Charles Darwin And Human Evolution In Intelligence Essay

Charles Darwin and Human Evolution in Intelligence Essay
The great and famous Charles Darwin is still remembered today after almost 2 centuries had passed.
He was one of the most significant scientists to change how we view this world. Life, as we know it,
was changed by Charles Darwin. But I don't believe that looking at the present will help in any way
so I will take back to the past. It is a fact that throughout history people have always believed in
some sort of god. Some religions were weak and have come and gone, where others have come and
stayed. Many historic wars were fought for a god. So I believe it is safe to say that religion was the
most important thing in life for everyday people. Then comes the renaissance, a time of successful
new art, science and new ideas. Humans came out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of an analogous structure would be the wings on butterflies, bats, and birds. The human
appendix is another example. It is no longer used in the human body but it is still there. However
this is because we evolved so much that we no longer need to use an appendix to survive. Another
important example would be the development of an eye in both mollusks and vertebrates. This
example of analogous structures is especially useful because one of most common claims made by
religious creationists is that something as complex as an eye couldn't possibly have evolved
naturally – they insist that the only possible explanation is a supernatural designer (which is always
their god). However if you see the eye of a hawk and the eye of a human they greatly differ. This
shows that the eye of the hawk has evolved more due to its environment and its hunting
characteristics. On the other hand, the human eye is rarely used to find something a small as a rat
from a thousand feet away. The fact that the eye in different species are analogous structures proves
that the eye could evolve naturally, but also that it in fact evolved several times, independently, and
in different ways every time. The same is true of other analogous structures as well, and this is
because certain functions (like being able to see) are just so useful that it's certain they will evolve
eventually. No supernatural beings, whether gods or not,
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The Pros And Cons Of Evolutionary Psychology
The belief that various living organisms emerged from previous organisms throughout the history of
the earth can be associated with the term evolution. One can therefore assume that there is a vast
likelihood that prehistoric evolutionary processes have a significant impact on human behavior
today. This paper hypothesizes that the human mind has information–processing mechanisms that
are known as adaptions which have developed over time. It is believed that these adaptions were
formed by natural selection in ancestral surroundings and have specialised functions that shape
behaviour to allow one to solve specific adaptive challenges. Thus evolutionary psychologists
suggest that individuals have what Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evolutionary psychologists therefore look for a theoretical combination of all the different scientific
disciplines examining human's behaviours and beliefs under this biological "view of a single,
universal panhuman design" (1992). Therefore, evolutionary psychology can be described as a new
theory based hypothesis that combines the current principals of psychology with the main principals
of evolutionary biology (Buss, 1996). This study will critique evolutionary theory under the
subsequent headings.
The origins and background of the theory
The concept of evolutionary psychology can be thought to have originated from sociobiology.
Wilson (1975) suggested that socio–biology was the most important factor in the process of starting
to relate evolution to behaviour. Sociobiology is a theory that stems back to the 1970's and can be
defined as the study of the genetic origin of social behavior. Sociobiologists concentrate on how
behavior patterns might be "built in" or genetically influenced. However Social behavior stems from
evolutionary process. Thus this field of research suggests that several methods of social interaction
have resulted from evolution. This was concluded when Darwin (1859) pointed out that the theory
of evolution brought about

Michael Behe: Is He A Theist?
Anyone could absolutely consider Michael Behe as a theist. I believe that, although he is a theist, he
is a weak one. His beliefs are evident and he speaks of them with confidence, but his arguments
provide loop holes, which makes for a weak argument. First of all, when reading Behe's argument,
he talks about one of his great influences: Charles Darwin. Darwin's theory is that any change can
occur over long periods of time in small, successive amounts. When Behe describes Darwin's
"Black Box", he explains that how change occurs is unknown. It is called the "Black Box" because
as one thing happens, it is unknown by under what means in which it happens, causing the end
effect to be in the "Black Box". Behe uses this theory to point to something

Essay Outline The Evidence For Natural Selection
Outline the evidence for natural selection
Comparative Anatomy
Different organisms that have similar basic structures, but can be used for different purposes are
evidence for a common ancestor. These are called homologous structures. An example is the
pentadactyl limb, which is the basic structure found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The basic structure is formed of:
– One bone in the upper limb
– Two bones in the lower limb
– Five fingers of toes In bats, the limb is a wing, and does contain the finger structure, which are
extended across the wings and skin stretched over. Within a whales fin, they possess a fully formed
pentadactyl limb.
Analogous structures in organisms are structures in different species that have ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As well as this, certain blood proteins are found in a number of species. When genetic code (DNA
and RNA) is used by a cell, it builds amino acids in a sequence, which forms protein. Chemical tests
can determine whether one species has the similar blood proteins to another, thus showing evidence
of evolutionary relationships. Organisms with a common ancestor have a close number of amino
acid sequences in common. For example, chimpanzees and humans have no difference in their
amino acid protein count in their haemoglobin – evidence for a common ancestor.
Palaeontology
Fossils provide a record of how organisms have evolved overtime, as they contain the remains of
life trapped in sediment, ice or amber and preserved for over millions of years. Transitional fossils,
which provide evidence for evolutionary change, have features that show the transition of
characteristics of organisms from ancestors to descendents. An example is Archaeopteryx, which
featured reptilian features, including teeth and skeleton, however, also had feathers and a wishbone
sternum (used to attach muscles for flying). The evidence of the fossil shows the evolutionary
transition between dinosaurs and

The Conceptual Foundations Of Psychology
All sciences originally descended from philosophy and over the centuries the special sciences
gradually became independent of this discipline, with Psychology being one of the last of the special
sciences to separate from the parent during the 19th century (Banyard, Davies, Normal & Winder,
2010). The questions and ideas in Psychology have been of interest since the time of the ancient
Greeks, where philosophers inquired into how human beings know the world. Plato asked questions
about human motivation ("Why do we act as we do?") and Aristotle attempted to structure the
human soul according to the five senses, imagination, common sense and memory (Leahey, 2004),
which loosely reflect the study of perception and cognition in present day psychology. Although the
conceptual foundations of psychology are to be found in philosophy, the inspiration for the creation
of an independent science of psychology came from biology. The founders of psychology took a
path to the mind through physiology, while a bigger influence came from a younger branch of
biology– evolution– which through a shift in focus from the contents of the mind to the function of
the mind, eventually gave rise to the different fields existing in psychology today such as
psychobiology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology and more recently evolutionary
psychology.
Although psychologists have traditionally revered William Wundt as the founder of psychology, the
historical reality is more complex.

