Characteristics Of Informal Settlements

Characteristics Of Informal Settlements
2.5 Characteristics of Informal Settlements
Residential house which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build. Although, as a
result of their illegal or semi–legal status. each settlement has its distinctive characteristics, some of the common characteristics shared by
infrastructure, insecurity of tenure, lack of planning, poor environmental condition, lack of public facilities, unemployment increasing, poverty and
services are usually inadequate in all informal settlements (Srinivas1999).
2.6 Empirical Framework
Informal settlements makeup as much as 32 percent of Sao polo, 33 percent of Lima, 34 percent of Caracas, 44 percent in Maputo, 59 percent of
Bogota in South America, 60 percent in Dar–es–selam and 70 percent in Luanda Capital city of Angola in Africa (Jenken, 2001; UNCHS, 1996). In
addition, Pugh (2000) estimates that informal settlement grew at a rate of above30 percent of the housing stock in most cities of developing countries.
2.7 Causes and Consequences of Informal Settlements
2.7.1 Causes of Informal Settlements
A. Population growth
In past several centuries, only 4% of the world's population was urban and the large increases in urban population of third world countries have
dramatically increased the demand of urban housing. Today, cities are home to half of its inhabitants. The explosive growth of urban populations in
developing countries over the past several decades can be attributed
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1. The learning of casual gathering can be utilized to accumulate backing of representatives and enhance their execution.
2. Through grapevine vital data can be transmitted rapidly.
3. By participating with the casual gatherings the chiefs can skillfully exploit both formal and casual associations.
Weaknesses of Informal association:
1. Spread Rumors:
As indicated by a study 70% of data spread through casual hierarchical structure are gossipy tidbits which may delude the workers.
2. No Systematic Working:
Casual structure does not shape a structure for smooth working of an association.
3. May Bring Negative Results:
On the off chance that casual association restricts the strategies and changes of administration, then it turns...show more content...
Directors are mindful that they are adequate beware of their forces of power. They likewise realize that in the event that they abuses their forces, a
befitting answer numerous be brilliant by the specialists. They bring changes into their gatherings when cautious arranging.
advantages_of_informal_organization
Focal points of Informal Organization
Support enhanced administration hone: Perhaps an inconspicuous advantage of casual gatherings is that they urge supervisors to get ready,arrangement,

compose, and control in a more expert style. Troughs who fathom the force of the casual association perceive that it is a "check and adjust" on their
utilization of power.
Makes a more viable aggregate framework: More essential advantage is makes a more viable work framework. Formal arrangement and polices can't
meet each issue in a dynamic circumstance in light of the fact that they are restored and mostly rigid. A few necessities can be met better by casual
relations, which can be adaptable and unconstrained.
Gives fulfillment and soundness to work aggregates: The huge advantage of the casual association is that it gives fulfillment and steadiness to work
bunches. It is the methods by which laborers feel a feeling of having a

Phi 103 Informal Logic Essay
Factory Farming and the Welfare of Animals PHI 103 Informal Logic Factory Farming and the Welfare of Animals Even though higher yields are met
for demand and human consumption, factory farming is cruel to animals due to the fact animals are often subject to harsh living conditions, more
susceptible to diseases and injuries and are treated inhumanely during the slaughtering process. Unfortunately, with an increase in human population
worldwide, the strain on farmers to meet the demand increases as well. This in turn causes more animals to be subject to this cruelty. In the U.S., the
concept of factory farms primarily involving animals such as pigs, cattle and chicken began in the 1920's as a way to increase efficiencies by capturing
...show more content...
This is due in part by the previous statement to get higher yields out every animal raised. Cattle, chickens and pigs alike are all subject to certain
fattening diets, modern breeding techniques and growth hormone treatments. These forced practices have very adverse, life altering and threatening
affects that lead farmers to use antibiotics in order to keep diseases at bay. The Committee on Drug Use in Food Animals states, "doses are used when
pathogens are known to be present in the environment or when animals encounter a high stress situation and are more susceptible to pathogens ",
(1999, p. 28). It is important to point out that the use of growth hormones and antibiotics dramatically increases body mass, drastically shortens the
lifespan of animals such as cattle and is being detected in food for human consumption. Farming practices like the use of growth hormones in cattle has
created a new dilemma when considering welfare and health of factory farm animals. Moving even beyond the farm to the actual dinner plate, the effect
consuming factory farm raised animals is still under debate but the fact still remains that the animals display compromising health issues. For instance,
dairy cattle are given a growth hormone called BST, or bovine somatotropin, is given to dairy cattle during lactation cycles to sustain milk production.
The fact that cattle are producing more milk by administering a naturally occurring hormone is not really the

