The document discusses the implementation of the School-Based Management (SBM) framework in the Philippines, emphasizing its role in decentralizing decision-making in education to improve learning outcomes. It highlights the current status of schools in Canlaon, noting that many have not yet achieved the desired SBM levels of practice, and proposes interventions such as Project I Excels to empower schools. Additionally, the document addresses research on enhancing student learning in fine arts through Prezi technology versus traditional instruction methods.

1. Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region VII, CENTRAL VISAYAS
St. Joseph College of Canlaon, Inc
RESEARCH
2022
“Life doesn’t
make any sense
without
interdependence
. We need each
other, the
sooner we learn
that, the better
for us all”.
– Erik Erikson
Introduction to

2. CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Highlights the status: current “hot” area or older area
but remains viable
Provides the readers with the brief but appropriate
background
It ascertain a framework for the research so that the
readers can understand how it is related to other
researches or studies.
It should have the ideal (standard/legal bases),
current situation, direction, Intervention

3. CHAPTER 1
Introduction
It should ignite interest among
the readers, lay the extensive
foundation for the problem that
leads to the study, place the study
within the larger context of the
scholarly literature, and reach to
a specific reader. A lot depends
on your creativity, your ability to
think clearly and the depth o your
understanding of problem areas.

4. A. Ideal
Central to the premise of DepEd Order No. 83 s. 2012
or the Implementing Guidelines on the Revised
School-based Management (SBM) Framework,
Assessment Process and Tool (APAT), School-Based
Management (SBM) is a DepEd thrust that
decentralizes the decision. It is a strategy to improve
education by transferring significant decision-making
authority from state and district offices to individual
schools. SBM provides principals, teachers, students,
and parents greater control over the education
process by giving them responsibility for decisions
about the budget, personnel, and the curriculum.

5. B. Current Situation
Schools Division of Canlaon remained compliant to the
SBM standards as it unceasingly provides its thirty-nine (39)
schools the avenue for empowerment enabling them to inform
wise management-related decisions and appropriately respond
to learning needs and issues in their respective communities. In
spite of all efforts, 37 or 87.18% of schools remained to be on
the lowest level in their SBM Level of Practice as surfaced from
the latest SBM validation conducted in 2019. Additionally, 3 or
7.69% were assessed to be on Level 2 while only 2 (5.13%) of
the 39 schools have met the documentary requirements for
Level 3. This strongly suggest the need for a system of M&E to
constantly communicate the current and the future
management outputs, outcomes and impact concerning the
operations and governance of schools.

6. C. Direction
It is always the strongest desire of the researcher of making
schools a place grounded on mechanism that ensures quality in the
critical systems, processes, outputs, and outcomes at various
management aspects to bring about improved learning outcomes,
continuous improvement and better technical and management
services. It should be supported by the interlocking processes of SBM
standards, monitoring and evaluation policies that systematically
provide educators timely information useful for planning and for
making decisions and adjustments. This can only be achieved through
authentic SBM Level of Practice by meeting the standards set forth
the Technical Assistance Needs Assessment (TA-NA) SBM Level of
Practice Validation Tool. Along this, the School Management,
Monitoring and Evaluation Section of the School Governance and
Operations Division aspire to increase the number of schools meeting
Level II in their SBM Level of Practice.

7. D. Intervention.
It is with the above consideration that Project I
ExcELS (Institutional Excellence from Exemplary
Leadership in Schools) was conceptualized. This
project will provide schools the enabling opportunities
for them to break the glass ceiling which impedes
them from reaching their educational targets. This
will inspire everyone in the academic community to
collectively say, I EXCEL in School.

8. Sleep Duration and
Academic
Performance
among College
Students

9. IMPORTANT POINTS:
1.Compose of three paragraphs.
a. extensive foundation of the study
b. situationaire
c. general statement of the problem
d. rationale or the justification for the study
2. All paragraphs are not indented EXCEPT for the
first.
3. Generally provide answer to the following
questions:
What are you doing; Why are you doing it?

10. Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to enhance students’
learning in Fine Arts through Prezi technology
in St. Scholastica’s Academy-Bacolod. The
researcher looked into the specific impact of
Prezi technology on students learning
compared with the PowerPoint/ traditional
instruction delivery system during the
Academic Year 2013-2014 as basis for
proposed learning material.

11. CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Problem (General Objective)
 It should provide a specific and
accurate synopsis of the overall
purpose of the study.
It should be stated in terms of
intelligible to someone who is generally
sophisticated but who is relatively
uninformed in the area of investigation.

12. CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Problem (General Objective)
The topic is simply framed as a
“statement of the problem”. It
describes the context for the
study and it also identifies the
general analysis approach. It
briefly define and delimit the
specific area of the research.

13. Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to enhance students’
learning in Fine Arts through Prezi technology
in St. Scholastica’s Academy-Bacolod. The
researcher looked into the specific impact of
Prezi technology on students learning
compared with the PowerPoint/ traditional
instruction delivery system during the
Academic Year 2013-2014 as basis for
proposed learning material.

