The document discusses the history and development of labor unions in the United States. It describes how early unions were comprised mainly of skilled workers and organized after the Civil War. It also outlines key events like the Great Depression encouraging further unionization and post-World War II laws limiting unions. The document also examines topics such as collective bargaining processes, different types of union agreements, wage determination theories, and modern issues regarding declining union influence, gender pay gaps, and minimum wage debates.
Brief summary of Labor conditions leading to the need for unions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Also the beginning of pro-labor legislation.
Brief summary of Labor conditions leading to the need for unions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Also the beginning of pro-labor legislation.
These slides are from our January 2014 revision workshops for unit 3 microeconomics. They focus on some of the arguments surrounding the possible introduction of a £7 per hour national minimum wage in the UK
Governments of nations fix minimum wage with the aim of protecting the vulnerables of societies but is surprising that in many cases, it doesn't due to other factors.
1.) Labor unions have existed in the United States since the birth o.docxcarlstromcurtis
1.) Labor unions have existed in the United States since the birth of the country, tracing their origins back to the 18th-century Industrial Revolution in Europe. Labor unions have the goal of both obtaining pay and working conditions that satisfy their members within. They also want to give their members a voice in decisions that are directly affecting them. Traditionally, they obtain these goals by gaining power in numbers. The more workers who belong to a union, the greater the union’s power. More members translates into greater ability to halt or disrupt production. Specific statistics show the advantages workers in unions have over non unionized workers. Workers with strong unions have been able to set industry standards for wages and benefits that help all workers, both union and non unionized. I am of the opinion that when employees are in a better work environment/condition and get paid a good salary, perform better at their job. The disadvantage would be that the dissatisfaction can lead to high turnover and unemployment.
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored both the importance of unions in giving workers a collective voice in the workplace and the urgent need to reform U.S. Even though it may seem as if it is difficult or a hassle it becomes worth it at the end. Me personally, I am not in a union, but if given the opportunity to do so at my job I definitely would take advantage and jump on it!
2.) The dynamic for workers shifted greatly over the course of the late 19th and early 20th century. In the early 1900's workers had very few rights. Child labor was common, and worker safety was not a concern for employers. However, after Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906 and the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in 1911, the tide began to turn in favor of workers. Labor unions play an instrumental role in these changes. They helped to sway public opinion by exposing the exploitation of workers. They also helped to bring together large groups of people who were powerless and poor. As individuals, these people did not have the influence or resources to fight against wealthy employers.
I have never joined a union. I work in construction management and its not an option for me. My father was a union member, and the benefits were immeasurable. We had access to top medical and dental benefits at reasonable prices. He was compensated for time worked and given enough paid vacation to rest and have family time. For having a blue collar job, my dad was able to provide a middle class life for our family. The down side of unions is people abuse the protections and don't put in their best effort at work. They use the union as a cover for their antics and companies are stuck with an underperforming worker. It takes only a few bad workers to soil the image of an entire union. I feel if they are using their influence correctly, unions are a valuable and positive institution, but workers should never be forced to join.
3.) To .
Table illustrates the demand and supply schedules for television s.docxmattinsonjanel
Table illustrates the demand and supply schedules for television sets in Venezuela, a “small” nation that is unable to affect world prices. On graph paper, sketch Venezuela’s demand and supply schedules of television sets.
a. Suppose Venezuela imports TV sets at a price of $150 each. Under free trade, how many sets does Venezuela produce, consume, and import? Determine Venezuela’s consumer surplus and producer surplus.
b. Assume that Venezuela imposes a quota that limits imports to 300 TV sets. Determine the quota-induced price increase and the resulting decrease in consumer surplus. Calculate the quota’s redistributive, consumption, protective, and revenue effects. Assuming that Venezuelan import companies organize as buyers and bargain favorably with competitive foreign exporters, what is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota? Suppose that foreign exporters organize as a monopoly seller. What is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota?
