The major calyx is superior to the minor calyx. An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that makes it electrically conductive. Fecal incontinence is the involuntary loss of bowel control, which can cause feelings of shame and humiliation in those affected. Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by urine blockage, leading to kidney atrophy. The loop of Henle in each kidney leads from the proximal straight tubule to the distal convoluted tubule, with a hairpin turn that creates a high sodium concentration area using countercurrent multiplication.

1. CHAPTER 9 I BY: FRANK LEMOND BIOLOGY 120 7/10/10

2. 1= MAJOR CALYX The major calyx = superior to the minor calyx. It = interesting to note that our text only refers to the calyx, although Wikipedia refers to a major + minor calyx.

3. II. ELECTROLYTE In chemistry, an electrolyte = any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive (i.e., electrons can flow). The most typical electrolyte = an ionic solution (i.e., salt water) but molten (melted) electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible.

4. III. FECAL INCONTINENCE Fecal incontinence = no joke. It = the loss of regular control of the bowels. Involuntary excretion + leaking are common occurrences for those affected. Subjects relating to defecation are often socially unacceptable, thus those affected may be beset by feelings of shame & humiliation. Some do not seek the help of physicians + attempt to self-manage their problem. On a personal note, I attended to an individual who suffered from fecal incontinence. It was interesting that, although this man was incontinent + in his 90s, his mind was very sharp.

5. IV. HYDRONEPHROSIS Hydronephrosis = the enlargement + expansion of the renal pelvis + calyces, usually caused by blockage of the free flow of urine from the kidney, leading to progressive atrophy of the kidney. In case of hydroureteronephrosis, there = enlargement of both the ureter + the renal pelvis + calices.

6. V. LOOP OF HENLE In each kidny, the loop of Henle (AKA Henle’s loop or ansanephroni) = the part of the nephron that leads from the proximal straight tubule to the distal (distant) convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin turn in the renal medulla, so it’s akin to a rollercoaster @ Disneyland. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it makes an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct.