Chapter 7 Presentation
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The document discusses different types of prescription drugs including antibiotics, antitussives, and decongestants. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and have common side effects like upset stomach and diarrhea. Antitussives, also known as cough medicine, are used to treat coughing and related conditions and have side effects like dizziness and nausea. Decongestants help relieve nasal congestion from colds, flu, and allergies and are commonly found in over-the-counter medications, with potential side effects including increased blood pressure and sleeplessness.
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Recommended
Drugs for the respiratory system 6
This document discusses drugs used for respiratory infections. It describes three types of medications: antibiotics like Cipro which kill bacteria, antihistamines like Allegra which block histamine during allergies, and antitussives like Hycodan which relieve coughing. Cipro treats bacterial infections by stopping bacterial growth but not viruses. Allegra works by blocking histamine in allergic reactions. Hycodan contains hydrocodone to suppress coughing and homatropine as an anticholinergic. All drugs can cause side effects like dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and constipation.
Prescription drugs
This document summarizes information about three medications: Ciprofloxacin, Ventolin, and Hycodan. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in adults that can interact with anti-coagulants, antidiabetic drugs, NSAIDs, herbal supplements, and vitamins. Ventolin is a bronchodilator used for respiratory conditions that can interact with diuretics, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Hycodan is an antitussive cough suppressant that can interact with narcotic pain medications and antidepressants. All three drugs have warnings about use in pregnancy/breastfeeding and possible side effects like tendon damage, fast heartbeat,
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The document discusses various drugs used for treating conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract such as cough, nasal congestion, and allergies. It covers categories of drugs like antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and mucolytics. It also discusses the actions, indications, cautions, adverse effects and nursing considerations for drugs in each category.
Antihistamines, antitussives, decongestants, expectorants
Histamine is produced by basophils and mast cells during immune responses. It binds to H1-H4 receptors, causing effects like vasodilation, bronchioconstriction, and increased gastric acid. Anaphylactic shock results from severe drops in blood pressure and impaired breathing from vasodilation and bronchioconstriction. Epinephrine is used to treat it. Antihistamines compete with histamine at receptors to treat allergies and other conditions. Antitussives suppress coughing through opioid or non-opioid mechanisms. Decongestants stimulate alpha receptors to constrict nasal passages. Expectorants thin mucus to make coughing up secretions easier.
Respiratory system pharmacology
This document summarizes information about the respiratory system pharmacology, focusing on bronchial asthma and cough remedies. It defines bronchial asthma as a common chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. It then discusses asthma symptoms, treatment including first aid and drugs like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers. The document also defines cough remedies and discusses treatment of productive coughs with mucolytics and expectorants and dry coughs with antitussives like narcotic cough suppressants, antihistamines, and demulcents.
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The document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1. Antitussives suppress coughing through actions on the cough center of the brain and by decreasing respiration rate. Codeine is a common antitussive.
2. Decongestants relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels through actions on adrenergic receptors. Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and oxymetazoline are common decongestants.
3. Antihistamines block the actions of histamine to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines also have sedative effects while second-generation antihistamines do not.
4. Expectorants
Pharmacotherapy of cough
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. It classifies drugs for treating cough into categories - antitussives to suppress cough, expectorants to increase mucus secretion, and mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity. Specific drugs discussed include codeine, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, acetylcysteine, and bromhexine. Adjuvant treatments like antihistamines, bronchodilators, steam inhalation and hydration are also covered. The document emphasizes treating the underlying cause of cough and provides a targeted treatment approach based on the cause.
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This document discusses drugs used for respiratory infections. It describes three types of medications: antibiotics like Cipro which kill bacteria, antihistamines like Allegra which block histamine during allergies, and antitussives like Hycodan which relieve coughing. Cipro treats bacterial infections by stopping bacterial growth but not viruses. Allegra works by blocking histamine in allergic reactions. Hycodan contains hydrocodone to suppress coughing and homatropine as an anticholinergic. All drugs can cause side effects like dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and constipation.
Prescription drugs
This document summarizes information about three medications: Ciprofloxacin, Ventolin, and Hycodan. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in adults that can interact with anti-coagulants, antidiabetic drugs, NSAIDs, herbal supplements, and vitamins. Ventolin is a bronchodilator used for respiratory conditions that can interact with diuretics, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Hycodan is an antitussive cough suppressant that can interact with narcotic pain medications and antidepressants. All three drugs have warnings about use in pregnancy/breastfeeding and possible side effects like tendon damage, fast heartbeat,
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PHARMA- DRUGS FOR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
The document discusses various drugs used for treating conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract such as cough, nasal congestion, and allergies. It covers categories of drugs like antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and mucolytics. It also discusses the actions, indications, cautions, adverse effects and nursing considerations for drugs in each category.