Natural Selection Dbq
But natural selection is not random
Another confusing argument you may hear from a pro–evolutionist is the idea that evolution is in
fact not random, and is not due to chance. They argue that evolution through natural selection is
actually not chance at all. The reason being is that natural selection is in simple terms, survival of
the fittest. It is logical. It is expected. If there is only enough food to sustain 20% of the population
of a species, it is the strongest (or rather the most able at obtaining the food) 20% that will get the
food and survive and reproduce. This is not down to chance; this is an expected and predictable
outcome.
Now, it does seem reasonable to accept this line of argument from pro–evolutionists. Natural
selection is not improbable because it happens gradually over a vast amount of time. It is not
chance; it is inevitability. They argue that a supernatural intelligence cannot be responsible for this
selection because it is too tiresome, cumbersome, and essentially would be a waste of their time, in
fact making natural selection the only plausible solution. But, whilst this all seems logical and
irrefutable, we must remember they are only talking about natural selection, and how nature favours
and selects the fittest members of a species. They are only talking about the mechanism of how
certain traits and characterises are favoured and selected. They are not talking about the random
mutations that occur in order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the origin and cause of the supernatural creator cannot be explained. However, this
line of argument relies on the premise that complexity must follow simplicity which is actually a
product of evolutionary theory itself and subsequently should be considered as circular reasoning.
This can be explained as

Cooperation: The Four Categories Of Behavior
According to Killeen (2001), "comprehension of a phenomenon involves identifying its origin,
structure, substrate, and function, and representing these factors in some formal system" (p. 136).
Many of these elements account for the biological causes of behavior. In order to clarify the
causation for particular behaviors, the biological explanations are divided into four categories:
physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional. Normal, everyday behaviors, however, are
not applied to these categories as it is considered common–sense (Kalat, 2013). To explain how
these groupings relate to a particular behavior, consider the manner in which the practice of
cooperation can be explained by the four categories.
Cooperation can be defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4). Essentially, it explains behavior created by way of both hereditary and genetic influences. As
noted by Tomasello & Vaish (2013), Hobbes, an early theorists in behavioral psychology, believed
that human cooperation was a result of naturally being born cooperative until they are eventually
corrupted by the general society. Alternately, Rousseau (also a classical theorist) believed that
humans are born selfish and that society controlled whether or not a person would cooperate through
government and rules. Despite these early theories, Tomasello & Vaish (2013) concluded that the
human race relies on their social environment in order to determine appropriate and cooperative
behaviors, following closely to the social learning theory and the social norms in individual cultures.
This has been also been demonstrated in many of the human ancestral

Summary: The Homicide Adaptation Theory
Bearing in mind the systemic complexity of how aggression functions within the nervous system, it
is reasonable to question whether human aggression and violence has changed as the complexity of
it has evolved in our nervous system (this is apparent as aggression predates human as shown in
previously discussed phylogenetic studies). It is difficult to compile concrete data displaying human
patterns of aggression over evolution, but one study, The phylogenetic roots of human lethal
violence by Jose Maria Gomez, Miguel Verdu, Adela Gonzalez– Megias, and Marcos Mendez, made
estimations using a linear model, which "provides a detailed phylogenetic and historical context
against which to compare levels of lethal violence observed throughout our ... Show more content
The Homicide Adaptation Theory proposes that "humans possess a number of specific, evolved
adaptations for killing that have been selected for because they managed to successfully solve
recurrent adaptive problems in our ancestral past." Unfortunately, the author deemed there was a
lack of evidence to confirm the theory, and instead supported the theory "that homicide is a by–
product of other evolved adaptations." Another study, Natural born killers: The genetic origins of
extreme violence by Christopher J. Ferguson and Kevin Beaver, contemplates why some humans are
genetically at risk to extreme violence. The authors, like this paper, first needed to define the "the
evolutionary and biological mechanisms of normal, adaptive aggression from which extreme
violence stems." They then provided evidence that while aggression is often connoted as a negative
attribute, in moderation it is quite adaptive for humans. Many modern situations, such as social
dominance, sports participation, defense of young, and active pursuit of school and career success,
benefit from aggression, which is therefore highly

Essay on Why Is Evolution True?
In recent years, the political and religious movement that sought to integrate theories competing
with the theory of evolution into the curriculum of various schools in the US. The theory that was
offered was the theory of "intelligent design", which even though not explicitly religious, makes for
a theory much more compatible with religion than evolution. The danger of this move was that it
was trying to dismiss a legitimate scientific theory as just one among the existing theories – an equal
rival in pursuit of true explanation. However, what the advocates of this measure were actually
doing is to equate scientific theory with a vastly inferior narrative about the world. It was, therefore,
necessary for an author like Coyne (2009) to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the evolution of an eye went through a large number of intermediate steps all of which
had some incremental changes when compared to the previous ones. The idea that all evolution was
gradual is contested by some authors claiming that some evolutionary changes of profound type
happened in only one or two generations when organisms containing some profound genetic
mutations found them very useful and established a whole new species (Theißen 2009). Theißen
(2009), for instance, claims that the emergence of some features of some organisms cannot be
explained any other way than postulating these sudden profound changes. However, gradualism
should not be excluded and it can be regarded as a normal mode of evolutionary progress, while
these sudden "saltations" provided an alternative mode.
Finally, the definition states that the mechanism that drove all these changes was natural selection.
Natural selection is the crucial concept in the theory of evolution and Charles Darwin devotes
perhaps the central chapter in his landmark book On the Origin of Species to this notion. Some
authors before Darwin discussed the possibilities that life could have evolved, but they approached
the issue in a rather philosophical manner without reference to particular facts. What Darwin did
was to use the theory of evolution as a powerful way of explaining a

Theories Of Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin
The ancient thinkers based their understanding of psychology on a philosophical hypothesis. While
the ancient philosophers like Hobbes, Plato, Schopenhauer and the rest could describe and predict
the different behaviors and mental experiences, none of them could explain the reason behind the
particular behaviors. Charles Darwin with his ideas in the Origin of Species gave a new dimension
to the understanding of human and animal behavior and the field of psychology based on the
foundation of his evolutionary theory (Buss, (2009)).
Charles Darwin theories on life sciences and relation to psychology
The theories of evolution and natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in his book Origin of
Species are considered to be one of the most important theories in the study of life sciences (Angell,
(n.d.)). Through his theories on evolution, Charles Darwin introduced the idea of a common
ancestor –monkey from which the animals and human beings were descended. He proposed the idea
that all of the living beings or creatures on the planet earth had a singular or common set of genes
(Darwin, (1859)). From this theory, he developed the idea that all living beings had a common
physical appearance which could be grouped under the umbrella of comparative psychology
(Frances, (2013)).
Darwin studied the human psychology in great detail and analyzed and interpreted the individual
differences which set an individual apart from the other humans despite the fact that they share the
same genetic constitution. This helped in understanding the similarities and the differences in the
behaviors of the human beings (Angell, (n.d.)). He introduced the ideas about the complexity of the
human nature which helped the scientists and psychologists in placing each individual separately
and apart from each other. Based on these theories and findings of Charles Darwin many scientists
could put together their assessments and evaluations about the science of human behavior. This
helped the scientists to expand their range of study in the field of human emotions, interactions, and
social communication and led to the development of evolutionary psychology (Frances, (2013)).
With the theories of Natural Selection and Sexual Selection proposed by

