AGENT IN DENTAL
SURGERY
* CHLORAMINES---ORGANIC CHLORINE
COMPOUNDS THAT DECOMPOSE SLOWLY
AND LIBERATE CHLORINE; USED TO

27. SANITIZE GLASSWARE & EATING UTENSILS
AND TO TREAT DAIRY & FOOD
MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENTS
VII. ACIDS:
1. BORIC ACID----USED AS EYEWASH
2. FUMING NITRIC ACID---USED FOR

28. CAUTERIZING WOUNDS INFECTED BY
RABID ANIMALS
* BENZOIC ACID & SALICYLIC ACID---
FUNGISTATIC AGENTS
* WHITFIELD’S OINTMENT---USED TO TREAT
FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE FEET
* BENZOIC ACID---USED AS FOOD
PRESERVATIVE

29. VIII. OXIDIZING AGENTS:
* HYDROGEN PEROXIDE---USED TO CLEAN
WOUNDS DUE TO ITS EFFERVESCENCE
QUALITIES
* POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE---ANTISEPTIC
& ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS DUE TO THEIR
STRONG OXIDIZING QUALITIES

30. IX. DYES:
* CRYSTAL VIOELT/GENTIAN VIOLET---
INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF GRAM-POSITIVE
BACTERIA & FUNGI
* ACRIFLAVINE & PROFLAVINE---INHIBIT THE
GROWTH OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA BUT
HAVE NO EFFECT ON GRAM-POSITIVE ONES

31. X. MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS:
* ETHYLENE OXIDE---GAS WITH BROAD RANGE
OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ODORLESS,
POISONOUS, EXPLOSIVE GAS THAT IS EASILY
KEPT AS A LIQUID
• LIME---MOST COMMON & EFFECTIVE
GERMICIDAL AGENT
* LIMESTOME---CALCIUM CARBONATE; HEATED

32. TO QUICKLIME (CALCIUM OXIDE) WITH
THE CORRESPONDING RELEASE OF CARBON
DIOXIDE
* SLAKED LIME (MILK OF LIME)---USED AS
DISINFECTANT FOR FECES & AS A WHITEWASH
FOR PAINTING WALLS & GUTTERS
* CHLORINATED LIME---USED AS A BLEACH &
FOR DISINFECTING FECES

33. * FERROUS SULFATE---USED AS IMPURE
COMMERCIAL SALT & INCORPORATED INTO
DEODORANTS AS WELL AS BEING USED AS A
DISINFECTANT.