Antihistamines, antitussives, decongestants, expectorants
Histamine is produced by basophils and mast cells during immune responses. It binds to H1-H4 receptors, causing effects like vasodilation, bronchioconstriction, and increased gastric acid. Anaphylactic shock results from severe drops in blood pressure and impaired breathing from vasodilation and bronchioconstriction. Epinephrine is used to treat it. Antihistamines compete with histamine at receptors to treat allergies and other conditions. Antitussives suppress coughing through opioid or non-opioid mechanisms. Decongestants stimulate alpha receptors to constrict nasal passages. Expectorants thin mucus to make coughing up secretions easier.
Respiratory system pharmacology
This document summarizes information about the respiratory system pharmacology, focusing on bronchial asthma and cough remedies. It defines bronchial asthma as a common chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. It then discusses asthma symptoms, treatment including first aid and drugs like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers. The document also defines cough remedies and discusses treatment of productive coughs with mucolytics and expectorants and dry coughs with antitussives like narcotic cough suppressants, antihistamines, and demulcents.
Respi
The document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1. Antitussives suppress coughing through actions on the cough center of the brain and by decreasing respiration rate. Codeine is a common antitussive.
2. Decongestants relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels through actions on adrenergic receptors. Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and oxymetazoline are common decongestants.
3. Antihistamines block the actions of histamine to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines also have sedative effects while second-generation antihistamines do not.
4. Expectorants
Pharmacotherapy of cough
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. It classifies drugs for treating cough into categories - antitussives to suppress cough, expectorants to increase mucus secretion, and mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity. Specific drugs discussed include codeine, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, acetylcysteine, and bromhexine. Adjuvant treatments like antihistamines, bronchodilators, steam inhalation and hydration are also covered. The document emphasizes treating the underlying cause of cough and provides a targeted treatment approach based on the cause.
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This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It covers categories like anti-tussives, expectorants, and drugs for conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms and types of cough, including productive and non-productive cough. It then examines the mechanisms, classifications, and examples of different drug classes for treating cough and related conditions, including anti-tussives like codeine; expectorants that liquefy secretions; mucolytics; antihistamines; bronchodilators; and demulcents for the throat. It notes important considerations like adverse effects and contraindications for these drug classes.
Pharmacology Respiratory Drugs
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and inflammation by blocking histamine. First generation types cause more sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflexes. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like albuterol and ipratropium open airways for COPD/asthma. Xanthines like theophylline also dilate airways and vessels.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics thin mucus to ease coughing up secretions. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
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Inhaled aerosol compatibility
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The document discusses various drugs used to treat respiratory conditions, including antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of these drug classes. Nursing implications are provided for safely administering these respiratory medications and monitoring their effects.
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This document summarizes the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension. It describes asthma as widespread reversible narrowing of airways due to increased bronchial responsiveness and inflammation. Treatment depends on timing and includes short-acting beta-agonists for acute relief and inhaled corticosteroids for chronic inflammation reduction. Beta-agonists, methylxanthines, anti-muscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and corticosteroids are discussed as primary asthma therapies. COPD treatment focuses on bronchodilators and corticosteroids for severe cases. Pulmonary hypertension can be treated with prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, or phosphodiesterase
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This document discusses cough remedies and treatments for respiratory conditions. It describes expectorants that loosen mucus in the lungs, including ammonium chloride-ipecacuanha and guaifenesin. It also discusses cough suppressants that can reduce tiring coughs. Classes of cough suppressants include demulcents, opioids like codeine, and antihistamines. The document also outlines treatments for asthma, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, sodium cromoglycate, and leukotriene modifiers. Status asthmaticus is treated with hydration, bronchodilators, hydrocortisone, oxygen, and ventilation if needed.
Medications
This document provides information about various medications including an antibiotic (Amoxil/amoxicillin), an antihistamine (Fexofenadine), and a decongestant (Afrin/oxymetazoline nasal spray). It describes what each medication is used for, how it works, potential side effects, and important safety information.