Carl Roe's Theory Of Persuasive Essay
Carl Woese's Vision
There have been many diverse and important discoveries found. One person by the name of Carl
Woese published a couple of articles, expressing his thoughts on the controversy of evolutionary
biology. Carl Woese is a well renowned founder of Phylogenetics, creator of the ribosomal Tree of
Life, and the discovery of the Archaea. Carl Woese's theory about evolution traits of microbes is
thought to be reoccurring in this generation. The Author of this Article; Eugene V Koonin, believes
in Carl Woese's theory. Koonin's main point in this article is to prove that Carl Woese's theory is a
way to lead many new scientists to believe towards Woese's idea of a "broad vision of the nature of
biological Evolution." Koonin states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woese has considered every possible opposition towards his idea of the ribosomal tree, however,
with the phylogenetic methods his idea of the Tree of Life was diminished, because of the early
comparative genomics which made it clear that the tree of life was constructed by the Horizontal
Gene Transfer and led to the disbelief of the Tree of life. 1. Interpreting the universal phylogenetic
tree. 2. HGT and the universality of the genetic code. 3. Cellular Evolution. In the first paper, the
author's main focus is to inform us about the Universal Ancestor. The vital point about the Universal
Ancestor is Woese claimed that the Horizontal Gene Transfer was the reason behind the evolution.
The Ribosomal tree of life was built in reference to the Universal Ancestor. In the second paper, the
Author states that Woese for the first time acknowledged HGT and genetic coding to be underlying
direction towards Woese's claim on evolutionary era. In Woese's second paper he believes that the
tree of life is pictured as the center development of evolution. Lastly the third paper, The Author
addresses the biggest problem in the evolution of biology; cellular evolution. He exclaims that the
tree of life has been a factor of the

Theoretical Perspectives That Define Social Psychology
Introduction
Social psychology is the study of the nature and causes of human social behavior. There are five
main theoretical perspectives that define social psychology. Role, cognitive, symbolic interaction,
evolutionary, and reinforcement theory are the five theoretical perspectives that help understand
human social behavior. However, each theoretical perspective examines different approaches and
play different roles in social psychology. Some of the theories that make up social psychology take a
micro–level approach and emphasize the importance of meanings, interactions, socialization and the
development of the self.
Role theory explains how individuals play roles in their daily lives. It is composed of both macro–
level and micro–level approaches. Unlike role theory, cognitive theory states that an individual's
thinking process influences their social behavior. Cognitive theory is a biological approach to
sociology. Symbolic interaction theory describes how social structure and social behaviors are
formed through symbols, language, and social interaction. A symbolic interaction theory is a micro–
level approach. The evolutionary theory is a biological approach to sociology that not only deals
with physical evolution, but also focuses on the traits that are passed on from generation to
generation to show how it shapes their social behavior. Lastly reinforcement theory is a micro–level
approach that focuses on how social behavior is influenced through the use of

Dispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory
Dispositional, and Evolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional,
Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the
structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper
will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as
well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality
theories their bearing on human behavior. Furthermore, the Big Five personality test and what
technique is used to study personality. Difference Facets relating Dispositional, and Evolutionary
Theory The premises of dispositional theories fluctuate from those of other theorists because they
present the basis of study for personality; Dispositional theorists believe that behavior is significant
and adaptive. People don't merely adapt to their environments, but are also aware of their
environment and relate to it, in order to shape their social environment (Feist, 2013). Dispositional
theory argues that personality is not an unchanging structure, but unpredictable because of our
psychological and physical originalities. Allport describes personality as a dynamic organization
present in all humans which influence one's psychophysical structures and determines their
characteristic behavior and cognitive functions (Feist, 2013). Dispositional theories are mutually
diverse relating to

Why Are Fossils Important
Fossils can tell us a lot about the organisms that came before us. They are useful in dating when
certain evolutionary aspects were achieved in our past as we developed. Fossils have allowed us to
explore past civilizations and gives a major glimpse into the past. Fossils are a very important part in
the advancements of biological evolution. Biological evolution is the way scientists work to
understand the past, and to piece the puzzle of our ancestry together to understand how we have
evolved over time. Fossils are a large part of this field because it allows us to see physical evidence
of links between different species, and common ancestry between these species. By finding fossils
of civilizations that were sequential, we can compare bone

Human Primates And Human Primate
For my final paper for this class I will be going over and portraying the behavior of non–human
primate and human primate in the literature and movies we went over, compared to the evolutionary
understandings of primate behavior. Throughout this class we studied and compared the different
primates, including human and non–humans. According to the Wikipedia, "The primate lineage is
thought to go back at least 65 million years ago." with that one could say that research on non–
human and human primate can somehow explain the theory behind evolution. In addition to the
different reading materials we had in class we also watched several movies displaying different
behaviors of non–human primate and human primate. With that saying, I developed a thesis
statement, despite its differences and similarities between non–human primates and human primates
behavior, can evolution be understood differently when comparing the two through various readings,
movies and evolutionary research. Throughout this paper I will be going over the differences and
similarities in behavior, evolution, a higher power and even my take on such an opposition. First, I
want to go over and talk about the Evolutionary Theory. The Evolutionary Theory is a theory that
has been supported by years of experiments which is known as being one of the best speculation of
natural occurrence. The changes on earth through different events that occurred over time could be
the cause of such a variety of species to exist on

