Bacteria, protoctists, fungi, plants, animals, and viruses differ in key characteristics such as their cellular structure, nutrition, size, pathogenicity, and number of cells. Bacteria are unicellular and lack nuclei but have nucleoids, fungi and plants have cell walls made of different materials, and animals do not have cell walls. Their sources of nutrition also vary between autotrophy, heterotrophy, and parasitism.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of living organisms and classifies them into five main kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and protoctisis. Plants are multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis. Animals are also multicellular but cannot photosynthesize and have nervous systems. Fungi feed by excreting enzymes and have cell walls made of chitin. Bacteria are single-celled and lack nuclei. Protoctisis include single and multicellular organisms with either animal-like or plant-like traits. Viruses are the smallest and are totally parasitic, reproducing inside host cells.
The document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and various membrane-bound organelles. Some key differences include prokaryotes being typically smaller (1-10 μm) than eukaryotes (10-100 μm), having circular DNA versus eukaryotic linear DNA, and dividing via binary fission rather than mitosis and meiosis. Prokaryotic cells also generally lack internal membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and a complex cytoskeleton.
Bacteria are the oldest living structures on Earth and can be categorized into three kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes. Archaebacteria inhabit extreme environments and have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan. Eubacteria are more diverse and have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Bacteria exist in various shapes, groupings, and sizes from 0.5 to 10 microns. They reproduce through binary fission and exchange genetic information through transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Bacteria play important economic roles in nitrogen fixation, nutrient recycling, food production, and medicine.
Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells like bacteria which lack internal membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles enclosed within membranes. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate. Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce normal proteins to fold abnormally, building up and killing nerve cells.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they must obtain food by consuming other organisms, and lack cell walls. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm rather than within a nucleus. Protozoans are also unicellular but are eukaryotic, having DNA within a nucleus or nuclei. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis, giving them an autotrophic ability to produce their own food, and have cell walls.
The document discusses cells and their characteristics. It notes that cells are the fundamental units of life and that they demonstrate unity and diversity. Both animal and plant cells share similarities like a nucleus, ribosomes, and similar metabolic processes. They differ in aspects like shape, presence of chloroplasts, and vacuoles. The document also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while being smaller in size, whereas eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles and are generally larger.
The document discusses the key characteristics of life and provides an overview of different types of living organisms. It outlines that all living things share the characteristics of being cellular, metabolic, homeostatic, able to grow and develop, sensitive, able to reproduce, and having heredity. It then describes the hierarchy of biological organization from the cellular to organism level. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics of different types of organisms, including viruses, prokaryotes, bacteria, eukaryotes, fungi, protists, animals, and plants.
The document summarizes biologist's classifications of living organisms into kingdoms. It discusses the five kingdom system proposed by Whitaker, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. Examples are provided for key subgroups within each kingdom.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of living organisms and classifies them into five main kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and protoctisis. Plants are multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis. Animals are also multicellular but cannot photosynthesize and have nervous systems. Fungi feed by excreting enzymes and have cell walls made of chitin. Bacteria are single-celled and lack nuclei. Protoctisis include single and multicellular organisms with either animal-like or plant-like traits. Viruses are the smallest and are totally parasitic, reproducing inside host cells.
The document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and various membrane-bound organelles. Some key differences include prokaryotes being typically smaller (1-10 μm) than eukaryotes (10-100 μm), having circular DNA versus eukaryotic linear DNA, and dividing via binary fission rather than mitosis and meiosis. Prokaryotic cells also generally lack internal membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and a complex cytoskeleton.
Bacteria are the oldest living structures on Earth and can be categorized into three kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes. Archaebacteria inhabit extreme environments and have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan. Eubacteria are more diverse and have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Bacteria exist in various shapes, groupings, and sizes from 0.5 to 10 microns. They reproduce through binary fission and exchange genetic information through transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Bacteria play important economic roles in nitrogen fixation, nutrient recycling, food production, and medicine.
Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells like bacteria which lack internal membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles enclosed within membranes. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate. Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce normal proteins to fold abnormally, building up and killing nerve cells.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they must obtain food by consuming other organisms, and lack cell walls. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm rather than within a nucleus. Protozoans are also unicellular but are eukaryotic, having DNA within a nucleus or nuclei. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis, giving them an autotrophic ability to produce their own food, and have cell walls.
The document discusses cells and their characteristics. It notes that cells are the fundamental units of life and that they demonstrate unity and diversity. Both animal and plant cells share similarities like a nucleus, ribosomes, and similar metabolic processes. They differ in aspects like shape, presence of chloroplasts, and vacuoles. The document also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while being smaller in size, whereas eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles and are generally larger.
The document discusses the key characteristics of life and provides an overview of different types of living organisms. It outlines that all living things share the characteristics of being cellular, metabolic, homeostatic, able to grow and develop, sensitive, able to reproduce, and having heredity. It then describes the hierarchy of biological organization from the cellular to organism level. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics of different types of organisms, including viruses, prokaryotes, bacteria, eukaryotes, fungi, protists, animals, and plants.