14. Specifically, the study provided answers to the
following:
1.what is the pre-test performance in Fine Arts
of students of both
control(PowerPoint/traditional delivery system)
and experimental (Prezi technology) groups?
2. what is the post-test performance of students
of both control(PowerPoint/traditional delivery
system) and experimental (Prezi technology)
groups.

15. CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Problem (Specific Objectives)
It must be stated vividly and explicitly
expressed in question/statement form.
It should possess the characteristic of
SMART (Specific, Measurable,
Achievable, Realistic and Time –
bounded)

16. Framing the specific objectives
is not always easy. One has to
be certain whether this
specifies the questions needed
to be asked and answered. It
generally shapes the research.
CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Problem (Specific Objectives)

17. 1. is there a significant difference in the
pre-test performance of both groups?
2. is there a significant difference in the
pre-test and post-test performances of
each group?
3. Is there a significant difference in the
post-test performance of both groups?

18. CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Hypotheses
 It is a formal tentative statement of the
expected relationship between two or
more variables under study.
 It helps to translate the research problem
and objective into a clear explanation or
prediction of the expected results or
outcomes of the study.

19. These are referred to as “scientific guess”
These are specific objectives that will be
tested as the main aim of the study.
It must be concrete and clear.
It must be stated in terms of observable
behavior, which will permit evaluation of
results.
CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Hypotheses

20.  Is your hypothesis based on your research on a
topic?
 Can your hypothesis be tested?
 Does your hypothesis include
independent variables?
 It must be measurable
 Relevant to your question/problem
CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Hypotheses

21. •"Students who eat breakfast
will perform better on a
math exam than students
who do not eat breakfast."
CHAPTER 1
Examples of Hypotheses

22. "Students who experience test
anxiety prior to an English
exam will get higher scores
than students who do not
experience test anxiety."
CHAPTER 1
Examples of Hypotheses

23. "Motorists who talk on the
phone while driving will be
more likely to make errors
on a driving course than
those who do not talk on the
phone."
CHAPTER 1
Examples of Hypotheses

24. Null Hypothesis
This is a hypothesis that proposes
no relationship or difference
between two variables, symbolized
by H0. This is the conventional
approach to making a prediction.
CHAPTER 1
Types of Hypotheses

25. It involves a statement that says
there is no relationship between
two groups
that the researcher compares on
a certain variable.
CHAPTER 1
Types of Hypotheses

26. There is no difference in the
academic performance of high
school students who
participate in extracurricular
activities and those who do not
participate in such activities’ is a
null hypothesis.
CHAPTER 1
Types of Hypotheses

27. Alternate Hypothesis
This hypothesis proposes a
relationship between two or
more variables, symbolized as
H1.
CHAPTER 1
Types of Hypotheses

29. Research question Hypothesis Null hypothesis
What are the health benefits of eating Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result Increasing apple consumption in over-
an apple a day? in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits. 60s will have no effect on frequency
of doctor’s visits.
Which airlines have the most delays? Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than Low-cost and premium airlines are
premium airlines. equally likely to have delays.
Can flexible work
arrangements improve job
satisfaction?
Employees who have flexible working hours will
report greater job satisfaction than employees who
work fixed hours.
There is no relationship
between working hour flexibility
and job satisfaction.
How effective is high school sex Teenagers who received sex education lessons High school sex education has no
education at reducing teen throughout high school will have lower rates of effect on teen pregnancy rates.
pregnancies? unplanned pregnancy than teenagers who did not
receive any sex education.
What effect does daily use of
social media have on the attention
span of under-16s?
There is a negative correlation between time
spent on social media and attention span in
under-16s.
There is no relationship between
social media use and attention span in
under- 16s.

30. 1. is there a significant difference in the
pre-test performance of both groups?
2. is there a significant difference in the
pre-test and post-test performances of
each group?
3. Is there a significant difference in the
post-test performance of both groups?

31. CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Hypotheses
In view of the aforementioned problems, the following are
the hypotheses:
1.There is no significant difference in the pre-test
Performance of both groups.
2. There is no significant difference in the pre-test and
post-test performance of each groups.
3. There is no significant difference in the post-test
Performance of groups.

32. CHAPTER 1
Framework of the Study
States the anchor point of the study.
It can be either conceptual or theoretical
in nature or combination of both.
It is presents the independent and
dependent variables of the study under
focus.

33. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Spiral progression is one of the facets of the K to 12 Curriculum. Students are encouraged to
continuously reflect on their experiences to make meaning. Students find their ideas gaining in
complexity and power, and they develop increasingly strong abilities to integrate new information.
Generally, this way of teaching and learning is central to the premise of Constructivists’ theory.
The present study is anchored on Constructivism as a learning theory which explains how
people might acquire knowledge and learn. It therefore has direct application to education. The
theory suggests that humans construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences.
Constructivism is not a specific pedagogy. Piaget's theory of Constructivist learning has wide ranging
impact on learning theories and teaching methods in education and is an underlying theme of many
education reform movements. Research support for constructivist teaching techniques has been
mixed, with some research supporting these techniques and other research contradicting those
results (www.sydney.edu.au/education_social_work/learning_teaching/ict/theory/
constructivism.shtml)

