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Microorganisms in Food Production and Preservation
1.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microorganisms found in Food Food safety is a global issue Soil microbes can spoil food Contamination by unsanitary handling of food Improper storage and preparation procedures can lead to contamination by pathogens Imports of fruits and vegetables from 3rd World countries can bring in diseases and parasites *Hands washed properly??
2.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bread Production - Sour Dough Bread Sourdough culture- yeast Candida milleri and Lactobacillus sanfrancisco 1:100 ratio German sour rye bread has 4 different yeast species and 13 species of Lactobacilli Yeast feed on the sugars except maltose, Lactobacilli need maltose, then produce ethyl alcohol and CO2 Lactobacilli produce lactic and acetic acids giving the sour flavor, pH 3.6 - 4.0 inhibits microbial growth
3.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings GRAINS Rye and wheat are harvested dry If they get wet, molds and other microbes will grow Insect, birds and rodent vectors also transmit microbes Raw grain with mold Claviceps purpurea cause ergotism, mold is halucinogenic and deadly Aspergillus produce aflatoxins Rhizopus nigricans is most common bread mold, also Aspergillus, Penicillium and Monila (pink mold) Rye bread likely infected by Bacillus sp (w/spores)
4.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Pseudomonas fluorescens are found on surface of fruits and vegetables Pathogens: Salmonella, Shigella, Entameoba, Ascaris can be transmitted on surfaces Leafy vegetables more susceptible to rot by Erwinia carotovora, Penicillium mold on citrus fruits and apples Fungus Phytophthora infestans caused potato blight Now using GMO to make plants resistant Tomato rot- Fusarium fungus, Rhizopus injected by insects. Peach rot - Monilia fruiticola
5.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings MEATS AND POULTRY 70 pathogens found at slaughterhouses, inspected by vet Dec 2003 -1st case of Mad Cow in US, stricter laws Carcasses are hung in refrigerated rooms to age, some mold: Rhizopus and Mucor , Pseudomonas release H2S and green coloration Clostridium cause bone stink deep in carcass Ground meat- may have helminths-Trichinella, lactobacilli Should be cooked to kill pathogens
6.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings MEATS AND POULTRY 20 bacteria found on Poultry- 1/2 of all infections caused by Salmonella, ¼ by Clostridium perfringens, ¼ Staphylococcus aureus, Gram – Pseudomonas cause slime and odors Eggs have a hard porous shell, and microbes can get through Chickens laying eggs can have Salmonella,1/10000 eggs has this bacteria in side shell, it does not have to be cracked so always cook eggs; don’t eat raw eggs!
7.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FISH AND SHELLFISH Fresh fish have microbes: enteric bacteria, worms, & viruses which survive even shipped in ice Shellfish- oysters & clams –Salmonella and Vibrio Clams filter feeder can pick up red tides toxins, sewage Shrimp (breaded) have high bacterial counts Lobster and crabs - enteric pathogens Crabs carry Clostridium, Cryptococcus and Candida
8.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings MILK Breeding cattle for high milk production have large udders and easily admit bacteria- get rid of 1st few squirts which can have 15,000 bacteria /ml Mostly Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas Hand milking- E. coli, Acinetobacter Diseased cattle can transmit Mycobacterium bovis Brucella, TB Milk is Soured by Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus
9.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings OTHER EDIBLE SUBSTANCES Sugar- raw cane supports fungi: Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Candida. Bacteria: Bacillus and Micrococcus Clostridium causes the bulge in cans High sugar concentration acys as preservative Maple trees are tapped in spring -Leuconostoc , and Enterobacter Honey toxins for Clostridium spores-floppy baby syndrome botulism
10.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings OTHER EDIBLE SUBSTANCES Spices- mask odors rather than preserve Condiments, ketchup mustard have acids Harvested coffee subject to molds and coffee rust Tea leaves mold by Aspergillus and Penicillium Microbes needed to make coffee: Erwinia needed to digest pectin on coffee bean, Yeasts turn bean pulp into alcohol also create flavor of chocolate
11.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND FOOD SPOILAGE More contamination in large processing plants Klebsiella found in human digestive tract is also a respiratory pathogen, but can cause diarrhea TB can be transmitted from unpasteurized milk/cheese Virus are transferred through food Milk is ideal medium for growth of pathogens/microbes Crucial factor to prevent spoilage and disease is cleanliness in handling, use fresh foods, refrigerate, Process quickly and store properly
12.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Food Are Preserved By Drying of grain Osmotic pressure (salt or sugar)- Dried and salted meats and other foods Fermentation - milk allowed to sour was made into cheese Canning - use of moist heat under pressure, used to preserve fruits, vegetables, meats in glass jars and metal cans. Destroys microbes, endospores, prevents spoilage