The document summarizes biologist's classifications of living organisms into kingdoms. It discusses the five kingdom system proposed by Whitaker, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. Examples are provided for key subgroups within each kingdom.
Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria. They are very small, have one circular DNA strand, and are found in many environments. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. They include plant cells, which have chloroplasts and a cell wall with cellulose, and animal cells, which have lysosomes and motility. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
The document provides information about different types of cells including bacterial, animal, and plant cells. It describes the main organelles found in each cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and plasma membrane. The reader is prompted to click on different parts of sample bacterial, animal, and plant cells to learn more about each organelle's structure and function.
Lecture 3 -the diversity of genomes and the tree of lifeEmmanuel Aguon
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating that differentiated cells could be reprogrammed to pluripotency. Prior to Dolly, all cloning had involved embryonic cells or cells that had not yet differentiated. Dolly showed that the cell specialization process could be reversed, proving the possibility of therapeutic cloning and stem cell research using somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques. Her successful cloning from an adult cell was a major scientific breakthrough.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about the characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food. A chart is included that fills in these details for each kingdom.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food through photosynthesis, decomposition, or consuming other organisms. Examples are given for each kingdom to illustrate the diversity of life forms within each category.
This graph shows how species diversity changes along an environmental gradient. Some key points:
- Species diversity is highest in the middle of the gradient, and lower at the extremes. This suggests that intermediate levels of the environmental factor(s) represented by the gradient allow the most species to coexist.
- Diversity declines towards both ends of the gradient. This implies that as conditions become more extreme in either direction, fewer species are able to tolerate those conditions.
- The declines in diversity at the ends could be due to species being excluded by conditions becoming too harsh. It could also reflect competitive exclusion if only a few highly specialized species can survive at the environmental extremes.
- In summary, the hump-shaped pattern is
The document provides information about cells and their organization. It begins by asking the reader to draw a graphic showing the relationship between organ, cell, tissue, organism, and organ system without notes. It then provides additional terms - organelle, atom, molecule - to add to the graphic. The document explains that an organelle is a structure within a cell, an atom is the smallest particle of an element, and a molecule is a collection of atoms held together by bonds. It then asks the reader to confirm if this matches their graphic. The document then provides more details about cells, cell theory, the two types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - and examples of organelles and their functions.
The document describes the process of cell division through mitosis. It begins with cells in interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in S phase. The cell then enters prophase of mitosis, where the chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
This document provides an overview of general science topics including:
1. The characteristics of life such as complex organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and development, response to stimuli, reproduction, and evolution.
2. The scientific method which involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments and controls, evaluating results, and publishing theories.
3. Different levels of biological complexity from the chemical and cellular levels up to the ecosystem level.
4. Some modern scientists that helped advance fields like classification (Linnaeus), cell theory (Schleiden and Schwann), evolution (Darwin), and genetics (Mendel).
Cells contain specialized organelles that each perform essential functions to keep the cell alive. Mitochondria produce energy through cellular respiration. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell, while ribosomes build proteins using instructions from the DNA. Vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes transport materials and digest waste. Cells must also generate energy, synthesize proteins, and replicate in order to grow, repair tissues, and reproduce.
This document provides information on various organelles found within cells, including the nucleus, nuclear envelope, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (which has both rough and smooth variations), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, thylakoids, granum, and vacuoles. Each organelle is defined and sometimes accompanied by an image from an electron microscope for comparison. The document emphasizes that these organelle structures allow cells to carry out essential functions and processes that sustain life.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. The most important organelle is the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. Eukaryotic cells also have other organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in size. The endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells originated from ancient symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells, with mitochondria and chloroplasts evolving from bacteria. This higher level of organizational complexity in eukaryotic cells allowed for the development of multicellular life.
Biology is the study of living organisms. It has many branches including biochemistry, ecology, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, zoology, and physiology. All living things share seven key characteristics: being made of cells, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, heredity, and growth. Biologists study both humans and trees using various branches of biology like physiology, zoology, and botany.
This document provides an overview of viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. It describes their structures and functions, including how viruses reproduce by taking over a host's DNA and bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Fungi have cell walls, reproduce using spores, and play important roles as decomposers in nature and in food production.
Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria. They are very small, have one circular DNA strand, and are found in many environments. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. They include plant cells, which have chloroplasts and a cell wall with cellulose, and animal cells, which have lysosomes and motility. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
The document provides information about different types of cells including bacterial, animal, and plant cells. It describes the main organelles found in each cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and plasma membrane. The reader is prompted to click on different parts of sample bacterial, animal, and plant cells to learn more about each organelle's structure and function.
