This document discusses various topics related to deviance and social reactions to deviance. It begins by outlining learning objectives related to applying conflict theory to deviance and social class, criminal justice, and imprisonment. It then provides summaries of explanations of deviance from sociobiological, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Several sections apply symbolic interactionist, functionalist, and conflict theoretical perspectives to deviance and discuss related topics such as social control, labeling, strain theory, and the role of social class in crime rates. Later sections discuss topics like street crime, imprisonment trends, recidivism, bias in the death penalty, and arguments for a more humane approach to deviance. Tables and figures provide statistical data on imprisonment rates,
Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVOR 1
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2
Criminal Behavior in Your Community
Stephanie Rincon
Argosy University
Professor Robert Thompson
Date July 18,2018
Question 1;
Answer:
The criminal behavior that interests me is forcible rape. Rape is a massive issue of today’s world. This crime is common in almost every country. It’s not specified to one place or race. Rapes are being committed on daily basis in different parts of the world and many of the cases are never reported to the police. That is why it is known to be the most underreported offence. The victims fear to report the crime because there are many stigmas attached to it. It becomes very difficult for the victim to survive in the society. It is a hard task to prove rape as it demands physical signs and evidences. Its difficult to provide enough evidences to prove rape. Rape has nothing to do with someone’s financial status, age or race.
The typical perpetrator of this crime is male gender. Rape is forcefully harassing someone to have sexual contact with him. Rape is against the will of the victim. As far as the race is concerned, this crime has nothing to do with it. The whole world is suffering from it. Each and every country has such offenders. So it literally has nothing to do with race. It totally depends on the mental and psychological behavior of the criminal. The typical age to be noticed for this crime is between teenagers to adulthood like 15-40 years old males. Almost all the criminals of such crime fall under this age. The socioeconomic status plays a vital role in building up such heinous criminals. Mostly criminals belong to families that are broken or have some issues. The desperation in every society is increasing day by day and it is resulting in increasing this crime rate. Some important factors that play a vital role in perusing the criminals to commit such monstrous crime is pure nudity on television and vulgarity shown in movies and shows.
Civil and criminal legal systems are different in many ways. In criminal legal system offence done is known as crime while in civil legal system the offence is known as tort. The criminal offence is against the whole society and the state. While civil crimes are against individuals. In criminal system state provide the lawyer to the prosecution while In civil, the prosecution hires an attorney. The penalties in both the systems differ. In criminal cases incarceration/imprisonment, fines and forfeitures, probation, community services, and sometimes restitution ...
Running head RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM1RACI.docxtodd581
Running head: RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
1
RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
2
Racial Inequality Juvenile Justice System
School name
May 2019
Racial Inequality-Juvenile Justice System Case Study
Abstract:
While researchers have discovered that Black American Youth face higher chances of involvement with the juvenile justice system. This has raised eyebrows when compared with the Whites counterparts and the big question of my research is examining whether Black Americans are the criminal race? A sample of about 537 Black American adolescents residing in low-income urban communities took part in the survey connected with juvenile justice.
The report findings applying regression logistic models signaled that adolescents who reported engagement with juvenile injustice system; were 2.4 times as likely to present youth offending delinquent, substance abuse and psychological problems. The research paper suggests that targeting and recognizing several contacts of the juvenile justice system especially the minority race maybe profitable. Finally, the paper creates room for future research advancement to examine whether network peer norms might reconcile the connections between juvenile justice engagement and youth behavior challenges.
Introduction
For over 10 years, the Justice Department has been attempting to lessen the racial uniqueness found in adolescent captures and adolescent detainment, a reality that underscores the presence of racially dissimilar captures and sentences. According to Liberty (2013), African American youth capture rates for medication infringement, strikes, and weapon offenses are higher than capture rates for white youth; despite the fact that both report comparative rates of wrongdoing. While some have reprimanded the remarks by previous Education Secretary and Drug Czar William Bennett, they sadly trust his remarks are situated in reality.
The individuals who trust that African American or Latino youth are increasing; criminal than some other ethnic gatherings are just off-base. The genuine certainties disclose to us considerably more than generalizations, or musings both of which cloud the well-recorded divergent treatment, agreed African Americans contrasted with whites inside the equity framework. These remarks on racially divergent wrongdoing, additionally ignore the region of corporate wrongdoing. In an original meta-examination led by scientists Carl Pope and Richard Feyerherm for the Justice Department, 66% of the investigations of state and neighborhood adolescent equity frameworks found that; there was a "race impact" at some phase of the adolescent equity process that influenced results for minorities for the more regrettable.