c. Suppose that, instead of a quota, Venezuela grants its import-competing producers a subsidy of $100 per TV set. In your diagram, draw the subsidy-adjusted supply schedule for Venezuelan producers. Does the subsidy result in a rise in the price of TV sets above the free-trade level? Determine Venezuela’s production, consumption, and imports of TV sets under the subsidy. What is the total cost of the subsidy to the Venezuelan government? Of this amount, how much is transferred to Venezuelan producers in the form of a producer surplus, and how much is absorbed by higher production costs due to inefficient domestic production? Determine the overall welfare loss to Venezuela under the subsidy.
.:.
SOLUTION:
a.
Qs = 100, Qd = 800
Imports = 700.
Consumer surplus = $160,000
Producer surplus = $2500.
b.
Price rises by $100 and consumer surplus falls by $70,000.
Redistribution effect = $20,000
Consumption effect = $10,000
Protective effect = $10,000
Revenue effect = $30,000.
Overall welfare loss = $50,000.
c.
Price remains at the free trade level.
Qs = 300,
Qd = 800,
Imports = 500.
Total cost of subsidy = $30,000 of which $20,000 is absorbed by producer surplus and $10,000 is absorbed by higher domestic production costs.
Overall welfare loss = $10,000.
191
Chapter Seven
Union Avoidance:
Rationale, Strategies,
and Practices
Chapter 6 examined union organizing campaigns. The chapter covered the
flow of events associated with a campaign, union strategies and tactics,
management responses, the roles of the National Labor Relations Board
(NLRB) and the National Mediation Board (NMB), and the factors influ-
encing election outcomes. At several points, the chapter emphasized that,
except in isolated instances, most employers strongly resist organizing
drives.
In this chapter we explore in greater depth the reasons for employers’
resistance, strategies that a growing number of employers are using to
create and maintai ...
These slides are from our January 2014 revision workshops for unit 3 microeconomics. They focus on some of the arguments surrounding the possible introduction of a £7 per hour national minimum wage in the UK
Governments of nations fix minimum wage with the aim of protecting the vulnerables of societies but is surprising that in many cases, it doesn't due to other factors.
1.) Labor unions have existed in the United States since the birth o.docxcarlstromcurtis
1.) Labor unions have existed in the United States since the birth of the country, tracing their origins back to the 18th-century Industrial Revolution in Europe. Labor unions have the goal of both obtaining pay and working conditions that satisfy their members within. They also want to give their members a voice in decisions that are directly affecting them. Traditionally, they obtain these goals by gaining power in numbers. The more workers who belong to a union, the greater the union’s power. More members translates into greater ability to halt or disrupt production. Specific statistics show the advantages workers in unions have over non unionized workers. Workers with strong unions have been able to set industry standards for wages and benefits that help all workers, both union and non unionized. I am of the opinion that when employees are in a better work environment/condition and get paid a good salary, perform better at their job. The disadvantage would be that the dissatisfaction can lead to high turnover and unemployment.
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored both the importance of unions in giving workers a collective voice in the workplace and the urgent need to reform U.S. Even though it may seem as if it is difficult or a hassle it becomes worth it at the end. Me personally, I am not in a union, but if given the opportunity to do so at my job I definitely would take advantage and jump on it!
2.) The dynamic for workers shifted greatly over the course of the late 19th and early 20th century. In the early 1900's workers had very few rights. Child labor was common, and worker safety was not a concern for employers. However, after Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906 and the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in 1911, the tide began to turn in favor of workers. Labor unions play an instrumental role in these changes. They helped to sway public opinion by exposing the exploitation of workers. They also helped to bring together large groups of people who were powerless and poor. As individuals, these people did not have the influence or resources to fight against wealthy employers.
