This document outlines the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of a study on the status of science teaching in high schools of Province A, indicating that while teachers are generally qualified, many are not adequately prepared to teach science and facilities are inadequate. The study followed a descriptive method and utilized a survey to gather data from teachers and students during the 1989-90 school year. Recommendations focus on addressing the identified problems, such as acquiring more facilities, and highlight the need for practical and feasible solutions.

1. Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations

2. Chapter 5
A. Summary of Findings
B. Conclusion
C. Some Dangers to Avoid in Drawing up
Conclusions Based on Quantitative Data
D. Recommendation
E. Evaluation of a Thesis or Dissertation

4. There should be a brief statement about:
• the main purpose of the study
• the population or respondents
• the period of the study
• method of research used
• the research instrument
• the sampling design
1

5. Teaching science in the
high schools of Province A
Example:

6. This was conducted for the purpose of
determining the status of teaching science in
the high schools of Province A. The descriptive
method is used of research was utilized and
the nominative survey technique was used for
gathering data. The questionnaire served as
the instrument for collecting data. All the
teachers handling science and a 20 percent
representative sample of the students were the
respondents. The inquiry was conducted
during the school year 1989-’90.

7. There should be no explanation made.

8. 2
The findings may be lumped up all
together but clarity demands that
each specific question under the
statement of the problem must be
written first to be followed by the
findings.

9. How qualified are the teachers handling science
in the high schools of Province A?
Of the 59 teachers, 31 or 53.54 percent were
BSE graduates and three or 5.08 percent were
MA degree holders. The rest, 25 or 42.37
percent, were non-BSE baccalaureate degree
holders with at least 18 education units. Less
than half of all the teachers, only 27 or 45.76
percent were science majors and the majority,
32 or 54.24 percent were non-science majors.

10. The findings should be textual
generalization, that is a summary of
the important data consisting of
text and numbers.
3

11. Only the important findings, the
highlights of the data, should be
included in the summary.
4

12. 5
Findings are not explained nor
elaborated upon anymore.

13. 6
No new data should be introduced
in the summary of findings.

15. 1
Conclusions
Inferences, deductions, abstractions,
implications, interpretations, general
statements, and/or generalizations
based upon the findings.
They should not contain any numerals

16. Findings:
Of the 59 teachers, 31 or 53.54 percent were
BSE graduates and three or 5.08 percent were
MA degree holders. The rest, 25 or 42.37
percent, were non-BSE baccalaureate degree
holders with at least 18 education units. Less
than half of all the teachers,
only 27 or 45.76 percent were science majors
and the majority, 32 or 54.24 percent were
non-science majors.

17. Conclusion
All the teachers were qualified to teach
in the high school but the majority of
them were not qualified to teach
science.

18. 2
Conclusions should appropriately
answer the specific questions raised
at the beginning of the investigation
in order they are given under the
statement of the problem.

19. Q: “How adequate are the facilities for
teaching science?”
A: “The facilities for the teaching of
science are inadequate”.
Example:

20. 3
Conclusions should point out
what were factually learned
from the inquiry.
No conclusion should be drawn from
the implied or indirect effects of the
findings.

21. Teachers were not qualified to teach science
and the science facilities were inadequate.
Teaching in the high schools of Province A
was weak.

22. The conclusion should be based
upon the responses to the question.

23. 4
Conclusions should be
formulated concisely, that is,
brief and short.

24. 5
Without any strong evidence to
the contrary, conclusions should
be stated categorically.

25. 6
Conclusions should refer only
to the population, area, or
subject of the study.

26. Conclusions should not be
repetitions of any statements
anywhere in the thesis.
7

27. Some Dangers
to Avoid in Drawing
up Conclusions Based
on Quantitative Data

28. Bias
1

29. A respondent to a questionnaire
may commit bias to protect his own
interest.

30. 2
Incorrect
Generalization

31. High income group is over represented
and low income group is under
represented.
An incorrect generalization is made when
there is a limited body of information or
when the sample is not representative of
the population.

32. 3
Incorrect
Deduction

33. Science facilities are inadequate
Any particular tool is inadequate

34. School C: 20 microscope
School D: 8 microscope

35. 4
Incorrect
Comparison

36. School C: 1,500 students
School D: 500 students
Ratio:
School C: 75 students is to one microscope
School D : 63 students to one microscope
School C: 20 microscope
School D: 8 microscope

37. A basic error in statistical work is to
compare two things that are not really
comparable.

38. 5
Abuse of
correlation data

39. When the government increases the
price of gasoline
the prices of commodities also starts
to rise

40. 6
Limited information
furnished by any one
ratio.

41. 20% loss of employee
Death Retirement Poor Salary

42. Avoid as much as possible making
conclusions not sufficiently and
adequately supported by facts.

43. 7
Misleading impression
concerning magnitude
of variables

44. College A:
75% of its graduates passed the CPA exam
College B:
100% of its graduates who took the same
exam passed.
College A: 4 graduates
College B: 1 graduate

46. Recommendations
Guidelines in writing recommendations

47. Recommendations should aim to
solve or help solve problems
discovered in the investigation.
1
Problem Recommendation
Inadequate facilities = Acquire more facility

48. 2
No recommendations should be
made for a problem, or any thing for
that matter, that has not been
discovered or discussed in the study.

49. 3
There may also be
recommendations for the
continuance of a good practice or
system, or even recommendation
for its improvement.

50. Recommendations should aim
for the ideal but they must be
feasible, practical, and
attainable. It is useless to
recommend the impossible.
4

51. Recommendations should be logical
and valid. If the problem is the lack
of facilities, it is only logical to
recommend the acquisition of the
lacking facilities.
5
Problem Recommendation
Inadequate facilities = Acquire more facility

52. Recommendations should be
addressed to the persons,
entities, agencies, or offices who
or which are in a position to
implement them.
6
Inadequate facilities = ex. School Principal

53. There should be a
recommendation for further
research on the same topic in
other places to verify, amplify, or
negate the findings of the study.
7

54. Evaluation of a Thesis
or Dissertation

55. I. The Subject and the
Problems
II.The Design of the Study
III.The Data (Findings)
IV.Conclusions
(Generalizations)
V. Recommendations