Evolutionary Psychology Research Paper
Evolutionary Psychology is understanding the design of the human mind. Charles Darwin is known
as the developer of human genetic the one who started investigating the biology of species and
concentrating on the human body. Darwin stated that, "The incorporation of the evolutionary theory
into psychology has waxed and waned in the 150 years since predicted that the field would be based
on new foundation" (Darwin 1859). Our way of thinking and learning have developed over the years
and in each generation, something new is learn.
Evolution of Psychology
According to Daniel J. Kruger, Research Assistant Professor at the Prevention Research
Center of Michigan, "Everyone alive today is descended from a long, long line of successful
ancestors... ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the idea on how we intake information that is given to us and how we use it, to find a result.
The interesting part is the way we approach the problem. Before addressing a problem, we should
look at what is causing the problem. From there start thinking of an effective action that can help
solve the problem and have a successful result. Think twice before you act.
Understanding Evolutionary Psychology
"Evolutionary psychology is simply psychology that is informed by the additional knowledge that
evolutionary biology has offer, in the expectation the understanding the process that designed the
human mind will advance the discovery of its architecture (Tooby 1992). A new generation takes
over the last because it has inherited certain traits by past ancestors and has developed new ways to
survive in the condition the environment is in. We implement and acknowledge the information that
we learn each day. The fact that we evolve from our past accentors is very astonishing because since
then we've come a long way. Genes have been passed on to the next generation and history grows
from that. It is impressive how the human brain works and how we perceive the information we are

Herbert Spencer : A Brief Biography Of Herbert Spencer
HERBERT SPENCER
Herbert Spencer was born on the 27th of April in 1820 in England to a family of Englishmen who
were classified as social inferiors by the church of England. He was the only surviving child out of
his eight other siblings. His father was a teacher in a school and his mother was not considered to be
anything close to an intellectual person. As surprising as it may seem, he was not regular to school
and he was home schooled most of his life by his parents. Because of his family background, he was
not allowed to pursue his education at Oxford or Cambridge. But he was well proficient with
mathematics and life sciences by the age of 16.
His major interests were in ethics and politics. Later on in life, Spencer became an Engineer at the
London and Birmingham Railroad and shifted his work to Birmingham and Gloucester Railroad.
The pivoting points of his life began when he became the sub–editor of The Economist, one of
London's finest journals.
He published his first book in 1852 called Social Statics after which he published another one called
First Principles in 1862. His other works include Principles of Biology (1865), Principles of
Psychology (1872), Principles of Sociology (1896). One of his most famous works, The Study of
Sociology was published in 1873. His books were used by universities such as Oxford, Harvard and
Yale.
He died in 1903 and was buried at High Gate Cemetery near George Eliot and Karl Marx, another
great sociologist.
HIS MAJOR THEORIES
Herbert

Dispositional Essay example
Dispositional, Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology
University of Phoenix
Dispositional, Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology
Personality theory has come a long way since its beginning in psychology. Many theorists have
based their work on theorists before them, but made changes that indicate that the characteristics of
the individual affects the ideas behind their work (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). Comparing
dispositional, biological, and evolutionary theories indicates the similarities and differences between
the theories; as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The use of these theories has led to research
and tests, such as the big five test, that help indicate personality characteristics of individuals (Feist,
et ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Focusing on how our mind works, is designed, and how our mind interacts to our environment
evolutionary psychology sees behavior as an adaptation (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013).
Evolutionary psychology, once again looks at humans not just from a psychoanalytical perspective,
not just a biological perspective, but from both as well as an environmental perspective (Feist, et al,
2013). It is broad in its application without denying theories of others.
What will you find common among all of the theories mentioned above is the use of drives to
motivate human behavior. Dispositional theories assert that humans look to the future for motivation
(Wilderdom.com, 2005). These theories look at current events and goals, as opposed to the past, to
establish their behavior. Biological psychology does not attribute humans much free will
(Wilderdom.com, 2005). It focuses on what has been predetermined for the person based on biology
through genetics, or structure, for example. Evolutionary psychology views behavior as a product of
evolutionary drives for power and sex (Wilderdom.com, 2005). This outlook is similar to Freudian
views on sex and aggression, but instead of being based subconscious thought it is now based on an
evolutionary need to adapt and overcome.
Critiques on Theories
The challenge for any of these theories is to be scientifically tested. Dispositional theories have done
a lot to expand the field of personality and have been very useful at initiating

Evolutionary Distance Between Species
I like how Fuggle started of this chapter, "...species judged to be closely related using other lines of
evolutionary evidence should show more similarity in their DNA and constructed molecules than
species understood to be more distantly related.' ....the number or degree of differences in various
molecules among species should correlate with what has been previously proposed as the
evolutionary distance between species." He starts of with a scientifically proven hypothesis and then
defends the hypothesis using some examples that show evidence of relation in evolution. Just like
the chapters 12 and 13 supported evolutionary creation using fossils and cardiograms relations, this
chapter also discusses how the molecular makeup of living things

Argument Against Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution Essay
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin, diversity and complexity of
life. I will will disprove evolution by showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary
changes, collectively known as microevolution. Natural selection cannot drive large evolutionary
changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the primordial soup, in which life supposedly
evolved, did not exist.
Neo–Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into Darwin's original theory while
leaving the basic beliefs intact. Darwin proposed that individuals with favorable traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce. Darwin called this process natural selection. Darwin did not
understand how or why variation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural selection forces animals and plants to adapt. Microevolution happens, and it has been
observed in numerous scientific experiments.
The real question is not whether or not microevolution happens. It does, but can microevolution be
extended to explain large evolutionary changes? Such changes require new genes.
Natural selection only optimizes existing genes: If a gene does not exist, it cannot provide a
selective advantage. Natural selection only operates on existing genes.
When an existing gene tries to evolve into a new gene, the evolving gene must provide some
selective advantage, before natural selection can drive the transition. (The declaration of many
evolutionists that natural selection drives the transition every step of the way, implies that the
evolving gene must perform its new function before it evolves into the new gene. This is like saying
a bird with no wings can fly.)
Random chance not natural selection is responsible for the evolution of new genes. Until an
evolving gene offers some competitive advantage, natural selection is out of the picture.
If evolution is not a viable theory, then why is it generally accepted by modern science and why is it
often taught as a proven fact in high school and college?
To answer this question, let us take a trip back in time to the late
1800's. Darwin observed birds on the Galapagos islands over 100 years ago, and the variation that
he