Social Media And Social Mess Essay
Social Media or Social Mess According to Pew Research, 95% of teens are Internet users with an astonishing 85% using Social Media. Social
Media is defined as "websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking." Social media is
a huge platform for cultural revolutions and controversies. There is a large amount of potential issues with this revolution including the possibility
of cyberbullying as well as the depression that can be developed by only seeing the best part of everyone's daily life. This creates a false image that
everyone has a perfect life that users believe is impossible to attain. They, in turn, view their life as dull or not as exciting as others simply because
they cannot go on their summer break to swim with dolphins or skydive, because they are not committing to a college on a full–ride for Football,
because they don't have that seemingly perfect relationship with their parents or siblings. On the other side of the spectrum, Social Media can be
used for many great causes such as activism, it can be used to stay in touch with old friends, and it can be used to encourage others or bring to light
issues that no one would have heard about it they were not Facebook friends with Joe Schmo. Social Media is a trade–off that western culture, and
increasingly the world, must learn to deal with or restrict. Social Media is dangerous to dictators, it is helpful to helping hands, and it is hurtful to those

Compare And Contrast Yoga And Meditation
Nowadays life of people has become quite stressful. To reduce stress people are getting addicted to things like alcohol, tobacco and drugs. People are
searching numerous ways to reduce stress. The best way to reduce stress is through meditation and yoga. Meditation and yoga is the complete package
through which you can make your life fit, healthy and stress–free. Yogaand meditation when practiced together strengthen the body and mind
connection, improving overall fitness and well–being. Both yoga and meditation, when done regularly, has proven to be highly beneficial. Though the
practices of yoga and meditation have their roots in ancient cultures, both have become modern day movements.
What Is Meditation?
Meditation is an ancient process through which a person can get a state of mental silence. Meditation...show more content...
Vinyasa Yoga– Vinyasa yoga sometimes often called as power yoga is a well known sequence like the sun salutation, a flowing series of bending, and
stretching Asanas. Expect to do standing and seated poses which develops strength, flexibility, and balance.
Iyengar Yoga– This method emphasizes proper alignment to toughen the muscles and support the joints.
Bikram Yoga– Founder Bikram Choudhury created this style of hot yoga in the 1970s. To create the climate as same as above, studios are heated to a
sauna to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, with a 40 percent humidity level. Heat loosens your muscles, increasing your ability to stretch.
Kundalini Yoga– This form of yoga was created to energize the body and calm the mind through movement. The chanting of various mantras, and
breathing. The goal is to release the energy that kundalini which is stored at the base of the spine.
Ashtanga Yoga– This type of yoga consists of a unvarying sequence of poses. Ashtanga yoga requires strength and perseverance.