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Pharmology drug prestntat
Flonase is a nasal spray containing the corticosteroid fluticasone that prevents the release of inflammatory substances. It treats nasal symptoms like congestion from seasonal or year-round allergies. Potential side effects include headaches, nosebleeds, and vision problems. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections and anthrax exposure. It may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and other issues. Hycodan contains hydrocodone and homatropine to relieve dry coughs from colds by suppressing the urge to cough in the brain and with anticholinergic effects.
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The document discusses three common types of drug prescriptions: antibiotics, bronchodilators, and mucolytics. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria but not viruses or fungi. Examples given are amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Bronchodilators relax bronchial muscles to open airways and treat asthma, examples listed are albuterol and ventolin. Mucolytics thin mucus making it easier to cough up, examples include N-acetylcysteine and mucomyst. Weaknesses and side effects of each type are also outlined.
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This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), including their symptoms, causes, management, and treatment options. URTIs are very common and include illnesses like the common cold. They are usually viral in origin and self-limiting, though antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for secondary bacterial infections. Symptomatic treatment including rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications are the mainstay for relief of symptoms like fever, aches, and congestion. Medical attention should be sought if symptoms are severe or prolonged. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help reduce fever and pain.
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The document discusses various drugs used to treat symptoms of respiratory illnesses like the common cold. Antihistamines block the effects of histamine to reduce symptoms like runny nose and sneezing. Nasal decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve congestion. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex for nonproductive coughs. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms rather than curing the underlying illness.
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Antihistamine is a drug that blocks the effects of histamine released during an allergy attack to treat allergic reaction symptoms. Side effects may include vision changes, confusion, irregular heartbeat, tremors, urination issues, bleeding, weakness or fatigue. Bronchodilators open airways to treat asthma by dilating bronchial tubes to allow more air flow and clear mucus. Different bronchodilators include beta-agonists administered via inhaler or oral that activate receptors, and anticholinergics that provide some airway opening. Antibiotics are substances derived from organisms that can destroy or inhibit other microorganisms growth and are used to treat infections. Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, fungal
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Antihistamine is a drug that blocks the effects of histamine released during an allergy attack to treat allergic reaction symptoms. Side effects may include vision changes, confusion, irregular heartbeat, tremors, trouble urinating, unusual bleeding or bruising, and weakness. Bronchodilators open airways to treat asthma by clearing mucus and allowing more air flow through bronchial tubes. Different bronchodilators include beta-agonists administered via inhaler or orally, and anticholinergics for some individuals who cannot tolerate short-acting beta-agonists. Antibiotics are substances derived from microorganisms that can destroy or inhibit other microorganisms and are used to treat bacterial infections. Common
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The document discusses three medications used for respiratory system issues: Cipro, Hydocan, and Ventolin. Cipro is an antibiotic that treats pneumonia. Hydocan is an antitussive that relieves coughs. Ventolin is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasms. Each section provides information on the drug classification, uses, dosages, and potential side effects.
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This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the different types of asthma (atopic, non-atopic, drug-induced), the chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness involved in the disease. Risk factors include genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, signs, lung function tests, and other lab tests. Treatment consists of both non-pharmacological measures and various drug classes for relief and prevention of symptoms, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and others.
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This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It covers categories like anti-tussives, expectorants, and drugs for conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms and types of cough, including productive and non-productive cough. It then examines the mechanisms, classifications, and examples of different drug classes for treating cough and related conditions, including anti-tussives like codeine; expectorants that liquefy secretions; mucolytics; antihistamines; bronchodilators; and demulcents for the throat. It notes important considerations like adverse effects and contraindications for these drug classes.
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The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and inflammation by blocking histamine. First generation types cause more sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflexes. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like albuterol and ipratropium open airways for COPD/asthma. Xanthines like theophylline also dilate airways and vessels.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics thin mucus to ease coughing up secretions. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5
Inhaled aerosol compatibility
Inhaled aerosol medication, that is given by respiratory therapist, need to be mixed with another medication for quicker time, less cost, or synergic effect.
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The document discusses various drugs used to treat respiratory conditions, including antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of these drug classes. Nursing implications are provided for safely administering these respiratory medications and monitoring their effects.