Evolution Study Guide
EVOLUTION STUDY GUIDE o Define the following terms:
1. Evolution – a change in the number of times specific genes that codes for specific characteristics
occur within an interbreeding population over a period of time.
2. Fossils – preserved remains of organisms that lived long ago, usually in sedimentary rock.
3. Acquired traits – organisms that acquire, not inherit, traits over a period of time and that cannot be
passed down to the next generation.
4. Artificial selection – a breeder that selects desired traits for a species and then breeds that species
to have those traits.
5. Variation – physical and genetic differences in populations of a species.
6. Adaptation – mutations that help a species or population adapt to their environment; ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a. Classification – the process of classifying something according to similar qualities or
characteristics.
b. Evolution – a change in the number of times specific genes that codes for specific characteristics
c. Extinction – the state of when a species dies out.
2. Fossil Evidence – when fossils provide information about Earth before there were humans.
a. Evolution – a change in the number of times specific genes that codes for specific characteristics
3. Anatomical Evidence – evidence relating to the structures of organisms and how they have
evolved over time and might share a common ancestry.
a. Homologous Structures – structures that have different functions but have a common ancestry.
(ex. – arm of a human, flipper of a whale, and the wing of a bat)
b. Analogous Structures – structures that have the same function but different ancestry. (ex. – bird
wing and bat wing)
c. Vestigial Structures – structures (organs, bones, etc.) that have lost their function over time. (ex. –
pelvic bone in the baleen whale)
4. Embryological Evidence – similarities in early embryos can indicate they came from a common
ancestor.
a. Embryo – unborn offspring in the process of development in the mother's stomach.
b. Common Ancestor – an organism or species that is the ancestor of 2 or more organisms/species.
5. Genetics and Molecular Evidence – looking at

Theory of Mind Essay
Describe what evolutionary psychologists mean when they employ the term 'theory of mind'. Use
examples and research studies from Book 1, Chapter 2 to show why this theory is important in
evolutionary psychology.
Evolutionary psychology is a specialist field within the spectrum of psychological enquiry, which
seeks to examine and understand some of the predominant reasoning behind the concept of why the
human species, whilst biologically similar to other species on the planet, is so very distinct in terms
of intelligence and mental progression; demonstrated by the multifaceted and complex social
structures we have created. Primary to this domain of evolutionary psychological interest is the
notion of 'theory of mind', which was developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example would be the assumption that because someone is sleeping, they are tired. Counter–
deception involves an individual separating the overt actions of another from what their actual
motivation for behaving in that particular way is. This could be seen in the form of 'reverse
psychology'. Recognition of intervening variables understands how certain events and situations can
cause particular reactions and responses from others. An example of this would be a fight situation,
where the attacked party could well feel afraid, and as a result run away. The final variation of
mind– reading is that of experience projection; which allows individuals to apply their personal
experiences onto other people. For example, someone who broke their leg and experienced the pain,
would be able to empathise with another individual who they saw break their leg.
In 1988, Premack carried out a research study which would appear to support the notion of the
'theory of mind'. In his study, which was centred on an adult chimpanzee called Sarah; he exposed
her to videotapes of an actor with a problem, namely an inability to reach some bananas that were
placed out of reach overhead. He then proceeded to show Sarah a number of photographed solutions
to the problem, only one of which actually evidenced a successful solution to the problem, (in this
situation, it was stepping on a

Human Primates And Primate Behavior
I have really enjoyed learning in this class and glad I took it because I found it to be very interesting.
From learning all these different types of primates, from non–human to human primates, to even
developing a better understanding of the evolution of primates and primate behavior. For my final
paper, I will be going over and portraying the behavior of non–human primate and human primate. I
will be comparing the primates behavior seen over the movies and literatures that we were assigned,
to the understandings of evolution. Being able to learn and compare the behavior of non–human
primate and the behavior of human primate, it can help further one understandings of how we are
similar in physical and biological structures. According to the Wikipedia, "The primate lineage is
thought to go back at least 65 million years ago". (Wikipedia) With this one could say that the
evolution of primates have been evolving for quite a while now, and even if we do not look like a
non human primate we are similar than we think. The reading materials and the movies we had to
watch for this class displayed the behaviors of non–human primate and human primate, some how
differed. There are many question about evolution, and to how we were created? are there other
reasons deeper than evolution? How much can we learn about evolution by just comparing the
different behavior of the primates? Primates consist of non–human and human primates.The
different types primates, includes groups of the

How Does North Replace A Contradiction In Neoclassical...
North illuminates a contradiction in neoclassical economic theory as it relates to structure and
change in political–economic systems. On one hand, North demonstrates that neoclassical theory
fails to fully explain what causes economic change, and is particularly deficient in explaining the
emergence of various ideologies. On the other hand, he presents evidence that rational individual
behavior explains specific institutional choices that result in change, both positive and negative. He
attempts to resolve this contradiction by offering theories of the state, organizations, and ideology.
However, his argument seems reducible to a statement that political–economic institutions change
when the benefits of change outweigh the costs, and persist otherwise. This oversimplification does
an injustice to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His path dependency goes beyond explaining from where the present system emerged by assuming
the components of the current system always existed. For instance, North's discussion of free
ridership and the tragedy of the commons in hunter–gather societies ten millennia in the past
illustrates this assumption. He also compares all historical systems against the modern definition of
the market to show why those previous systems failed to function properly. By focusing on the
constraints and inefficiencies imposed by previous political systems, institutions, and ideologies,
North seems to be arguing that if only those did not exist the system would have been efficient – in
essence, a liberal economic argument founded upon a capitalist ideology. North's emphasis on
markets and self–interest, rather than alternative models (e.g., reciprocity and altruism) suggests a
view of history colored by a specific ideological bent. In this light, North's argument does not
explain the structure and change of economic history so much as show why it took so long to arrive
at the current, preferred,

Dispositional, Biological And Evolutionary Theory Of...
Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory of Personality
A Comparison
The word 'Personality' is derived from the latin word 'persona', which stands for the mask theatre
artists wear during performances. By definition, " personality is a pattern of relatively permanent
traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior"
(Feist & Rosenberg, 2009). Human personality is a unique set of traits that determines how a person
reacts to certain situations. Whether the person is curious, risk–taking, meticulous, introverted etc.
falls in the realm of personality. Personality is a unique determinant of how we conduct our lives
and in effect determines our biological fitness. There are many theories that try to explain the origins
of personality and how they manifest into life–decisions.
The three main theories that have come to the forefront in the race to explain personality are viz.,
Dispositional Theory, Evolutionary Theory and Biological Theory.
Dispositional theory
Dispositional theory of personality is a combination of various other theories that speak of the
effects of individual human nature (traits), genetics and heritage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Eysenck's "Three factor model" along with C. Robert Cloniger and Jeffrey Alan Gray paved the way
for modern biological personality theory. Traditionally ideas about personality evolved from social
sciences and humanities, but with the advent of Eysenck and other researchers, neuroscience came
to the forefront as a discipline that could explain the origins of personality and its disorders. Apart
from being based on science, this theory allowed interaction between psychiatrists, psychologists,
molecular biologists, ethologists and thereby had a very flexible approach compared to the other