13.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CANNING Some thermophiles (Bacillus stearothermophilus) may remain alive even after canning, spores can germinate and grow, can will bulge in heat (thermophilic anaerobic spoilage) Flat sour spoilage Mesophilic spoilage- improper canning at room temp Sugars
14.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Industrial Food Canning Figure 28.1
15.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Commercial Sterilization to Destroy C. botulinum Endospores 12D treatment kills 1012 endospores Surviving endospores of thermophilic anaerobes cause spoilage with gas Or flat-sour spoilage
16.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DRYING AND LYOPHILIZATION Drying- desication or dehydration is oldest method Remove 90% of water Stops growth but does not kill microbes Can be sun dried, heated in ovens etc Addition of slat, sugar or chemicals also used Lyophilization- freeze drying is used for instant coffee and dry yeast for bread making
17.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Food Preservation- Irradiation Aseptic packaging: Pre- sterilized materials assembled into packages and aseptically filled. Gamma radiation kills bacteria, insects, and parasitic worms. High-energy electrons Figure 28.4
18.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 28.3 FOOD IRRADIATION- Ionizing Radiation 2 types of Irradiation- UV and Ionizing Still new and controversial Microwaves do not kill, but the heat is microbicidal, but food must be rotated Ionizing-Gamma Rays can penetrate and are microbicidal Can be done, before or after packaging Cobalt 60 gamma and Cs 137 used in Japan and Europe, FDA has declared safe in the US USDA proposed rules for irradiation of fresh poultry.. Still a debate!
19.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CHEMICAL ADDITIVES Benzoic, sorbic and propionic acids used in margarine, juice, bread, other baked goods Alkylating agents- ethylene oxide used on nuts/spices Ozone used on shellfish NaCl- salt to cure meats, dehydrates bacteria Halogen, chloride for processing equipment Nitrates on sausage, hot dogs QUATS- sanitize udders, fresh vegetables, eggshell surfaces
20.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ANTIBIOTICS In US only nisin - bacteriocin produced by milk fermentation by Streptococcus lactis Antibiotics are prohibited because: (p 790)
21.
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PASTUERIZATION OF MILK - STANDARDS 2 methods : High temp short time Low temp long time Ultra high temperature- UHT treatment Some chemical additives Milk and Food in US carefully regulated by FDA Animals inspected and soon stricter methods by microscope Quality control has many tests for purity and guarantees high quality milk to consumers
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings MICROORGANISMS AS FOOD AND IN FOOD PRODUCTION Algae, Fungi, and Bacteria as Food: Yeasts are good source of protein 1 kg yeast = 100 kg protein, but human digestive tract can only handle small amounts of it Algal cultures: Cyanobacteria- Spirulina and red algae grown in aquaculture (in Kona) Algae- ingredient of ice cream Yeast, algae and bacteria could increase World Food Supply!
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOOD PRODUCTION: BREAD & DAIRY BREAD- previous slide on sour dough Yeast Saccharomyces is a leavening agent, produce gas ato make bread rise and alcohol by fermentation Alcohol and CO2 driven off during baking- holes DAIRY- cultured buttermilk- Streptococcus cremoris is added to skim milk and allowed to ferment, also Leuconostoc sp Sour cream- add one of above microbes to cream Yogurt- Streptococcus and Lactobacillus added to milk
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOOD PRODUCTION: DAIRY Fermented Milk beverages- Mongolia- Arak drink from Mare’s milk produces alcohol Acidophilus milk- add Lactibacillus acidophilus Bulgarian milk- add L. bulgaricus, makes it more acidic Kefir- Balkan goats milk stored in goatskin bags Koumiss- Russian drink from Mare’s milk Streptococcus lactis, L. bulgaricus, and yeasts are responsible for lactic acid, alcohol and other products
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cheese Curd: Solid casein from lactic acid bacteria and rennin Whey: Liquid separated from curd Hard cheeses produced by lactic acid bacteria Semisoft cheeses ripened by Penicillium on surface Figure 28.8a
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings OTHER PRODUCTS Vinegar: ethyl alcohol by Acetobacter aceti Sauerkraut: cabbage with salt and microbes Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc ferment under anaerobic conditions Pickles: add brine to cucumbers and ferment Olives: ferment in Salt and Leuconostoc Poi: ferment taro paste, yeast adds alcohol Soy Sauce: soybeans, salt and Aspergillus-ferment Soy Products: Miso, Tofu soft curd Fermented Meats: salami, bologna, summer sausage
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcoholic Beverages-Beer, Wine and Spirits Distillation- Beer and ale are fermented starch. Malting: Germinating barley converts starch to maltose and glucose. Yeast ferment sugars to ethyl alcohol + CO2
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Yeast Fermentations Table 28.5
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Making Red Wine Figure 28.9
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