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This document summarizes the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension. It describes asthma as widespread reversible narrowing of airways due to increased bronchial responsiveness and inflammation. Treatment depends on timing and includes short-acting beta-agonists for acute relief and inhaled corticosteroids for chronic inflammation reduction. Beta-agonists, methylxanthines, anti-muscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and corticosteroids are discussed as primary asthma therapies. COPD treatment focuses on bronchodilators and corticosteroids for severe cases. Pulmonary hypertension can be treated with prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, or phosphodiesterase
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This document discusses cough remedies and treatments for respiratory conditions. It describes expectorants that loosen mucus in the lungs, including ammonium chloride-ipecacuanha and guaifenesin. It also discusses cough suppressants that can reduce tiring coughs. Classes of cough suppressants include demulcents, opioids like codeine, and antihistamines. The document also outlines treatments for asthma, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, sodium cromoglycate, and leukotriene modifiers. Status asthmaticus is treated with hydration, bronchodilators, hydrocortisone, oxygen, and ventilation if needed.
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This document provides information about various medications including an antibiotic (Amoxil/amoxicillin), an antihistamine (Fexofenadine), and a decongestant (Afrin/oxymetazoline nasal spray). It describes what each medication is used for, how it works, potential side effects, and important safety information.
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Antibiotics target bacteria to treat infections without harming the host. Common brand name antibiotics include Zithromax, Novamex, and Levaquin, which treat infections like strep, syphilis, and UTIs but can cause side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and organ damage. Expectorants help bring up mucus from the respiratory tract, while antitussives suppress coughs. Popular expectorants include Mucinex and guaifenesin, and antitussives include Vicks Formula 44, hydrocodone, and dextromethorphan. Users should only take antibiotics as prescribed by a doctor.
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This document discusses different types of respiratory medications. It provides examples of antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants that are commonly used to treat respiratory issues. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, antihistamines block the effects of histamine during allergic reactions, and decongestants work to reduce stuffiness by shrinking blood vessels in the nasal passages. The document also gives brief overviews of specific drugs for each category, including their classifications, actions, forms, and potential side effects.
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Flonase is a nasal spray containing the corticosteroid fluticasone that prevents the release of inflammatory substances. It treats nasal symptoms like congestion from seasonal or year-round allergies. Potential side effects include headaches, nosebleeds, and vision problems. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections and anthrax exposure. It may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and other issues. Hycodan contains hydrocodone and homatropine to relieve dry coughs from colds by suppressing the urge to cough in the brain and with anticholinergic effects.
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The document discusses various drugs used to treat symptoms of respiratory illnesses like the common cold. Antihistamines block the effects of histamine to reduce symptoms like runny nose and sneezing. Nasal decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve congestion. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex for nonproductive coughs. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms rather than curing the underlying illness.
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Antihistamine is a drug that blocks the effects of histamine released during an allergy attack to treat allergic reaction symptoms. Side effects may include vision changes, confusion, irregular heartbeat, tremors, urination issues, bleeding, weakness or fatigue. Bronchodilators open airways to treat asthma by dilating bronchial tubes to allow more air flow and clear mucus. Different bronchodilators include beta-agonists administered via inhaler or oral that activate receptors, and anticholinergics that provide some airway opening. Antibiotics are substances derived from organisms that can destroy or inhibit other microorganisms growth and are used to treat infections. Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, fungal
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Antihistamine is a drug that blocks the effects of histamine released during an allergy attack to treat allergic reaction symptoms. Side effects may include vision changes, confusion, irregular heartbeat, tremors, trouble urinating, unusual bleeding or bruising, and weakness. Bronchodilators open airways to treat asthma by clearing mucus and allowing more air flow through bronchial tubes. Different bronchodilators include beta-agonists administered via inhaler or orally, and anticholinergics for some individuals who cannot tolerate short-acting beta-agonists. Antibiotics are substances derived from microorganisms that can destroy or inhibit other microorganisms and are used to treat bacterial infections. Common
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The document discusses three medications used for respiratory system issues: Cipro, Hydocan, and Ventolin. Cipro is an antibiotic that treats pneumonia. Hydocan is an antitussive that relieves coughs. Ventolin is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasms. Each section provides information on the drug classification, uses, dosages, and potential side effects.
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1 medicines
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease like vaccines; those that fight pathogens like antibiotics and antivirals; those that relieve pain and symptoms like analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems like insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines work in the body in different ways such as killing pathogens, preventing their reproduction, reducing inflammation and pain. People must be careful when taking medicines due to risks of side effects, addiction, resistance, and interactions.