Borrowing the perspective of Williams (2018), their examination proposed that the impacts of the race might be felt at different choice focuses, they might be immediate or backhanded, and they may amass as youth proceed through the framework. The absolute mos.
Texting While Driving Essay | Essay on Texting While Driving for .... Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay : Should Texting While Driving .... Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay - Texting While Driving: How to .... Informative essay about texting and driving. Messaging while driving essay. texting while driving essay. College essay: Texting while driving persuasive essay. Texting While Driving Essay Examples – Carpey Law.
Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVOR 1
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2
Criminal Behavior in Your Community
Stephanie Rincon
Argosy University
Professor Robert Thompson
Date July 18,2018
Question 1;
Answer:
The criminal behavior that interests me is forcible rape. Rape is a massive issue of today’s world. This crime is common in almost every country. It’s not specified to one place or race. Rapes are being committed on daily basis in different parts of the world and many of the cases are never reported to the police. That is why it is known to be the most underreported offence. The victims fear to report the crime because there are many stigmas attached to it. It becomes very difficult for the victim to survive in the society. It is a hard task to prove rape as it demands physical signs and evidences. Its difficult to provide enough evidences to prove rape. Rape has nothing to do with someone’s financial status, age or race.
The typical perpetrator of this crime is male gender. Rape is forcefully harassing someone to have sexual contact with him. Rape is against the will of the victim. As far as the race is concerned, this crime has nothing to do with it. The whole world is suffering from it. Each and every country has such offenders. So it literally has nothing to do with race. It totally depends on the mental and psychological behavior of the criminal. The typical age to be noticed for this crime is between teenagers to adulthood like 15-40 years old males. Almost all the criminals of such crime fall under this age. The socioeconomic status plays a vital role in building up such heinous criminals. Mostly criminals belong to families that are broken or have some issues. The desperation in every society is increasing day by day and it is resulting in increasing this crime rate. Some important factors that play a vital role in perusing the criminals to commit such monstrous crime is pure nudity on television and vulgarity shown in movies and shows.
Civil and criminal legal systems are different in many ways. In criminal legal system offence done is known as crime while in civil legal system the offence is known as tort. The criminal offence is against the whole society and the state. While civil crimes are against individuals. In criminal system state provide the lawyer to the prosecution while In civil, the prosecution hires an attorney. The penalties in both the systems differ. In criminal cases incarceration/imprisonment, fines and forfeitures, probation, community services, and sometimes restitution ...
Running head RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM1RACI.docxtodd581
Running head: RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
1
RACIAL INEQUALITY JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
2
Racial Inequality Juvenile Justice System
School name
May 2019
Racial Inequality-Juvenile Justice System Case Study
Abstract:
While researchers have discovered that Black American Youth face higher chances of involvement with the juvenile justice system. This has raised eyebrows when compared with the Whites counterparts and the big question of my research is examining whether Black Americans are the criminal race? A sample of about 537 Black American adolescents residing in low-income urban communities took part in the survey connected with juvenile justice.
The report findings applying regression logistic models signaled that adolescents who reported engagement with juvenile injustice system; were 2.4 times as likely to present youth offending delinquent, substance abuse and psychological problems. The research paper suggests that targeting and recognizing several contacts of the juvenile justice system especially the minority race maybe profitable. Finally, the paper creates room for future research advancement to examine whether network peer norms might reconcile the connections between juvenile justice engagement and youth behavior challenges.
Introduction
For over 10 years, the Justice Department has been attempting to lessen the racial uniqueness found in adolescent captures and adolescent detainment, a reality that underscores the presence of racially dissimilar captures and sentences. According to Liberty (2013), African American youth capture rates for medication infringement, strikes, and weapon offenses are higher than capture rates for white youth; despite the fact that both report comparative rates of wrongdoing. While some have reprimanded the remarks by previous Education Secretary and Drug Czar William Bennett, they sadly trust his remarks are situated in reality.