I have never joined a union. I work in construction management and its not an option for me. My father was a union member, and the benefits were immeasurable. We had access to top medical and dental benefits at reasonable prices. He was compensated for time worked and given enough paid vacation to rest and have family time. For having a blue collar job, my dad was able to provide a middle class life for our family. The down side of unions is people abuse the protections and don't put in their best effort at work. They use the union as a cover for their antics and companies are stuck with an underperforming worker. It takes only a few bad workers to soil the image of an entire union. I feel if they are using their influence correctly, unions are a valuable and positive institution, but workers should never be forced to join.
3.) To .
Table illustrates the demand and supply schedules for television s.docxmattinsonjanel
Table illustrates the demand and supply schedules for television sets in Venezuela, a “small” nation that is unable to affect world prices. On graph paper, sketch Venezuela’s demand and supply schedules of television sets.
a. Suppose Venezuela imports TV sets at a price of $150 each. Under free trade, how many sets does Venezuela produce, consume, and import? Determine Venezuela’s consumer surplus and producer surplus.
b. Assume that Venezuela imposes a quota that limits imports to 300 TV sets. Determine the quota-induced price increase and the resulting decrease in consumer surplus. Calculate the quota’s redistributive, consumption, protective, and revenue effects. Assuming that Venezuelan import companies organize as buyers and bargain favorably with competitive foreign exporters, what is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota? Suppose that foreign exporters organize as a monopoly seller. What is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota?
c. Suppose that, instead of a quota, Venezuela grants its import-competing producers a subsidy of $100 per TV set. In your diagram, draw the subsidy-adjusted supply schedule for Venezuelan producers. Does the subsidy result in a rise in the price of TV sets above the free-trade level? Determine Venezuela’s production, consumption, and imports of TV sets under the subsidy. What is the total cost of the subsidy to the Venezuelan government? Of this amount, how much is transferred to Venezuelan producers in the form of a producer surplus, and how much is absorbed by higher production costs due to inefficient domestic production? Determine the overall welfare loss to Venezuela under the subsidy.
.:.
SOLUTION:
a.
Qs = 100, Qd = 800
Imports = 700.
Consumer surplus = $160,000
Producer surplus = $2500.
b.
Price rises by $100 and consumer surplus falls by $70,000.
Redistribution effect = $20,000
Consumption effect = $10,000
Protective effect = $10,000
Revenue effect = $30,000.
Overall welfare loss = $50,000.
c.
Price remains at the free trade level.
Qs = 300,
Qd = 800,
Imports = 500.
Total cost of subsidy = $30,000 of which $20,000 is absorbed by producer surplus and $10,000 is absorbed by higher domestic production costs.
Overall welfare loss = $10,000.
191
Chapter Seven
Union Avoidance:
Rationale, Strategies,
and Practices
Chapter 6 examined union organizing campaigns. The chapter covered the
flow of events associated with a campaign, union strategies and tactics,
management responses, the roles of the National Labor Relations Board
(NLRB) and the National Mediation Board (NMB), and the factors influ-
encing election outcomes. At several points, the chapter emphasized that,
except in isolated instances, most employers strongly resist organizing
drives.
In this chapter we explore in greater depth the reasons for employers’
resistance, strategies that a growing number of employers are using to
create and maintai ...
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Group - Galaxy
Bikash Kumar
Rahid Hassan
Uttam Kumar
Md. Tarikul Islam Tarif
Md. Rajib Hossain
hapter 7 Wage and Salary IssuesStarbucks paid $18 million to sJeanmarieColbert3
hapter 7 Wage and Salary Issues
Starbucks paid $18 million to settle an overtime dispute with its employees. The U.S. Department of Labor in 2010 reported a record number of class action lawsuits in which workers won millions of dollars in overtime wages.
Source: AP Images.
Men work for two reasons. One is for wages, and one is for fear of losing their jobs.