34. Contrary to criticisms by some (conservative) educators, constructivism does not dismiss the
active role of the teacher or the value of expert knowledge. Constructivism modifies that role, so that
teachers help students to construct knowledge rather than to reproduce a series of facts. The constructivist
teacher provides tools such as problem-solving and inquiry-based learning activities with which students
formulate and test their ideas, draw conclusions and inferences, and pool and convey their knowledge in a
collaborative learning environment. Constructivism transforms the student from a passive recipient of
information to an active participant in the learning process. Always guided by the teacher, students
construct their knowledge actively rather than just mechanically ingesting knowledge from the teacher or
the textbook.
Constructivism is also often misconstrued as a learning theory that compels students to "reinvent
the wheel." In fact, constructivism taps into and triggers the student's innate curiosity about the world and
how things work. Students do not reinvent the wheel but, rather, attempt to understand how it turns, how
it functions. They become engaged by applying their existing knowledge and real-world experience,
learning to hypothesize, testing their theories, and ultimately drawing conclusions from their findings.
This is the key reason why the 21st
Century educators are encouraged to incorporate information design
technology such as Prezi technology into the lesson presentation. Using it in an educational context will
allow educators to create and map ideas, images, videos, then show overview, zoom details, amaze and
convince.
The schematic diagram on the next page illustrates the focus of this investigation.

35. Both the theoretical and conceptual
framework of the study gives vivid
explanations regarding the relationship of
the variables. The conceptual framework
of the investigation presents the
researcher’s own way of understanding
and concepts based upon the previous
readings and experiences relative to the
field or focus of the investigation.

36. The theoretical framework uses
abstract concepts, facts or laws,
variables and relations that
explain and predict how observed
phenomena exist and operate in
the investigation

37. CHAPTER 1
Definition of Terms
List in alphabetical order and define
the major terms used in the study.
Emphasis should be placed on
operational or behavioral definitions.

38. CHAPTER 1
Definition of Terms
Terms are define conceptually and
operationally. In conceptual, the
meaning of the term is usually taken
from the dictionary. Operational
definition is based on an observed
characteristics and how it is used in
the study.

39. Definition of Terms
In order to provide an adequate channel of
communication between the researcher and the
readers, the following terms, arranged
alphabetically, are defined conceptually and
operationally:

40. Control Group. This group is somewhat identical
to the other group that is being featured with the
exception that it does not receive the treatment or
the experimental manipulation(
www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/Experimental%20Design
/controltreatmentgr.htm
).
As used in this study, this is a group of Fine
Arts students where discussion of topics was
done using PowerPoint presentation with lecture
discussion.

41. Terms are italicized for emphasis
and is followed by a period (.).
Conceptual definition comes
after the word and is supported
by a concrete source or
reference.
Operational definition appeared
in the next paragraph.

42. ExperimentalGroup.A group of subject
s who are exposed to the variable under
study(
www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/
experimental+group
).
As used in this study, this is a
group of Fine Arts students where
discussion of topics was done using
Prezi technology.

43. CHAPTER 1
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope. It addresses how a study will be narrowed,
and how it is bounded. This is a place to explain the
things that you are not doing and the reason behind.
This limit the discussion to things that a reader might
reasonably expect from the study. It usually includes
the general problem to be investigated including the
time frame or work.
Limitation. It identifies the potential weaknesses of
the study.

44. CHAPTER 1
Scope and Limitation of the Study
How have you narrowed the scope of
the study? Did you focus only on
selected aspects of the problem,
certain areas of interest, a limited
range of subjects, or particular level of
ability? What are the limitations
surrounding your study within which
conclusions must be confined.

45. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study was quasi-experimental in
nature and focused among the 34 Fine
Arts students of St. Scholastica’s
Academy – Bacolod High School
Department during School Year 2013-
2014. The result was based on the data
gathered from the respondents’
performance in Fine Arts using
Powerpoint with lecture discussion and
prezi technology.

46. CHAPTER 1
Significance of the Study
This indicates how a research will refine, revise or
extend existing knowledge in the area under
investigation.
This establishes the implications on how the
results of the study may affect scholarly research,
theory, practice, educational interventions,
curricula, counseling and policy.

47. CHAPTER 1
Significance of the Study
The researcher must convince the
reader that the study has significant
contributions in relations to solving
educational problem, bridging a
knowledge gap, improving social,
economic and health conditions,
enriching research instrument and
methods and government thrusts.

48. Significance of the Study
The result of this study could benefit the following:
Educational Media Center.The output of this study can
be included as part of the visual and audio materials
usually provided for teachers to use in their instructional
program.
Other researchers. This may benefit them to pursue
related studies that will identify factors that can
contribute to a more effective and efficient implementation on
the use of Prezi technology as a teaching strategy.

49. The researcher must see to it that
the following are considered on
presenting the significance of the
study:
1.What impact will this have in the
future?
2.How will the results of the study
be implemented, and what
innovations will come about?

50. 3. Will results influence
educational policy
decisions?
4. What will be
improved or changed as
a result of the proposed
research?

51. Your notes here
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