The individuals who trust that African American or Latino youth are increasing; criminal than some other ethnic gatherings are just off-base. The genuine certainties disclose to us considerably more than generalizations, or musings both of which cloud the well-recorded divergent treatment, agreed African Americans contrasted with whites inside the equity framework. These remarks on racially divergent wrongdoing, additionally ignore the region of corporate wrongdoing. In an original meta-examination led by scientists Carl Pope and Richard Feyerherm for the Justice Department, 66% of the investigations of state and neighborhood adolescent equity frameworks found that; there was a "race impact" at some phase of the adolescent equity process that influenced results for minorities for the more regrettable.
Borrowing the perspective of Williams (2018), their examination proposed that the impacts of the race might be felt at different choice focuses, they might be immediate or backhanded, and they may amass as youth proceed through the framework. The absolute mos.
Texting While Driving Essay | Essay on Texting While Driving for .... Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay : Should Texting While Driving .... Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay - Texting While Driving: How to .... Informative essay about texting and driving. Messaging while driving essay. texting while driving essay. College essay: Texting while driving persuasive essay. Texting While Driving Essay Examples – Carpey Law.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
María Carolina Martínez - eCommerce Day Colombia 2024
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes.pptx
1. Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
8.5 Apply the conflict perspective to deviance by
explaining how social class is related to the criminal
justice system and how the criminal justice system is
oppressive.
8.6 Be able to discuss street crime and imprisonment, the
three-strikes laws, the decline in violent crime,
recidivism, bias in the death penalty, the medicalization
of deviance, and the need for a more humane approach.
2. What Is Deviance? (1 of 2)
8.1 Explain what deviance is, why it is relative, and why we need norms; also
summarize the types of sanctions.
• The Violation of Norms
• Deviance Is Relative
• How Norms Make Social Life Possible
• Sanctions
3. What Is Deviance? (2 of 2)
In Kenya, the Pokot people
place high emphasis on sexual
pleasure, and they expect
that both a husband and wife
will reach orgasm. If a
husband does not satisfy his
wife, he is in trouble, and will
be punished by his wife and
her friends.
A Pokot woman in traditional
dress.
4. Competing Explanations of Deviance
8.2 Contrast sociobiological, psychological, and sociological explanations of
deviance.
• Biosocial
• Assume genetic predispositions
• Our inherited propensities modified and stimulated
by our environment
• Psychological
• Examine personality disorders that might cause
deviance
• Sociological
• Look for social influences that “recruit” people to
break norms
5. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (1 of 7)
8.3 Apply the symbolic interactionist perspective to deviance by explaining
differential association, control, and labeling.
• Differential Association Theory
• Families
• Friends, neighborhoods, and subcultures
• Prison or freedom?
• Control Theory
• Labeling Theory
6. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (2 of 7)
Do you understand how the
definitions of deviance that
Mafia members use underlie
their behavior? Although
their definitions are
markedly different from
ours, the process is the
same. Shown here is John
Gotti when he was the head
of New York's Gambino
Mafia. Convicted for murder,
Gotti died in prison.
7. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (3 of 7)
The social control of
deviance takes many
forms. One of the
most prominent is
the actions of the
police.
8. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (4 of 7)
How would social
control theory apply
to you in such a
situation?
9. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (5 of 7)
How do you use
techniques of
neutralization to
protect your
self-concept?
10. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (6 of 7)
While most people
resist labels of
deviance, some
embrace them. In
what different ways
does this photo
illustrate the
embracement of
deviance?
11. The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (7 of 7)
Stereotypes, both
positive and
negative, help to
form the perception
and reaction of
authorities. What
stereotypes come to
mind when you look
at this photo?
12. The Functionalist Perspective (1 of 6)
8.4 Apply the functionalist perspective to deviance by explaining how deviance can be functional for society, how
mainstream values can produce deviance (strain theory), and how social class is related to crime (illegitimate
opportunities).
• How Deviance Is Functional for Society
• Clarifies moral boundaries; affirms norms
• Encourages social unity
• Promotes social change
13. The Functionalist Perspective (2 of 6)
• Strain theory: How mainstream values produce Deviance
• Illegitimate opportunity structures: Social class and
crime
• Street crime versus white-collar crime
14. The Functionalist Perspective (3 of 6)
Table 8.1 How People Match Their Goals to Their Means
Do They Feel the Strain
That Leads to Anomie?