What Is The Point Shermer Is Trying To Make In This Article?
The Facts of Evolution
1. What is the point Shermer is trying to make in this article?
Shermer's point is that evolution is a historical science and it did in fact happen and there is a lot of
evidence to support that it did.
2. What was Darwin's contribution to our understanding of coral reefs?
Our understanding of coral reefs is now that there aren't different kinds of coral reefs but rather all
coral reefs are in different stages of development.
3. Who was Darwin's "one long argument" with? What was his view? How was it different from the
Darwinian one?
Darwin's "one long argument" was with theologian William Paley. Paley's view was Intelligent
Design; the correlation of the works of god and the words of god. Darwin's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
7. What are the random and non–random processes in evolution as identified by Richard Dawkins?
What makes them random and non–random respectively?
Genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes in offspring might be random, but the selection
of genes through the survival of their hosts is anything but random. Natural selection and evolution
is unconscious and cannot look forward to anticipate what changes are going to be needed for
survival.
8. What was wrong with Shermer's example of a "polar bear" as a transitional species when he was
talking to his daughter?
It implies that polar bears are transitioning to become marine mammals, which is incorrect. They are
already well adapted for their lifestyle, but if global warming continues perhaps something new will
happen.
9. Why are fossils so difficult to come by?
There are a lot of factors, from the stomachs of predators, scavengers, feeders, even making it to
fossilization and then somehow finding its way back to the surface through geological forcers and
discovered a million years later.
10. Why is it that genetic change can occur more quickly in small groups? Why is it important for
the evolution of new species?
When a species gives rise to a new species the small group breaks away and becomes
geographically/reproductively isolated from its ancestral group. As long as it remains small and
detached, the founder group can experience fairly rapid genetic changes.
11. What does Shermer mean by the

The Study Of Evolution And Evolution
THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The
definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to an area of biological study mixed with
the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour
of centuries ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only
those who have influenced the theories of evolution, but also a few pieces of evidence of evolution
that help support the theory itself.
The history of evolution
The theory of evolutionary biology that was formalized by Charles Darwin is just like any ... Show
Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, they introduced a scientific theory that branched patterns of
evolution, resulting in a process called natural selection.
He developed his ideas by observing many animals on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that
certain species in one geographical area was different from the same species in another field. At
Galapagos Island, Charles discovered evidence of animal fossils that could help him prove the
theory of natural selection. Many animals that Charles examined were; the land iguana, the marine
iguana, saddle back Tortoise, the Flightless Cormorant and the cormorant.
Scenic locations on Galapagos Island
In addition, here are a few scenic locations located on the Galapagos Islands. One scenic area of
Galapagos Island is Bartolome and Pinnacle Rock.
One of the smaller islands in the Galápagos Archipelago is Bartolomé Island, which has its unique
feature known as the Pinnacle Rock. This rock has the most famous views of the islands. Bartolomé
lies south of the equator and east of the larger island known as San Salvador Island. Being one of the
most visited islands, Bartolomé is covered with volcanic ashes and hardened lava mountain flows.
As visitors arrive at the steps outlined by the volcanic shoreline, they make their way up hundreds of
steps made by Galapagos' native wood mounted by lava, reaching

Essay On Richard Whittington
Richard Whittington over the last 40 years tried collate various strategy theories (2001), he took a
Western viewpoint and categorized them in to four categories in which they are the Classical
approach, Evolutionary approach, Processual approach and systemic approaches. But what
Whittington did that? What Whittington did was that he placed the prevailing approaches to strategy
the "Classical" in the early USA in 1960 to strategy that's according to the strategy definition of
Chandler's to strategy as well as from the contemporaries Sloan and Ansoff. This perspective and
definition lead to content of aspect of the strategy "what is strategy" If we looked at the Classical
perspective we will see that they focus on the logical and rational approaches, ... Show more content
41). Privatization and de–regularization were taking place in the UK as well as the subsidiaries
withdrawal of industries for struggling such as steel industries as well as cars industries. In the USA,
there were a similar initiatives were taking place. During the 90s, with the globalization acceleration
which drives with the rapid development that's supported with telecommunications, the compute
power, the electronics as a result large organizations started to think in a different way "think global,
act local". Finally the Systemic approach. This approach which has a similarity aspects for both
processual approaches and classical approaches as well as it has a characteristic of process for
example, concentrating of the local needs and culture in which it developed the strategy. The
Classical approach The most prominent approach of the four approaches to strategy is the Classical
approach in which it's a deliberate and rational approach of formulation to strategy with an objective
unitary of profit maximization (Whittington, 2001). The business environment has to be rational and
logical designs and predictable which is assumed by the classical approach, in which this approach
will enable to achieves the goals and objectives of the

Progressive And Progressive Turtles: The Impact Of...
INTRODUCTION
Evolution is a process of living things change slowly in a very long time, so it evolved into a new
species more complete body structure. According to the theory of evolution, living now in contrast
to living in the past. The ancestors of creatures alive today may experience changes in form and
structure. In addition, may experience changes in both the structure and genetics in a very long time,
so the shape was totally different from the original and finally generate different types of species
present. So the plants and animals living there now was not the first time here on earth, but it comes
from living in the past.
There evolutions have two types, which are the progressive and regressive evolution. Progressive
evolution means ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CONCLUSION
Turtles are one of the forms of life that are very suitable for assessed the evidence for evolution, this
is not caused by the skin very easily taken care of but because there are many turtle fossil record.
Simply there is no evidence to support that the turtle evolution of the ancestors even though it has
been more than a century of fossil exploration area and identifies thousands of fossils.
Turtles are reptiles that are very different from others because of its uniqueness that can be
practically useless as a guide to distinguish between potential ancestors, and the origin of the turtle
remains one of the unanswered questions of evolutionary biology. There were possibilities that the
options for the turtles were almost the entire range of turtle reptile, living and extinct.
The original turtle has long been, and continues to be, a major evolutionary enigma. The oldest turtle
clearly identified the turtle. Since turtles appear suddenly in the fossil record, the latest data is not
changed with the creation of the event is followed by diversification and

Crime And Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay
Criminality or criminal behaviour has long been the subject of great interest within psychology,
captivating the interest of psychologists from all different perspectives (Hollin, 2013; Putwain &
Sammons, 2013). Due to this, there are many approaches to criminality and theories of criminal
behaviour that have been supported by empirical evidence, which provide insightful, but different
explanations of this psychology phenomenon (Eysenck, 2013; Hollin, 2013; Putwain & Sammons,
2013). In spite of this, there are criticisms and weaknesses to these approaches and theories as well
as methodological limitations to the supporting research, which brings into question the reliability,
validity and usefulness of these approaches in the explanation of criminality and criminal behaviour
(Hollin, 2013; Putwain & Sammons, 2013). As a consequence of this, this essay will critically
discuss the phrase 'once a criminal, always a criminal' in relation to the biological/evolutionary and
psychoanalytic approaches as well as social learning theory, the social and cognitive approaches.
The first approach that will be discussed in this essay is that of the biological/evolutionary approach
that states that criminal behaviour is a consequence of evolutionary adaptions to the environment
and a need to survive as well as reproduce, which is all based on sex and the gathering of resources,
such as financial wealth (Buss, 2012; Quinsey, 2002). In other words, the biological/evolutionary
approach

Jeeves And Brown: Evolutionary Psychology
As mentioned previously in Jeeves and Brown's book, the field of evolutionary psychology is one of
two divisions within neuroscience receiving a lot of attention for its cutting edge research and
controversial conclusions. At the beginning of chapter 6, the authors reference evolutionary
psychology's growing popularity, citing particular news articles in prevalent magazines such as
Times and Der Spiegel. However, these snippets of debated discoveries in evolutionary psychology
should be interpreted with a keen eye. With so much hype and excitement surrounding the field, the
scientific basis of evolutionary psychology becomes, at times, distorted. Thus, Jeeves and Brown
discuss the true scientific roots of evolutionary psychology in chapter ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Jeeves and Brown "theory of mind" occurs when, "We represent what people are doing
in terms of what we believe they want and of what they known and do not know" (Jeeves and
Brown, 2009, 73). Evolutionary psychologist became interesting in the study of "theory of mind"
because they were curious if it applied to primates as well. However, studying the "theory of mind"
of primates proves difficult because primates lack the ability to communicate with language. As
mentioned above, the primary evidence supporting primate's "theory of mind" emanates from
observational studies. Specifically, "theory of mind" is represented in the forbidden mating habits of
baboons. Yet, observation of such characteristics raises unanswerable questions concerning the
rationale behind the young male baboon's actions. Many difficult questions arise from observational
studies because they lack empirical evidence to prove their bold claims. However, recent advances
in neuroscience may provide answers to some of the difficult questions regarding "theory of mind."
Mirror neurons are an exciting new discovery in the field of neuroscience because they "possess
functional properties not previously observed." "The unusual property of these cells was that they
were active not only when a monkey initiated a particular action but also when the animal observed
another monkey initiating and carrying out the same action" (Jeeves and Brown, 2009, 78). Many
neuroscientists believe mirror neurons will change the game and our understanding of how
evolutionary psychology interprets the "theory of mind" across

The Primate Family Tree By Ian Redmond
Use of Metaphor in The Primate Family Tree
Although some may think of metaphor as ornamental and inapplicable for use in subjects other than
English literature, metaphors are necessary for communication in all disciplines. The use of
metaphor is crucial in the field of education because one cannot understand completely new ideas
without making a connection to previously known information (Oshlag and Petrie). Textbooks
readily employ metaphor to convey new information to students. Pages 28–29 of The Primate
Family Tree by Ian Redmond illustrates the evolution of primates through a diagram of a tree and
describes how the theory of evolution has changed since the nineteenth century. The Primate Family
Tree willfully utilizes metaphors regarding abstract complex systems and the Great Chain of Being
to explain scientific concepts to an audience that is uneducated in complex zoological and
evolutionary processes. Two main metaphor systems categorize many metaphorical expressions: the
Great Chain of Being system and the Event Structure system (Kovecses 151). The Great Chain
system is based on a vertical scale of complexity, or "being," and accounts for how one conceptually
analyzes metaphors that compare two "things" or nouns (Kovecses 151). The Great Chain metaphor
is prevalent in English literature to describe both comparisons and differences between nouns. One
can better interpret a complex "thing," such as a human, by making comparisons between the human
and another noun that

The Proces of Evolution
Without evolution, and the constant ever changing environment, the complexity of living organisms
would not be as it is. Evolution is defined as a process that results in heritable changes in a
population spread over many generations (8).Scientists believe in the theory of evolution. This belief
is based on scientific evidence that corroborates the theory of evolution. In Figure 1 the pictures of
the skulls depict the sequence of the evolution of Homo–sapiens. As the figure shows, man has
evolved from our common ancestor that is shared by homo–sapiens. The change of diet of homo–
sapiens over time has thought to contribute to the change in jaw structure and overall skull shape.
The process of evolution comprises of many complex of mechanisms. These mechanisms
fundamentally allow the progression of speciation and adaptation to occur. There are 4 common
kinds of evolutionary mechanism of change: Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, Mutation and
Migration.
Natural selection is based on the concept "survival of the fittest" where the most favourable
individual best suited in the environment survive and pass on their genes for the next generation.
Those individual who are less suited to the environment will die.
Another mechanism is a hereditable type of evolution is mutations. Mutations are alterations to a
gene. Mutation can be harmful, beneficial or neutral. Mutations are the origin of the source of
genetic diversity (9).Mutation that are harmful, hinders the chances of the

Charles Darwin 's Theory On Evolution Essay
Where and how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin's
theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally
adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on
the other hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of
divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. "It is not
the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to
change." These theories provide a convincing argument explaining why the other one is wrong,
having a unique counter argument for each statement that is said. Each of these theories explain how
life came to be, but in such different ways from one another. Charles Darwin is a known geologist
that had many works published that introduced the idea of evolution and was widely accepted
among the scientific community. Creationism is a theory based on the belief that a God, a being
worshiped in many different ways throughout religions, made the universe and all life within it.
While it is ones decision to determine which theory to side with, knowledge existing on both of the
theories of evolution and creationism should be known by everyone.
Evolution is the fundamental foundation for the study of modern biology, supporting the study of all
life and living organisms. Charles Darwin was best

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Natural Selection
Over time, different species learn to adapt to their living environment in order to survive. If a
genetic change of a characteristic is passed down through generations, a formation of a new species
occurs (G, Linstead et. al., 2012). A variation to the characteristic of an individual can increase its
survival and this provides more opportunities to reproduce. When the individual reproduces, the
offspring benefit in result of the heritable genes and eventually through generations, the variants will
be spread throughout the entire population (Montgomery, 2009). Charles Darwin's theory of natural
selection can be supported through both fossils and homologous structures.
A technique that supports Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection is fossils. A fossil is the
remnant or imprint of a previous animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form (J,
Castro, 2013). Fossils are used and are still important today as they demonstrate the different types
of species of animals and plants that were on the earth at various times in the past. This assists
palaeontologists, who study the fossils hominid, learn about the creatures that once lived on the
earth. This includes the human ancestors and their relatives, and how they have developed over time
(G, Linstead et. al., 2012). There are various ways in which fossils support Charles Darwin's theory
of natural selection. Fossils provide a way for palaeontologists to reconstruct the creatures, plants
and humans of the past. It

Biological Causes Of Behavior Paper
According to Killeen (2001), "comprehension of a phenomenon involves identifying its origin,
structure, substrate, and function, and representing these factors in some formal system" (p. 136).
Many of these components account for the biological causes of behavior, including anatomy and
physiology. In order to clarify the causes behind cognitive and emotional behaviors, biological
explanations are divided into four categories: physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and
functional explanations. Normal, everyday behaviors, however, are not applied to these categories as
they are considered to be common–sense activities (Kalat, 2013). To explain how each of these
groupings relate to a specified behavior, consider the manner in which the practice ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tomasello & Vaish (2013) present the idea that cooperative behaviors gradually advanced through a
two steps progression. The first being that the environment forced humans to act cooperatively in
order to survive, such as the necessity for group foraging practices. The second step they believe
was established from competition between other groups, making human cooperation a necessity to
have an advantage against other by community collaboration as far as skills and motivations.
Essentially, the behavior of cooperation continues throughout generations of populations because it
has proved to be effective and that working together as a community accomplishes much more than
individual

Panselectionism Vs Pluralism
I am reminded of learning that when air rushes out of a flat tire, it isn't being squeezed out, it is
merely not being completely contained and the kinetics of matter in the gas phase are sufficient to
allow the tire to deflate to equilibrium with the atmosphere. At first this seemed like a linguistic
matter and mostly irrelevant. For most people it is a completely irrelevant nuance, but not for
physicists and chemists who are using the principles of effusion to separate isotopes of radioactive
uranium. Similarly, while a discussion regarding the difference between panselectionism and
pluralism will sedate most readers into a state of drooling submission, the critique issued by Gould
and Lewontin should be considered carefully by evolutionary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Several alternatives to panselectionism are presented and are generally all a variation on the neutral
theory of molecular evolution (printing should pend inquiry regarding the lack of credit to Motoo
Kimura for development of said theory). This hypothesis proposes that random genetic drift plays a
dominant role in genetic evolution with selection playing a minor supporting role. In the section
titled Telling Stories, the authors criticize scientists who ignore and/or marginalize the more likely
explanation of neutral theory in favor of the archaic approach of justifying every identifiable
characteristic of an organism as beneficial and inventing an often completely untestable hypothesis
for its utility. I heartily agree with this objection– I have long felt that the field of evolutionary
biology is weakened every time the phrase "over millions of years" is uttered (and it is uttered far
beyond the point of cliché), and every time a biologist duplicitously represents that selection
happens without values and judgment (of course), and then proceeds to describe the various features
in terms of survival value and utility. As the authors point out, "the mere existence of a good fit
between organism and environment is insufficient evidence for inferring the action of natural
selection (593)." Finally, the authors invoke Darwin himself in order to remind readers that He was
patently pluralist and bristled at being portrayed as a panselectionist although as Gould and
Lewontin note, "we do not now regard all of Darwin's subsidiary mechanisms as significant or even
valid"

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Versus Creationism Essay
My research of Darwinian evolution has led me to believe that there is little room for spirituality of
any kind in a truly rigorous scientific theory of the origin of life. This is disconcerting, to say the
least. Obviously we have outgrown a strictly creationist lens, but has religion become completely
obsolete? Does spirituality have a real place amongst the scientific tenets of evolutionary theory, or
is it merely a crutch that we lean on? Can God and Darwin co–exist?
The constantly mounting collection of evidence for evolution by natural selection is almost
impossible to ignore. However, there is a neo–creationist school of thought, called "intelligent
design," attempting to modernize the concept of a God to fit the challenge ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Are the gaps in our knowledge of the origin of species large enough to allow for intelligent design?
Despite several inconsistencies, the facts seem inescapably stacked in favor of natural selection. The
fossil record is a good example. Though it is incomplete, the various geographic strata contain a
wealth of extinct organisms which exhibit distinct evolutionary trends. These include morphological
similarities between older species and those that exist today, in both adult and embryo forms.
The implications of this analysis of the fossil record are not good for creationism. The species that
exist today were not simply placed on Earth in their current condition, but have come to be over
hundreds of millions of years of adaptation. Ernst Mayr states that "embryonic similarities,
recapitulation, and vestigial structures raise insurmountable difficulties for a creationist explanation,
but are fully compatible with an evolutionary explanation based on common descent, variation, and
selection." (31) Mayr is unrelenting in his support of evolution by natural selection, as are the
majority of scientists and anthropologists.
Critics of intelligent design argue that any creationist explanation cannot be purely scientific
because it is necessary to consider the likelihood of the existence of a higher Intelligence. In other
words, until it is proven that there is a God, these theories leave something to be desired.

A Study Of Charles Darwin's Theory Of Evolution
Assessment
Charles Darwin first discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection, in 1858, alongside
Alfred Wallace. It is the process of which organisms change overtime as a result of heritable
physical and behaviour traits (Live science. 2016). Darwin's Theory states that individuals of a
certain species have variation between others in that certain specie. This is due to the differences in
the genes. The genes that allow an individual to survive in their environment are usually passed
down to the offspring, which causes little variation in the species (BBC. 2016). Evolution has many
supporting evidence and mechanisms that contribute to it.
Even though evolution is classified as a theory, it does have a lot of supporting evidence. ... Show
However over the years it has been put at risk due to climate change effects; rising sea temperature
and ocean acidification. If climate change continues to impact the biodiversity of the reef, it is
believed with supporting evidence that the reef may possibly die by 2030 (Greatbarrierreef.com.au.
2016).
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is the most commonly known theory.
There are many points of supporting evidence and mechanisms that contribute towards the theory of
evolution. The Great Barrier Reef is just one of many species that has had it evolutionary process
affected buy humans and the environment. If this continues to occur the Great Barrier Reef will die
of by 2030.
There are a numerous amount of meaningful interrelationships between the therioes of evolution and
the impacts on the Great Barrier reef from climate change on the evolutionary

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