Informative Speech On Anxiety
Anxiety is one of the most common illnesses in America. Your palms can get sweaty, you get nervous and your blood pressure can increase. Some
students can go through anxiety every day just by having to go to school or present in class like I am now. I am presenting a speech in front of a
decent size class some of who I am familiar with and some of you who I barely know so that can be a bit scary and nerve racking.
I will discuss what Anxiety is, how to diagnose it, and also how to treat it. It is very common and I'm pretty sure most of you know basically what it is.
But just in case I will go over the main important things to know about Anxiety. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, anxiety disorders
involve more than temporary worry or fear. For a person with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time. The
feelings can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, school work, and relationships. There are several different types of anxiety
disorders. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. According to the American psychological
association, Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and invisible changes like increased blood pressure. You
can have OCD, phobias, panic attacks, and PTSD. OCD is basically anxiety that takes the form of obsessions and compulsions. I know many of you
guys are scared of spiders or bees and that is

Understanding Performance Management
Understanding Performance Management Terry Delaney Contents Introduction Page 3 1. Understand the value of assessing performance to meet
organisational and individual needs 1.1 Describe the value of formal and informal performance assessment in the workplace Page 4 1.2 Explain
the role of the first line manager in performance management Page 4 2. Know how to manage performance of individuals in the team 2.1 Identify
ways to ensure fair and objective formal assessment Page 5 2.2 Explain how to set SMART objectives for a team member Page 5 2.3 Explain how to
set performance standards for a team member Page 6 2.4 Explain how to measure performance against agreed standards Page 6 3. Understand the
value of feedback in the workplace 3.1...show more content...
By having, and promoting, open communication will allow the employee the opportunity voice any concerns they may have with their line manager.
Another benefit of informal performance assessment, is that praise can be awarded as and when earned, allowing real time feedback. For the
majority of businesses a combination of informal and formal performance assessment produces the better results. 1.2 Explain the role of the first line
manager in performance management The first port of call, or initial point of contact, for performance management is usually the line manager. A line
manager needs to understand what an important part this is in their role. Their must reflect the importance back to their staff. Therefore, the line
manager must have the correct skills for performance management of their team and provide regular feedback and identify objectives. It is usually
the line manager who has to plan, prioritise and monitor their staffs performance, either individually or as a team. 4 2. Know how to manage
performance of individuals in the team 2.1 Identify ways to ensure fair and objective formal assessment The line manager and the employ need to
have, regardless of the process, an open and two–way communication which will result in understanding and agreement. The formal performance
assessment needs to cover what has been accomplished since the last assessment, any corrective action needed and the employees aspirations for their
future. Feedback should be purely

Participating in teamwork in preparation for a presentation emphasizes the need for informal roles and communication during collaboration.
Ewashen (2015) argues that groups with few members do not use explicit "formal groups roles" of leaders and followers, but instead have fluid
"informal group roles" based on the overall goal (p. 247). Therefore, my role was informal and switched between necessary "task functions" and
"maintain functions" (Ewashen, 2015, p. 247). My task function was to research additional theories to support for our analysis as an "information
seeker" (Ewashen, 2015, p. 247). In addition, I acted as a "compromiser" (Ewashen, 2015, p. 247) when there was disagreement about the necessary
depth of our systems level analysis. Consequently, collaborative practice can be challenging due to diverse perspectives present, but these differences
are invaluable during teamwork (Doane and Varcoe, 2014, p. 401). My informal role was successful as my flexibility supported the other diverse group
functions which ultimately meet the goal of developing an evidence–based presentation. However, I could have had more of a maintenance function as
a "standard setter" (Ewashen, 2015, p. 247). Our group frequently met late and got off track in our discussions due to individual differences in
expectations. I could have been better at enforcing punctuality and keeping everyone on topic by explicitly modeling these behaviors. Overall,
collaborating and learning with