Mode of
Adaptation
Cultural Goals Institutionalized
Means
No Conformity Accept Accept
No Deviant Paths
Blank Blank
Yes 1. Innovation Accept Reject
Yes 2. Ritualism Reject Accept
Yes 3. Retreatism Reject Reject
Yes 4. Rebellion Reject/Replace Reject/Replace
Source: Based on Merton 1968.
15. The Functionalist Perspective (4 of 6)
White collar crime can be
deadly and yet the
criminals go unpunished.
Faulty ignition switches on
GM cars, not fixed after the
problem was known, killed
over 124 people. This
father is holding a photo of
his daughter, Brandlee, who
was one of these 124
people.
16. Figure 8.1 How Safe Is Your State? Violent
Crime in the U.S.
Note: Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. I estimated Minnesota’s rate, based on earlier
data and reduced rates since then. The chance of becoming a victim of a violent crime is five times higher in
Tennessee, the most dangerous state, than in Maine, the safest state. Washington, D.C., not a state, is in a class by
itself. Its rate of 1,244 is twelve times higher than Vermont's rate.
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 334.
17. The Functionalist Perspective (5 of 6)
Table 8.2 Women and Crime: What a Change
Of all those arrested, what percentage are women?
Crime 1992 2014 Change
Burglary 9.2% 17.8% +93%
Car theft 10.8% 20.3% +88%
Drunken driving 13.8% 25.0% +81%
Stolen property 12.5% 21.5% +72%
Robbery 8.5% 14.0% +65%
Aggravated
assault
14.8% 23.0% +55%
Arson 13.4% 18.9% +41%
18. The Functionalist Perspective (6 of 6)
Table 8.2 [continued]
Of all those arrested, what percentage are women?
Crime 1992 2014 Change
Larceny/theft 32.1% 43.2% +35%
Illegal drugs 16.4% 21.9% +34%
Illegal weapons 7.5% 8.8% +17%
Forgery and
counterfeiting
34.7% 36.5% +5%
Fraud 42.1% 39.1%
Negative 7%
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994 and
2017:Table 357.
7%
19. The Conflict Perspective (1 of 2)
8.5 Apply the conflict perspective to deviance by explaining how social class is related to the
criminal justice system and how the criminal justice system is oppressive.
• Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
• The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of
Oppression
20. The Conflict Perspective (2 of 2)
In early capitalism,
children worked alongside
adults. At that time, just
as today, most street
criminals came from the
marginal working class, as
did these boys who
worked in a glass works
company in Indiana in
1908.
21. Figure 8.2 How Much Is Enough? The
Explosion in the Number of U.S. Prisoners
Line graph showing the number
of prisoners in the U.S. over
time.
Source: By the author. Based on
Statistical Abstract of the United
States 1995:Table 349; 2014:Tables 2,
6, 363; Carson and Anderson 2016.
The broken line is the author’s
estimate.
22. Reactions to Deviance (1 of 7)
8.6 Be able to discuss street crime and imprisonment, the three-strikes laws, the decline in violent
crime, recidivism, bias in the death penalty, the medicalization of deviance, and the need for a more
humane approach.
• Street Crime and Prisons
• The Decline in Violent Crime
• Recidivism
• The Death Penalty and Bias
• The Trouble with Official Statistics
• The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness
• The Need for a More Humane Approach
23. Reactions to Deviance (2 of 7)
Table 8.3 Comparing Prison Inmates with the U.S. Population
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Age superscript b
Blank Blank
18-24 11.3% 12.6%
25-34 32.1% 17.8%
35-44 26.7% 16.4%
45-54 18.9% 17.4%
55 & older 10.6% 35.8%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans
age 25 and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their
marital status and education are from Sourcebook.
a
Characteristics
b
Age
a
Because
b
Age
24. Reactions to Deviance (3 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Race ethnicity superscript b
Blank Blank
African American 35.4% 12.7%
White 33.8% 64.6%
Latino 21.6% 15.5%
Other superscript c
9.1% 7.2%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25
and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their marital
status and education are from Sourcebook.
after Sourcebook lists African American, white, and Hispanic apparently includes
Asian Americans, Native Americans, and people who claim two or more races.