Lecture 3 -the diversity of genomes and the tree of lifeEmmanuel Aguon
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating that differentiated cells could be reprogrammed to pluripotency. Prior to Dolly, all cloning had involved embryonic cells or cells that had not yet differentiated. Dolly showed that the cell specialization process could be reversed, proving the possibility of therapeutic cloning and stem cell research using somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques. Her successful cloning from an adult cell was a major scientific breakthrough.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about the characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food. A chart is included that fills in these details for each kingdom.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food through photosynthesis, decomposition, or consuming other organisms. Examples are given for each kingdom to illustrate the diversity of life forms within each category.
This graph shows how species diversity changes along an environmental gradient. Some key points:
- Species diversity is highest in the middle of the gradient, and lower at the extremes. This suggests that intermediate levels of the environmental factor(s) represented by the gradient allow the most species to coexist.
- Diversity declines towards both ends of the gradient. This implies that as conditions become more extreme in either direction, fewer species are able to tolerate those conditions.
- The declines in diversity at the ends could be due to species being excluded by conditions becoming too harsh. It could also reflect competitive exclusion if only a few highly specialized species can survive at the environmental extremes.
- In summary, the hump-shaped pattern is
The document provides information about cells and their organization. It begins by asking the reader to draw a graphic showing the relationship between organ, cell, tissue, organism, and organ system without notes. It then provides additional terms - organelle, atom, molecule - to add to the graphic. The document explains that an organelle is a structure within a cell, an atom is the smallest particle of an element, and a molecule is a collection of atoms held together by bonds. It then asks the reader to confirm if this matches their graphic. The document then provides more details about cells, cell theory, the two types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - and examples of organelles and their functions.
The document describes the process of cell division through mitosis. It begins with cells in interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in S phase. The cell then enters prophase of mitosis, where the chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
This document provides an overview of general science topics including:
1. The characteristics of life such as complex organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and development, response to stimuli, reproduction, and evolution.
2. The scientific method which involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments and controls, evaluating results, and publishing theories.
3. Different levels of biological complexity from the chemical and cellular levels up to the ecosystem level.
4. Some modern scientists that helped advance fields like classification (Linnaeus), cell theory (Schleiden and Schwann), evolution (Darwin), and genetics (Mendel).
Cells contain specialized organelles that each perform essential functions to keep the cell alive. Mitochondria produce energy through cellular respiration. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell, while ribosomes build proteins using instructions from the DNA. Vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes transport materials and digest waste. Cells must also generate energy, synthesize proteins, and replicate in order to grow, repair tissues, and reproduce.
This document provides information on various organelles found within cells, including the nucleus, nuclear envelope, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (which has both rough and smooth variations), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, thylakoids, granum, and vacuoles. Each organelle is defined and sometimes accompanied by an image from an electron microscope for comparison. The document emphasizes that these organelle structures allow cells to carry out essential functions and processes that sustain life.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. The most important organelle is the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. Eukaryotic cells also have other organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in size. The endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells originated from ancient symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells, with mitochondria and chloroplasts evolving from bacteria. This higher level of organizational complexity in eukaryotic cells allowed for the development of multicellular life.
Biology is the study of living organisms. It has many branches including biochemistry, ecology, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, zoology, and physiology. All living things share seven key characteristics: being made of cells, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, heredity, and growth. Biologists study both humans and trees using various branches of biology like physiology, zoology, and botany.
This document provides an overview of viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. It describes their structures and functions, including how viruses reproduce by taking over a host's DNA and bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Fungi have cell walls, reproduce using spores, and play important roles as decomposers in nature and in food production.
1. Features Bacteria Protoctist Fungi Plants Animals Virus
No, instead of a nucleus it Yes Yes
has No, instead it has a strand
Nucleus nuceloid (circular piece of Yes, but has more than one of
Yes
DNA) DNA or RNA
Virus doesn't eat, but
hijacks
other living cells and
Plants uses sun and water duplicates itself
Consume dead things and They eat dead organisms to get their energy
Nutrition decompose shed Autotrophs: (make food Herbivore, Carnivore
using photosynthesis) (Hyphae, release the roots Therefore, they require
skin/leaves and absorbs the dead sugar ,Omnivore
(Saprotrophs) Heterotrops: (consumes
organic matters) nutrients) and minerals
No, but instead of a cell
wall
It has got something No, it doesn't have a cell it has a protein coat
Cell wall similar: Yes Yes, it has a cell wall Yes, it has a cell wall made wall
a cell wall that does not made out of chitin out of cellulose
contain cellulose
Similar size to bacteria
Very small, 1-2 Fungi can be big as a foot
Largest is only 1mm
micrometers , but the roots can be as
Size Only visible by microscope big as It can be any size It can be any size
a football pitch
Pathogen Some Some Some None None All
(Malaria, etc.)
Number of Unicellular, because it is Neither, they aren’t
cells made Both, unicellular and Both, unicellular and They are all multicellular They are all multicellular classified
out of only one cell multicellular multicellular as cells
Examples Lactobacillus acidophilus Amoeba Athletes foot Sun flower Cows, Pigs HIV, Flu