Henry Ford (Founder and President, Ford Motor Company)
Chapter Outline
1. 7.1. Union Wage Concerns
2. 7.2. Management Wage Concerns
3. 7.3. Negotiated Wage Adjustments
4. 7.4. Concession Bargaining
5. 7.5. Wage Negotiation Issues
6. 7.6. Wage Surveys
7. 7.7. Costing Wage Proposals
Labor News Overtime Cases Won by Workers
Mark R. Thierman, a Reno, Nevada, attorney and Harvard Law School graduate was a “union buster” management labor attorney for 20 years. Not anymore! Today, he is called the “trailblazer” of what has become a hotbed of U.S. employment cases: the overtime provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). From 2001 to 2010, the number of cases filed in federal courts more than doubled. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce describes it as the “FLSA litigation explosion,” which has led to over $1 billion annually in settlements in recent years. The cases are usually filed against employers on behalf of a large group of employees and have included the following:
· Starbucks: $18 million settlement to store managers in California
· UPS: $87 million settlement to 23,000 drivers
· Walmart: $172 million jury award to California workers and $78.5 million jury award to Pennsylvania workers
· Sony: $8.5 million settlement to video-game employees
· Citigroup/Salomon Smith Barney: $98 million settlement to 20,000 stockbrokers
· IBM: $65 million settlement to 32,000 technical and support workers
· Unite Here: The labor union has been charged with failing to pay organizers overtime
· Abbott Laboratories: A federal judge ruled pharmaceutical reps are due overtime
The core issue of the cases is employers’ failure to pay workers time-and-a-half pay for hours worked over 40 per week as required by the federal law—overtime. About 86 percent of the U.S. workforce is entitled to overtime according to the U.S. Department of Labor, or 115 million workers. Only certain workers are exempt from the law: mostly supervisors, professionals, and executives.
Why the recent deluge of cases? In 2010 the U.S. Department of Labor cited the following as possible reasons for the increase in class action suits for overtime violations:
· Successful employees are receiving double damages plus attorney fees—making it worth their efforts.
· Some employers are unclear about new overtime guidelines.
· Workers are more informed of their rights and willing to file suits.
· Competitive economic forces are increasingly causing employers to seek ways of cutting costs.
Source: Adapted from Michael Orey, “Wage Wars: Workers from Truck Drivers to Stockbrokers Are Winning Huge Overtime Lawsuits,” Business Week (October 1, 2007), pp. ...
1 P a g e Q&A with Damon Silvers of the AFL-CIO .docxhoney725342
1 | P a g e
Q&A with Damon Silvers of the AFL-CIO
As workers’ wages fall, organized labor may experience a resurgence.
Interview by Adam Van Brimmer
6/23/2014
Organized labor in America is in decline. Unions
currently represent less than 7 percent of the private-
sector workforce, the lowest percentage in decades.
Those numbers trouble Damon Silvers, policy director
for the AFL-CIO. Yet Silvers anticipates a resurgence
in the labor movement as workers seek to regain
bargaining power. Falling real wages coupled with
cuts to health and retirement benefits make that push
inevitable. A federation of U.S. labor unions, the AFL-
CIO represents more than 12 million public- and
private-sector union members.
What is the greatest threat to the American
worker’s economic security?
It’s not a threat, it’s a reality—and it’s falling wages.
There are two big issues at work here. One is
essentially a policy decision to push our economy to
compete globally on flat, low wages. The other is that
plummeting wages create a country that cannot
maintain its place in the world, one that is unable to
preserve its infrastructure and educate its workforce.
That’s a scary situation because if you don’t have
infrastructure and educated workers, you go from being an economy that can make choices to one
locked into decline, or close to it.
Organized labor has long worked to protect wages only to see its influence wane. What’s
holding the labor movement back?
The American labor movement has been badly damaged by the generation-long, societal choice of
trying to compete globally through lower wages. Unions are and will continue to be an obstacle to
that strategy, as their purpose is to make sure workers get their fair share of the wealth they create.
The Great Recession has also hurt, as mass unemployment kills labor unions. Job losses not only
2 | P a g e
diminish our numbers but also damage the average worker’s ability to organize, since being out of
work or fearing for one’s job damages self-confidence.
What could lead to labor’s revival?
The issue comes down to rebuilding the collective confidence of the workforce in their own ability to
bargain effectively. The labor movement’s success going forward will come from being an effective
tool for that effort.
Where does the labor movement stand in terms of its political influence?
The numbers bounce around a little bit, but labor union household membership has remained
around a quarter of the electorate.
That’s nothing to sneeze at in terms of political clout. But the reality is it all depends on the ability of
labor unions to be a vehicle for working people to bargain for themselves. If we don’t do that, the
political power we have will not be sustainable.
How can HR professionals improve their relationships with labor and workers?
The most important thing is to be interested in having a productive relationship. Once ...
New Explore Careers and College Majors 2024Dr. Mary Askew
Explore Careers and College Majors is a new online, interactive, self-guided career, major and college planning system.
The career system works on all devices!
For more Information, go to https://bit.ly/3SW5w8W
NIDM (National Institute Of Digital Marketing) Bangalore Is One Of The Leading & best Digital Marketing Institute In Bangalore, India And We Have Brand Value For The Quality Of Education Which We Provide.
www.nidmindia.com
Want to move your career forward? Looking to build your leadership skills while helping others learn, grow, and improve their skills? Seeking someone who can guide you in achieving these goals?
You can accomplish this through a mentoring partnership. Learn more about the PMISSC Mentoring Program, where you’ll discover the incredible benefits of becoming a mentor or mentee. This program is designed to foster professional growth, enhance skills, and build a strong network within the project management community. Whether you're looking to share your expertise or seeking guidance to advance your career, the PMI Mentoring Program offers valuable opportunities for personal and professional development.
Watch this to learn:
* Overview of the PMISSC Mentoring Program: Mission, vision, and objectives.
* Benefits for Volunteer Mentors: Professional development, networking, personal satisfaction, and recognition.
* Advantages for Mentees: Career advancement, skill development, networking, and confidence building.
* Program Structure and Expectations: Mentor-mentee matching process, program phases, and time commitment.
* Success Stories and Testimonials: Inspiring examples from past participants.
* How to Get Involved: Steps to participate and resources available for support throughout the program.
Learn how you can make a difference in the project management community and take the next step in your professional journey.
About Hector Del Castillo
Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For event details, visit pmissc.org.
MISS TEEN GONDA 2024 - WINNER ABHA VISHWAKARMADK PAGEANT
Abha Vishwakarma, a rising star from Uttar Pradesh, has been selected as the victor from Gonda for Miss High Schooler India 2024. She is a glad representative of India, having won the title through her commitment and efforts in different talent competitions conducted by DK Exhibition, where she was crowned Miss Gonda 2024.
Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical CommunicatorsBen Woelk, CISSP, CPTC
Brief overview of career options in cybersecurity for technical communicators. Includes discussion of my career path, certification options, NICE and NIST resources.
Resumes, Cover Letters, and Applying OnlineBruce Bennett
This webinar showcases resume styles and the elements that go into building your resume. Every job application requires unique skills, and this session will show you how to improve your resume to match the jobs to which you are applying. Additionally, we will discuss cover letters and learn about ideas to include. Every job application requires unique skills so learn ways to give you the best chance of success when applying for a new position. Learn how to take advantage of all the features when uploading a job application to a company’s applicant tracking system.
Jill Pizzola's Tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS...dsnow9802
Jill Pizzola's tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS in Marlton, New Jersey, from 2018 to 2023, was marked by innovation and excellence.
2. The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement
Early Union DevelopmentEarly Union Development
A. The nation’s first unions ware comprised ofA. The nation’s first unions ware comprised of
skilled workers.skilled workers.
B. After the Civil war, as industry expanded, theB. After the Civil war, as industry expanded, the
labor force became more unified.labor force became more unified.