Difference Between Formal And Informal Resources
MS K A ITHUTENG 201302925
BSW 200
THE INFORMAL AND FORMAL RESOURCES WHICH ARE AVAILABLE TO ME
INTRODUCTION
Informal resources are the services that are available in the society in a free and easily accessible manner. These services can be utilized by anyone who
is willing to use them with belief that they will benefit from them.These resources include family, friends, community members and the church.
Formal resources are those services which have to be paid for in order for people to utilize them. Payment may be done by the individuals themselves
or by the government. Examples include schools, health services and security services.
This essay seeks to discuss the informal and formal resources which are available to me.
INFORMAL RESOURCES
FAMILY
A family is a group a group of people related by blood, adoption or assimilation. Nobody can deny the fact that nothing as important as a family.
Family is a bond, a long lasting relationship between individuals. A close family bond is like a safe harbor where one feels secure and assured that
there is always someone who they can lean on when they need them the most. Families instill morals and beliefs from generation to...show more
content...
It also safeguards the life, freedom and property of the people. Crime is increasing on daily basis therefore the role of the protection has become more
important than before. Absence of security services would mean there would be chaos in the society .Thus, the security services though the personnel
who are the police officers and the soldiers maintain law and order and order. It provides the necessary check against the ambivalence of the human
nature. Another important role is the administration of justice. In other words one's safety and freedom depends upon the law and constitution but in
practice the laws and judicial decisions are enforced by the security

Informative Essay About Basketball
What It Takes
Intro
Ever wonder what it takes to be a college athlete? Sure, the games and events are fun to watch but what exactly goes into preparing for these events
and games? I will tell you exactly what it takes and what a college basketball player goes through because all the audience sees are the flashy views of
the sport. However, we will now take a look at the sport from the other side of the ball.
Background
The game of basketball was created by Dr. James Naismith in 1891. The original equipment of the game was a literal peach basket and a soccer ball.
By 1892 the first official game of basketball was played in a YMCA in New York. Then by 1895 basketball was a standard sport and began to be
played all around even within high schools and colleges. In 1906 rims and back boards were made and by 1949 basketball could be played
professionally. As the sport came along the skill level ofplayers increased and the game became flashier. Numerous professional legends were
showcases like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, and Charles Barkley. Now the game is super complex and skill driven.
Sure, the sport is exciting to watch, but there is a vast number of things that the player puts into the sport. A college basketball player puts countless
hours into the sport. With the combined time of treatment, practice, and lifting weights, that makes for a full load of work to go along with their school
work. The audience in which watching the game does not see the extra time and effort put

Mindfulness Practice Essay
1.The most important information/key concepts we need to understand from these chapters are: In this chapter, the most important concept for me is
what to do about hindrances. Needless to say, all of us will face some hindrances in our life, it could be very serious or unworthy of being mentioned.
The key point never is hindrances itself, we should look ahead. I think there is no hindrances that we cannot overcome. 2.How can I use the information
in the chapters to help me with my daily mindfulness practice? According to the textbook, the factors that can drive to ideal intention within the context
of relationships are wisdom, understanding, ethical conduct, and a mindful focus and purpose. In my daily mindfulness practice, I will go over

Essay on The Importance of Informal Education
The Importance of Informal Education
Informal education has for a long time been considered very controversial in the education world and looked upon as just for entertainment. Informal
education is commonly defined as learning that takes outside of formal school settings. Informal education can be things such as field trips to science
centers, aquariums, museums, zoos, or planetariums. All of the following places are considered to be "informal settings" because they are all outside the
classroom area. An educational curator at a small museum in Jackson Hole, Wyoming is as much an informal educator as a director of educational
programs for the Smithsonian Institution. Often informal educators are retired K–12 teachers that have...show more content...
Another reason understanding of science is so important is because the public believes that there is a large gap between itself and the understanding of
learning science. It is vital that science be taught in schools so students can understand the world around them. This is a very difficult task for even the
most experienced teachers alone, which is a reason informal education is needed.
Teachers can teach from a book, give paper handouts, and show videos of experiments happening, but for students to be able to see scientific
processes happening before their eyes lets them recall what they learned in class and can implement it into their everyday lives. For educational
programs in classrooms or parks alike the challenge "is to make science information relevant to the lives of the public and explain scientific findings in
ways that the public can use.
There are three major themes regarding informal education. The first is curiosity or intrinsically motivated learning. Intrinsically motivated learning is
the wanting to learn that comes from within a student, not from an outside source like a teacher.
Second is that it offers multiple modes of learning, and last is exploration during the learning process and existence of self–developed world views.
There are also two components to how people learn in informal settings. The first is the previously described prior knowledge. Having knowledge of a
subject before going

Overview of Testing and Assessment Essay
Overview of Testing and Assessment
Assessment is defined as "an exercise–such as a written test, portfolio, or experiment–that seeks to measure a student's skills or knowledge in a subject
area" (edweek.com). Mainly today, we rely on multiple–choice exams, or tests that are easy to grade in a very generalized manner. The focus is mainly
on math and reading, and requires remembering an assortment of different facts. Alternatives to these testing norms are often called alternative
assessment. Alternative assessment is defined as "any form of measuring what students know and are able to do other than traditional standardized tests.
Alternative forms of assessment include portfolios, performance–based assessments, and other means of...show more content...
Basing assessment on only a standardized level with a vapid curriculum is detrimental to students.
Positives of Assessment
Standardized testing and assessment has its place. School systems have become much more organized since national curriculums have been
established, so all students can be monitored much more efficiently. Noticeable improvements have been made with the changing curriculums. "The
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has assessed performance in mathematics in grades 4 and 8 in public and private schools since
1990 ... Average scale scores, which represent what students know and can do, for 4th– and 8th–graders were higher in 2003 than in all previous
assessments." Though still below average, improvements have also been witnessed and recorded in more urban and poverty–stricken areas, where
lower class schools are receiving more attention and materials to improve the quality of the education they are providing. Based again on information
found on the NAEP website, also known as the "Nation's Report Card," from the year 2002 to 2003, scores in reading assessment for grade 4 in these
urban areas has increased for the majority. Regular testing also helps to monitor the progress of entire schools and districts, and learn of strengths and
weaknesses on which to focus more attention. Based on an article in the Baltimore Sun, Eighty–six schools within Baltimore County were honored

The Challenges Of The Informal Sector
This pattern is common in developing countries, where "despite its growing importance, the informal sector tends to lack legal status and work takes
place under the usual precarious conditions that have traditionally been associated with this sector" (Beneria, 2001, p. 35). They worked to empower
the workers even through protection from police brutality and extortion. As Gandhi had that the struggle for a life of integrity required that oppressed
peoples assert a new self–definition and press for its general acceptance Sewa is works in tandem with this ideal itself. This can be witnessed through
the proposition that it rejected the more conventional terms "informal" and "unorganized" labour; its members called themselves "self–employed." The
acronym "SEWA" itself meaning "service" it began with a survey of its members ' situation: 97% lived in slums, 93% were illiterate, and, on
average, each had four living children. About one third were the principal wage earners in their families. They received very low wages and paid
very high interest to moneylenders. The very ideals of Sewa can be said to be in accordance with those of Gandhi. They had to face a lot of
resistance also from the government initially to work in this field. However, they worked together to create a better way of life for the people. It is also
vital to understand the composition of the organization to fathom their achievement and also their constraints. SEWA members operate on a
needs–based model, which

Informative Speech On Racism
Racism is like an epidemic in that it is spread by communities and affects thousands of lives every day. It is shown through speech and actions from
the age range of children to elders. When in effect, racism can become violent and flip lives upside down. Fast forward past all the civil rights
movements and efforts to halt racism, and today's society still has an abundance of racism. Eradicating racism all together has been the goal since the
beginning of time, but I believe to make people aware of actual damage it causes is the best way to advocate how wrong this discrimination is. One of
the most impactful program I have seen to spread awareness of racism is the television hit series titled "Switched at Birth". During the specific episode,
a select group of white students placed cotton balls throughout the lawn of the Black Student Union. Since these said students were white and rich, they
got away with it. This lack of punishment from authority for such a horrendous act created an uprising within the Union. Not only did they peacefully
protest, but one member went on a hunger strike to gain attention. The school refused to partake in the expulsion of the students and requests of
equality from the union, so the one member continued her hunger strike. Soon after this refusal of acknowledgment, the said member was sent to the
hospital as she had passed out and almost lost her life. Even after this event, the school wanted to ignore her actions and keep the students.

Criminal Behavior
First, Crime is an intentional violation of law, committed without legal defense or excuse. It is generally, but not always a conversion of a
communities values into laws. Criminal Behavior, also known as Deviance; can be formal or informal. Formal deviance includes criminal violations
of laws. Informal deviance is a violation of social norms. These can vary from culture to culture. Norms are social rules of behavior, and when
violated, sanctions are put into place as a form of punishment, with the severity of the sanction varying, depending on violation. For formal deviance
there are legal sanctions, such as fines and prison. For informal deviance, the sanctions include social stigmatization. A stigma is a mark of disgrace
placed on an individual by their community. Erving Goffman's social theory "Fundamentals of Stigma", includes his interpretation of stigma as means
of spoiling identity. (Deviance–Lumen Learning) Without society, there would be no stigma. Also, what society considers to be morally acceptable
behavior can change over time. Things that were legal in the past, may become illegal, and vice versa. For example: abortions were illegal before
the 1960's, and casino gambling in Arizona, was illegal before the 1980's. (Rio Salado, 2017) Criminal Behavior can vary across cultures, and can
change over time. Types ofCrime.
Second, I will describe the different types of crime. There are 6 major types of crime.
First is Violent Crime, which

Common App essay
Prompt: Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture,
community, or family.
There I am, trying to disregard the dehydration,hunger,and exhaustion that accumulated through 12 hours of stress while simultaneously getting
berated by my family in a country that is foreign to me. This may sound like the experience someone who is climbing Mount Everest might undergo,
but no this is my family's take on a vacation. My first glimpse into adulthood came when my family once again traveled to the small Island of Mallorca
this past summer. The significant change from childhood to adulthood in my family can characterized as the shifting of
responsibility

Informative Speech On Depression
Depression: Informative Speech Template Speaker:Quoneshia Barker Speech Topic: Depression Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about
Depression Central Idea: Depression is caused by many different things, has many symptoms and can also be treated in many ways. Introduction
I.Attention Getter: Have you ever been down in the dumps? Always feeling helpless or worthless? No matter what you do you just can't seem to be
happy. Well if you have ever felt that way this could be a sign of depression. II.Relate to Audience: A lot of college students suffers from depression
daily. The stress from being in an unfamiliar environment, working and going to school at the same time can be a very heavy load to deal with. On
...show more content...
Now that you know what depression is and what can cause depression I will tell you what the symptoms are of depression. II.Symptoms of
depression: There are many symptoms of depression. Depression symptoms can range from mild to serve. Here are some of the symptoms you could
possibly experience when dealing with depression: A.Feeling sad and alone B.Loss of interest in activities you once loved C.Change in appetite–
weight loss or gain unrelated to dieting D.Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much E.Loss of energy F.Increase in purposeless physical activity such
as pacing G.Feeling worthless or guilty H.And thoughts of death and suicide I have given you quite a few examples of symptoms of depression.
Now I'm going to tell you how to get your depression treated properly and also ways to prevent it. III.How to treat/prevent depression: Usually
depression can be treated in A.Depression is typically treated with the help of professional counseling. It can also be treated by prescribed medicine
from a psychiatrist. People that have depression can also be treated as an outpatient or in some cases they can hospitalized. B.Depression can be
prevented in many different ways. According to webmd.com it can be prevented by getting enough sleep, eating well, exercise regularly, getting
regular medical checkups, and see your provider if you don't feel right. C.Depression can also be treated with home remedies. According to
everydayroots.com a very common

Characteristics Of Informal Settlements

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