The document discusses database connectivity between a front-end interface and back-end database. It explains that the front-end is the user interface where data is entered, and the back-end is an invisible database that stores and provides data to the application. It then outlines the key components needed for connectivity - the JDBC API and driver to allow Java applications to interact with MySQL databases. The final sections describe classes used for connectivity like DriverManager, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet, and the typical steps to set up connectivity in a Java application.

1. Database Connectivity
Front-End
Every IT application provides some sort of form using which users enter the
data. This form is called the Front End Interface of the application.
Back-End Database
IT application usually stores a lot of data in the form of a database which is
not visible to the user. This database is used by the application to give
suitable responses to the user. This database is called Back-End Database.
Database Connectivity (Front-End + Back-End)
The two components are essential to establish a database connection that
allows the front end to communicate with the back end.
1. The JDBC ( Java Database Connectivity ) API – Allows us to access
MySQL database and execute MySQL statements (like Insert,
Update,Delete etc.) in java code.
2. The JDBC Driver for MySQL - Software component enabling a java
application to interact with a MySQL database.

2. API - An application programming interface (API) is an interface
implemented by a software program which enables it to interact with other
software. It facilitates interaction between different software programs
similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between users
and computers.
Adding [MySQL JDBC Driver] Library in NetBeans
To add the MySQL JDBC Driver Library follows the given steps.
Step 1: Right click on the Project name and select the Properties option.
Step 2: In the Properties dialog box,
1. Choose the Libraries option from the Categories pane.
2. Click on the Add Library button.
3. From the Add Library dialog box choose the MySQL JDBC Driver.
4. Click on Add Library Button
Step 1: Right click on the Project name and select the Properties option.

3. Step 2: In the Properties dialog box,
1. Choose the Libraries option from the Categories pane
2. Click on the Add Library button as shown in Figure

4. 3. From the Add Library dialog box choose the MySQL JDBC Driver
4. Click on Add Library Button

5. 5. The driver is now added to the compile time libraries
6. Now MySql JDBC Driver is inserted in our project
C:Program Files (x86)NetBeans 7.0idemodulesextmysql-
connector-java-5.1.13-bin.jar
CLASSESS USED FOR DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
Following classes are essential for setting up the connection with the
database and retrieve data from the database.

6. 1. DriverManager Class – This class defines objects which can connect
Java applications to a JDBC driver. DriverManager class manages the
JDBC drivers that are installed on the system.
2. Connection Class – Manages the communication between a java
application and a specific database (e.g. MySQL database).
3. Statement Class - To execute SQL statements, we need to instantiate
(create) a Statement object using the connection object. A Statement
object is used to send and execute SQL statements to a database.
4. ResultSet Class – Contains predefined methods to access, analyze, and
convert data values returned by an executed SQL select statement.
Steps for creating Database Connectivity Applications :
Step 1 : Import the Packages Required for Database Programming
This step consists of two sub-steps :
(i) Import the library packages
import java.sql.Connection ;
import java.sql.DriverManager ;
import java.sql.Statement ;
import java.sql.ResultSet ;
or
import java.sql.* ;
(ii) Add the MySQL JDBC connector.
Step 2 - Register the JDBC Driver – Register the jdbc driver with the
DriverManager to open a communication channel with the database from
within the Java application.
Class named Class offers a method called forName( ) registers the driver
with the DriverManager.
Syntax :
Class.forName ( “driver name”) ;
Example:

7. Class.forName ( “java.sql.Driver”) ;
Or
Class.forName ( “com.mysql.jdbc.Driver” );
Step 3 - Open a Connection – getConnection() method of DriverManager
class is used to establish a connection to a database.
It uses –
 Username.
 Password.
 JDBC URL to establish a connection to the database
and returns a connection object.
DriverManager.getConnection ( <DB_URL>, <userid>, <password> ) ;
DriverManager.getConnection ( “jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/cbse”, “root”,
“kvnmh” ) ;
The getConnection ( ) method returns a Connection object , thus we must
store its return value in a Connection object.
Connection con = (Connection)
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/cbse","root","kvnmh"
);
The Connection object allows us to establish a physical connection to the
database.
Step 4: Execute a Query – First create an object of type Statement for
building and submitting an SQL statement to the database using
createStatement method of Connection type object.
Statement stmt = con.createStatement ( );
Next we need to execute the SQL statement using excuteQuery( ) method.
The executeQuery method returns a resultset ( an object of ResultSet type)

8. that contains the resultant dataset of the executed query, thus we must
store the returned value of executeQuery( ) into a ResultSet object.
ResultSet rs =stmt.executeQuery ( “SELECT ID, FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME,
AGE FROM EMPLOYEE ; ”) ;
OR
String sql = “SELECT ID, FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, AGE FROM EMPLOYEE” ;
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery (sql) ;
Step 5 : Extract Data from Result Set – This step is required in case we
are fetching data from the database.
The ResultSet object provides several methods for obtaining column data
for a row.
int id = re.getInt(1) ; // retrieves the 1st
column (int type)
String firstname = rs.getString(2) ; /* retrieves the 2nd
column
(String type) */
OR
int id = rs.getInt(“id”) ; // column name (int type)
String fname = rs.getString (“firstname”) ; /* column name ( String
type) */
Step 6 : Clean up the Environment : Close all database resources using
close() method.
rs.close( ) ;
stmt.close( ) ;
con.colse( ) ;