C. Two types of unions developed-the tradeC. Two types of unions developed-the trade
union and the industrial union.union and the industrial union.
D. Unions used strikes, pickets, and boycotts toD. Unions used strikes, pickets, and boycotts to
help members get better pay, better hours, andhelp members get better pay, better hours, and
job security.job security.
3. E. Employers resisted unions throughE. Employers resisted unions through
lockouts, firings, and even setting uplockouts, firings, and even setting up
company unions.company unions.
F. Historically, the courts have viewedF. Historically, the courts have viewed
unions with hostility.unions with hostility.
4. Labor During the Great DepressionLabor During the Great Depression
A.A. Unemployment and cut wages marked theUnemployment and cut wages marked the
decade of the Great Depression anddecade of the Great Depression and
encouraged unions to organize workers.encouraged unions to organize workers.
B.B. The government began to pass lawsThe government began to pass laws
protecting unions.protecting unions.
5. Labor Since World War IILabor Since World War II
A.A. After World War II, new laws began to limitAfter World War II, new laws began to limit
union activity.union activity.
B.B. The AFL-CIO was created when twoThe AFL-CIO was created when two
powerful unions joined forces.powerful unions joined forces.
C.C. Independent unions are those that do notIndependent unions are those that do not
belong to the AFL-CIO.belong to the AFL-CIO.
6. Resolving Union and ManagementResolving Union and Management
DifferencesDifferences
Kinds of Union AgreementsKinds of Union Agreements
A.A. In a closed shop, the employer agrees toIn a closed shop, the employer agrees to
hire only union members.hire only union members.
B.B. In a union shop, most workers belong to aIn a union shop, most workers belong to a
union.union.
C.C. In a modified union shop, workers cannot beIn a modified union shop, workers cannot be
made to join the union.made to join the union.
D.D. In an agency shop, workers must pay unionIn an agency shop, workers must pay union
dues, whether or not they are uniondues, whether or not they are union
members.members.
7. Collective BargainingCollective Bargaining
A.A. When labor and management agree to mediation, a neutralWhen labor and management agree to mediation, a neutral
person helps settle the dispute.person helps settle the dispute.
B.B. With arbitration, labor and management agree to abide by aWith arbitration, labor and management agree to abide by a
third party decision.third party decision.
C.C. Disputes also can be resolved through fact-finding, in which aDisputes also can be resolved through fact-finding, in which a
neutral third party presents non-binding recommendation.neutral third party presents non-binding recommendation.
D.D. The government also can get involved in labor disputes byThe government also can get involved in labor disputes by
issuing injunctions or resorting to seizures.issuing injunctions or resorting to seizures.
E.E. The President can intervene by publicly appealing to bothThe President can intervene by publicly appealing to both
parties to resole their differences, by firing federal workersparties to resole their differences, by firing federal workers
who have broken their oath not to strike (1981 air trafficwho have broken their oath not to strike (1981 air traffic
controllers), and in some cases by using emergency powerscontrollers), and in some cases by using emergency powers
(1997 American Airline pilots).(1997 American Airline pilots).
8. Labor and WagesLabor and Wages
Categories of LaborCategories of Labor
A.A. Unskilled laborers make some of the lowestUnskilled laborers make some of the lowest
wages.wages.
B.B. Semiskilled workers do jobs that require aSemiskilled workers do jobs that require a
minimum amount of training.minimum amount of training.
C.C. Skilled workers hold jobs that requireSkilled workers hold jobs that require
experience and training.experience and training.
D.D. Professional workers do jobs that require aProfessional workers do jobs that require a
high level of knowledge-based educationhigh level of knowledge-based education
and managerial skills.and managerial skills.
9. Noncompeting Labor GradesNoncompeting Labor Grades
A. People must have the ability, theA. People must have the ability, the
initiative, and the money to obtaininitiative, and the money to obtain
additional education and training.additional education and training.
B. Sometimes people are faced with a lackB. Sometimes people are faced with a lack
of opportunity for additional training andof opportunity for additional training and
education.education.