a
Characteristics
b
Race-Ethnicity
c
Other
a
Because
b
Age,
c
Remainder
25. Reactions to Deviance (4 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with These
Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18 and
Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Sex superscript b
Blank Blank
Male 92.7% 49.2%
Female 7.3% 50.8%
Martial status superscript c
Blank Blank
Never married 54.7% 27.6%
Married 21.9% 56.0%
Divorced/Widowed 23.0% 16.4%
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree with other
totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25 and over.
race-ethnicity, and sex of prisoners are from Carson and Anderson while their marital
status and education are from Sourcebook.
marital status of prisoners applies only to inmates on death row. Data not available for other inmates.
a
Characteristics
b
Sex
c
Marital Status
a
Because
b
Age,
c
The
26. Reactions to Deviance (5 of 7)
Table 8.3 [continued]
Characteristics Percentage of Prisoners with
These Characteristics
Percentage of U.S. Population Age 18
and Over with These Characteristics superscript a
Education
Blank Blank
Less than HS 30.6% 12.4%
HS graduate 45.8% 30.4%
Some college 18.8% 26.3%
College graduate 4.8% 30.9%
Source: By the author. Based on Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2013:Tables 6.0001, 6.45,
6.81; Carson and Anderson 2016:Tables 1, 3, 8; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2014:Tables
59, 243, 366; 2017:Tables 6, 10.
this column refers to Americans age 18 and over, the percentages will not agree
with other totals in this book. For education, the percentages are based on Americans age 25 and over.
a
Characteristics
a
Because
27. Reactions to Deviance (6 of 7)
Sequoia, 11, Floyd, 8, and
Deonta, 6, hold photos of their
father, Floyd Earl, who is in prison
for 25 years to life for theft.
California voters had approved
the three-strikes law amid public
furor over the 1993 kidnap, rape,
and murder of 12-year-old Polly
Klaas by Richard Allen Davis, a
repeat offender on parole at the
time.
28. Figure 8.3 How Fast They Return: Recidivism
of U.S. Prisoners
Line graph indicating the percentage of those going back to prison within five years of
release.
Source: Modified by the author from Figure 1 of Durose et al. 2014.
29. Figure 8.4 Recidivism by Type of Crime
Source: By the author. Based on Durose et al. 2014:Table 8.
30. Figure 8.5 Executions in the United States
A map of the number of U. S. executions state by state.
Note: Executions since 1977, when the death penalty was restored. The executions in states
without the death penalty occurred before those states banned the death penalty.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2014:Table 368; Bureau of
Justice Statistics 2014b.
31. Figure 8.6 Who Gets Executed? Gender Bias in
Capital Punishment
Bar graph showing the vastly greater
percentage of people executed are
male.
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical
Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 379.
32. Reactions to Deviance (7 of 7)
Mental illness and
drug/alcohol addiction
are common among the
homeless. This photo was
taken in Miami, Florida,
but it could have been
taken in any large city in
the United States.
Editor's Notes
An inset at bottom-right shows the "Safest states" as "Vermont (99); Maine (128); New Hampshire, Virginia, Wyoming (196)" and "Most Dangerous" as "Nevada, Alaska (636); Tennessee (608); and New Mexico (597)."
"The data for violent crimes per 100,000 people in different states of the U.S. are categorized under the following three categories as follows:
• Safer than average(99 to 274)
o Oregon (232)
o Idaho (212)
o Utah (216)
o Wyoming (196)
o North Dakota (265)
o Minnesota (229)
o Iowa (274)
o Kentucky (212)
o Vermont (99)
o Maine (128)
o New Hampshire (196)
o Rhode Island (219)
o New Jersey (261)
o Connecticut (237)
o Virginia (96)
o Hawaii (259)
• Average safety (279 to 391)
o Washington (285)
o Montana (324)
o Colorado (309)
o Nebraska (280)
o Kansas (349)
o South Dakota (327)
o Wisconsin (290)
o Illinois (370)
o Mississippi (279)
o Indiana (365)
o Ohio (285)
o West Virginia (302)
o Georgia (377)
o Pennsylvania (314)
o New York (382)
o North Carolina (330)
o Massachusetts (391)
• More dangerous than average (396 to 636)
o California (396)
o Nevada (636)
o New Mexico (597)
o Alaska (636)
o Michigan (427)
o Maryland (446)
o Washington D.C. (1,244)
o Arizona (400)
o Texas (406)
o Oklahoma (406)
o Missouri (443)
o Arkansas (480)
o Louisiana (515)
o Dover (489)
o Tennessee (608)
o Alabama (427)
o Florida (541)
o South Carolina (498)
• The safest states are as follows:
o Vermont (99)
o Maine (128)
o New Hampshire, Virginia, Wyoming (196)
• The most dangerous states are as follows:
o Nevada, Alaska (636)
o Tennessee (608)
o New Mexico (597)
Note: Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. I estimated Minnesota’s rate, based on earlier data and reduced rates since then. The chance of becoming a victim of a violent crime is five times higher in Tennessee, the most dangerous state, than in Maine, the safest state. Washington, D.C., not a state, is in a class by itself. Its rate of 1,244 is twelve times higher than Vermont's rate.
