Media Influences on American Culture The development of Sound Recording U.S. popular music and the Formation of Rock A Changing industry: Reformations in Popular Music The Business of Sound Recording Sound Recordings, Free Expression, and Democracy

1. Chapter Review Suzy Sharon Anthony Jesse

2. The wax cylinder performers had to play or sing into the speaker for each separate recording. Berliner’s technique featured a master recording from which copies could be easily duplicated in mass quantities. Berliner’s records could be stamped with labels, allowing the music to be differentiated by title, performer, and songwriter. Other examples include: CD’s, MP3’s, iPods, and iTunes. Sound recordings became the primary content of radio, and radio promoted sound recordings. Rock and Roll influenced the media industries by introducing a new genre of music that became extremely popular. From an economic perspective, no single musical form prior to rock and roll had ever simultaneously transformed the structure of two mass media industries: sound recording and radio. As with the term Jazz, Rock and Roll was a blues slang term for “sex,” which caused instant controversy. When rock and roll first started, the artists used their “moves” to sell records. Most people back then were very conservative and did not like this of rock and roll.

3. What moral and cultural boundaries were blurred by rock and roll in the 1950s?The growth of youth cultural and the beginnings of racial integration are morals, and rock and roll exploded old distinctions between high and low cultural, masculinity and femininity, the country and the city, the North and the South, and the sacred and the secular. Why did cover music figure so prominently in the development of rock and roll and the record industry in the 1950s?Cover music figure so prominently in the development of rock and roll and the record industry in the 1950s because black R&B artists, working for small record labels, saw many of their popular songs covered by white working for major labels, which boosted by better marketing and ties to white deejays. Explain the British invasion. What was its impact on the recording industry? The British invasion, “rock and roll” unofficially became “rock’ sending popular music and the industry in two directions. On one hand, influence generations of musicians emphasizing gritty, chord-driven, high volume rock, including bands in the glam rock, hard rock, and punk, heavy metal, and grunge genres. On the other hand, others influence countless artists interested in a more accessible, melodic, and softer sound, in genres such as pop-rock, power-pop, new wave, alternative rock. The British invasion showed the recording industry how older American musical forms, especially blues and R&B, could be repackaged as rock and exported around the world

4. How did soul music manage to survive the British invasionin the 1960s?As the 1960s began, rock and roll was tamer and “safer,” as reflected in the surf and road musicof the Beach Boys and Jan & Dean, but it was also beginning to branch out. For instance, thesuccess of producer Phil Spector’s “girl groups,” such as the Crystals (“He’s a Rebel”) and theRonettes (“Be My Baby”), and other all-female groups, such as the Shangri-Las (“Leader of thePack”) and the Angels (“My Boyfriend’s Back”), challenged the male-dominated world of earlyrock and roll. In addition, rock and roll music and other popular styles went through culturalreformations that significantly changed the industry, including the international appeal of the“British invasion”; the development of soul and Motown; the political impact of folk-rock; theexperimentalism of psychedelic music; the rejection of music’s mainstream by punk, grunge,and alternative rock movements; and the reassertion of black urban style in hip-hop.What were the major influences of folk music on therecording industry?Popular music has always been a product of its time, so the social upheavals of the Civil Rightsmovement, the women’s movement, the environmental movement, and the Vietnam Warnaturally brought social concerns into the music of the 1960s and early 1970sWhy did hip-hop and punk rock emerge as significantmusical forms in the late 1970s and 1980s? What dotheir developments have in common, and how are theydifferent?To get you started... punk rock and hip hop are both styles that are all their own. They want to be different than the mainstream (even though hip hop is the mainstream). A lot of different feelings are put into both of these genres. [For example, there's a song by Bad Religion (punk rock) about pulling us out of Iraq. There's a song by The Clash about suburbia, describing middle class America perfectly. It can get awful political. On that same note, Eminem has his songs; Mosh and Square Dance that are political. He also has his song Just Lose it expressing his feelings towards Michael Jackson. But they are both very different types of music at the same time.

5. Song, BMG, music entertainment, Universal Music Group, EMI, and Warner Music Group The major labels frequently rely on indies to discover and initiate distinctive musical trends that first appear on a local level Counterfeiting, bootlegging, and online piracy Where the money goes on a CD $16.98 CD $5-5.50 Recording label $3-4 Wholesale distributors and retail store profit 50 cents - $2 Artist royalty $1-2 Promotion and advertisement, design and packaging, recording and studio costs, shipping, musicians’ promotions fees, and trust fund. $0.99 iTunes download generates about $0.33 for iTunes and a standard $0.09 mechanical royalty for the song publisher and writer, leaving about $0.57 for the record company.