C. Sometimes people lack the initiativeC. Sometimes people lack the initiative
they need to get ahead.they need to get ahead.
10. Wage DeterminationWage Determination
A.A. The traditional theory of wage determinationThe traditional theory of wage determination
says that supply and demand together willsays that supply and demand together will
determine the equilibrium wage rate.determine the equilibrium wage rate.
B.B. The theory of negotiated wages usesThe theory of negotiated wages uses
organized labor’s bargaining strength to helporganized labor’s bargaining strength to help
explain wage differentials.explain wage differentials.
C.C. According to the signaling theory, employersAccording to the signaling theory, employers
are willing to pay more for those people withare willing to pay more for those people with
certain indicators of superior ability.certain indicators of superior ability.
11. Regional Wage DifferencesRegional Wage Differences
A.A. Wages can vary when demand for certainWages can vary when demand for certain
skilled positions exceeds supply.skilled positions exceeds supply.
B.B. Employers tend to offer higher wages inEmployers tend to offer higher wages in
areas where the cost of living is higher thanareas where the cost of living is higher than
normal.normal.
C.C. People sometimes are willing to acceptPeople sometimes are willing to accept
lower wages if the location of the job islower wages if the location of the job is
attractive to them.attractive to them.
12. Employment Trends and IssuesEmployment Trends and Issues
Decline of Union InfluenceDecline of Union Influence
A.A. Union membership has declined because ofUnion membership has declined because of
unfriendly businesses, new workers withunfriendly businesses, new workers with
little loyalty to organized labor, and cutbackslittle loyalty to organized labor, and cutbacks
in production by unionized companies.in production by unionized companies.
B.B. Businesses are using givebacks, bankruptcyBusinesses are using givebacks, bankruptcy
claims, and two-tier wage systems to lowerclaims, and two-tier wage systems to lower
union-negotiated wages.union-negotiated wages.
13. Lower Pay for WomenLower Pay for Women
A.A. Women, on the whole, have less experience and education toWomen, on the whole, have less experience and education to
bring to the working world then their male counterparts.bring to the working world then their male counterparts.
B.B. Some higher paying jobs have a larger percentage of maleSome higher paying jobs have a larger percentage of male
workers, while some lower paying jobs have a largerworkers, while some lower paying jobs have a larger
percentage of female workers.percentage of female workers.
C.C. The glass ceiling is an example of the discrimination womenThe glass ceiling is an example of the discrimination women
face in the workplace.face in the workplace.
D.D. The Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act both work toThe Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act both work to
prevent wage and salary discrimination.prevent wage and salary discrimination.
E.E. Some states hope to close the gender income gap by definingSome states hope to close the gender income gap by defining
jobs of comparable worth (equal pay for equal work).jobs of comparable worth (equal pay for equal work).
F.F. Set-aside contracts are contacts that will be made only with aSet-aside contracts are contacts that will be made only with a
specific group.specific group.
14. Part-Time WorkersPart-Time Workers
A. Part-time workers cost employers lessA. Part-time workers cost employers less
in benefits.in benefits.
B. Critics say part-time employment’s lowB. Critics say part-time employment’s low
wages and lack of benefits make it difficultwages and lack of benefits make it difficult
for workers to earn a decent living.for workers to earn a decent living.
15. The Minimum WageThe Minimum Wage
A.A. Opponents claim the minimum wage doesOpponents claim the minimum wage does
not promote economic freedom.not promote economic freedom.
B.B. In current dollars, the minimum wageIn current dollars, the minimum wage
appears to have risen over time.appears to have risen over time.
C.C. Measurements in real dollars take inflationMeasurements in real dollars take inflation
into account.into account.
D.D. The ratio of minimum wage to manufacturingThe ratio of minimum wage to manufacturing
wage has been steadily decreasing for thewage has been steadily decreasing for the
past 30 years.past 30 years.