"
"The horizontal axis of the graph represents “Years” ranging from 1970 to 2020 in increments of 10 while the vertical axis represents “Number of federal and state prisoners (in thousands)” ranging from 0 to 2,000 in increments of 100. The graph begins slightly below 200 in 1970, which is shown increasing till 2009, beyond which it is shown to decline.
The data presented in the graph is as follows:
• 1970: 196,000
• 1980: 316,000
• 1990: 774,000
• 2000: 1,391,000
• 2009: It is marked with a text box that reads, “2009 was the peak of incarceration, with 1,616,000 prisoners.”
• 2015: 1,527,000
Note: All data is approximate.
"
The horizontal axis of the graph represents “Months after release” ranging from 0 to 60 in increments of 6 while the vertical axis ranges from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 20 percent. Both the curves begin at a common point at origin, with the curve on top representing “Arrests” rising steeply, ranging from 0 to 80 percent over 0 to 60 months. The curve below it represents “Back to prison”, raising gradually from 0 to 60 percent over 0 to 60 months.
"The graph illustrates the response to the question, “Of 405,000 prisoners released from U.S. prisons, what percentage were rearrested within three years?”
• The top horizontal axis of the graph represents “The rearrest rates of those who had been convicted of” ranging from 0 to 90 percent” in increments of 10.
• The data presented in the graph is as follows:
o Car theft (78 percent)
o Burglary (74 percent)
o Illegal weapons (73 percent)
o Fraud (69 percent)
o Illegal drugs (68 percent)
o Robbery (67 percent)
o Rape (51 percent)
o Drunk driving (48 percent)
o Murder (42 percent)
"
An inset at bottom-right shows highest number of executions in "Texas (518), Virginia (110), Oklahoma (111)."
"The number of executions conducted in different states of the U.S. is categorized under the following three categories as follows:
• States without death penalty
o North Dakota (0)
o Nebraska (3)
o New Mexico (1)
o Alaska (0)
o Hawaii (0)
o Minnesota (0)
o Iowa (0)
o Wisconsin (0)
o Illinois (12)
o Michigan (0)
o West Virginia (0)
o New York (0)
o Vermont (0)
o Maine (0)
o Massachusetts (0)
o New Jersey (0)
o Connecticut (1/0
o Maryland (5)
o Washington D.C. (0)
• States with death penalty that have not executed anyone
o Kansas (0)
o New Hampshire (0)
o Rhode Island (0)
• States with death penalty
o Washington (5)
o Oregon (2)
o California (13)
o Nevada (12)
o Montana (3)
o Idaho (3)
o Utah (7)
o Wyoming (1)
o Colorado (1)
o Arizona (37)
o South Dakota (3)
o Texas (518)
o Oklahoma (111)
o Missouri (80)
o Arkansas (27)
o Louisiana (28)
o Indiana (20)
o Ohio (53)
o Pennsylvania (3)
o Dover (16)
o Kentucky (3)
o Tennessee (6)
o Alabama (56)
o Mississippi (21)
o Georgia (55)
o Florida (89)
o South Carolina (23)
o North Carolina (23)
o Virginia (110)
• The highest number of executions is as follows:
o Texas (518)
o Virginia (110)
o Oklahoma (111)
Note: Executions since 1977, when the death penalty was restored. The executions in states without the death penalty occurred before those states banned the death penalty.
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