1 medicines
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease through vaccines and antitoxins; those that fight pathogens like bacteria and viruses using antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals; those that relieve pain and other symptoms such as analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems including allergies, insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines are administered orally, topically, inhaled, or injected and can have additive, synergistic, or antagonistic interactions when taken together.
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The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. There are several types of drugs that can help treat respiratory infections, including antibiotics, antihistamines, expectorants, and more. Antihistamines such as Allegra block histamine to relieve allergy symptoms. Expectorants like Robitussin thin mucus and make it easier to cough up. Antibiotics kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections, with examples being Cipro.
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OTC Medications - Cough
- Coughing is a protective reflex action that aims to clear irritants from the airway. Most coughs are caused by viral upper respiratory tract infections and will improve on their own within a few days.
- Coughs can be classified as productive (with sputum) or unproductive (dry). Productive coughs may indicate bacterial infection. Coughs lasting over 2 weeks should be referred to a doctor.
- Treatment depends on cough type but includes suppressants for dry coughs and expectorants for productive coughs. Demulcents soothe the throat. While evidence for efficacy is limited, cough remedies provide relief for many through placebo effect.
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The urinary system filters waste from the blood and removes it from the body through urine. Acute renal failure occurs when the kidneys suddenly fail to remove waste. Culture and sensitivity testing identifies bacteria in bodily fluids to determine effective antibiotics. Hemodialysis removes waste and excess water from the blood when the kidneys fail. Nephrotic syndrome damages the kidneys and causes protein to leak into the urine. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria and cause discomfort, especially when infecting the bladder.
Ch 6 presentation
The lymphatic system transports fluid and immune cells throughout the body to maintain fluid balance and defend against disease. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma cancer originating from white blood cells that affects lymph tissue. Common symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both. Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi that causes swelling. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and surgery if abscesses form. The immune system defends the body through immune cells and responses that attack pathogens and causes of disease. Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer causing skin lesions and growths in
Chapter 3 Presentation
A dermatologist diagnoses and treats disorders of the skin, hair, and nails. They have expertise in normal skin care as well as treating conditions like skin cancer. Cosmetic dermatologists perform procedures like Botox and fillers. Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, caused by ultraviolet light damage, and treated with surgery, immunotherapy, chemotherapy or radiation. Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease affecting connective tissue, treated to open blood vessels and reduce inflammation. Onychomycosis is a fungal nail infection, the most common nail condition, treated with topical or oral antifungals.
Kidneys
The kidneys are located in the back below the rib cage, with one on each side of the spine. Their main functions are to remove waste from the blood to form urine and regulate fluid and chemical balances in the body. The kidneys are part of the urinary system along with the ureters, bladder, and urethra, which works to filter waste from the blood and remove it from the body. The most common causes of kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure, and diseases typically attack the nephrons slowly without symptoms until significant loss of filtering capacity occurs. Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of function that can be caused by various diseases and is divided into stages based on kidney function level.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Chapter 7 Presentation
- 1. Chapter 7 Presentation By Jessica Olsofka
- 4. They are used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.
- 5. If used properly, Antibiotics can save lives.
- 6. Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses such as colds and the flu.
- 8. Amoxicillin
- 9. Penicillin G and V
- 10. Ciprofloxacin
- 12. Depending on the antibiotic, side effects may be more severe including impairing of kidney's, liver, bone marrow and other organs.
- 13. Antibiotics may also cause allergic reactions which consist of an itchy rash or slight wheezing.
- 15. Used in an attempt to treat coughing and related conditions.
- 16. Prescribed when a person suffers dry, harsh coughing.
- 17. Usually related to colds and flu.
- 19. Ibuprofen
- 20. Vicks Formula 44
- 21. Hycodan
- 22. Dextromethorphan
- 24. Lightheadedness
- 25. Headache
- 26. Drowsiness
- 27. Nausea
- 28. Vomitting
- 29. Constipation
- 30. Stomach Ache
- 32. Type of drug used to relieve nasal congestion.
- 33. Commonly used to cure the common cold, flu and allergies.
- 34. Constrict the blood flow on the area of congestion, which then decreases the swelling and clears the congested area.
- 35. Allows one to breathe more easily.
- 37. Clartin
- 38. Zyrtec
- 39. Mucinex
- 40. Sudafed
- 42. Loss of appetite
- 43. Nausea
- 44. Sleeplessness
- 45. Headache