This document discusses different types of respiratory medications. It provides examples of antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants that are commonly used to treat respiratory issues. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, antihistamines block the effects of histamine during allergic reactions, and decongestants work to reduce stuffiness by shrinking blood vessels in the nasal passages. The document also gives brief overviews of specific drugs for each category, including their classifications, actions, forms, and potential side effects.
Sympathetic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it.
[Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names of all the drug mentioned below]
A)Sympathomimetic Agents:
1. Direct Acting: Nor Epinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.
2. Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine.
3. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
B) Adrenergic Antagonists:
1.Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin.
2. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol *, Atenolol *, Carvedilol
Cholinergic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it, Cholinesterase & its general introduction & action.
A) Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names)
1. Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine,
2. Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate lodide
CNS-Definition, Classification, Different classes of drug acting on CNS
General Anesthetic- Definition, Stages of anesthesia, Classification
Anesthetic drug- Thiopentone sodium, Ketamine, Propofol detailed study
Sympathetic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it.
[Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names of all the drug mentioned below]
A)Sympathomimetic Agents:
1. Direct Acting: Nor Epinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.
2. Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine.
3. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
B) Adrenergic Antagonists:
1.Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin.
2. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol *, Atenolol *, Carvedilol
Cholinergic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it, Cholinesterase & its general introduction & action.
A) Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names)
1. Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine,
2. Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate lodide
CNS-Definition, Classification, Different classes of drug acting on CNS
General Anesthetic- Definition, Stages of anesthesia, Classification
Anesthetic drug- Thiopentone sodium, Ketamine, Propofol detailed study
adrenergic drug pharmaceutical chemistry diploma second year in pharmacy.catecholamine,non-catecholamine,edpedrine,isoprinaline therapeutic uses,pharmaceutical preprations.
Ephedra is mostly used to treat the human diseases like asthama and its excess amount cause many side effects in man.Most chemicals used in medicine mainly obtained from herbal plants.The main constituent that we obtain from ephedra is ephedrine.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
This presentation will help students to understand the importance of chemistry in our daily life'It will students familiar with the role of chemistry and chemical products in our daily life.
Asthma Medication: Inhaler vs Oral MedicationHafizah R
There are two ways you can take asthma medication. Either by inhaler or oral administration (pills or liquid). Usually doctors may prescribe both where inhaler as asthma rescue medicine and oral medication for preventer medicine.
For preventer asthma, the most widely use drug are the combination of corticosteroid and beta 2 agonist.
Corticosteroids are man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally. Hormone steroids help control metabolism, inflammation, immune function, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics and your ability to withstand the stress of illness and injury. This drug work by decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system. It reduce the production of inflammatory chemicals in order to minimize tissue damage that occur in the air pathway during asthma attack. By reducing the immune response, mucus production can also be decreased.
Another drug combined is beta 2 agonist. It mainly affects the muscles around the airways (bronchi and bronchioles). When asthma occur, bands of muscle around the airways tighten, making the airways narrower. This often results in breathlessness. Beta-agonists work by telling the muscles of the airways to relax, widening the airways. This results in easier breathing. There are two type of beta 2 agonist; Long Acting Beta 2 Agonist (LABA) or short acting beta 2 agonist. In preventer asthma medicine, it is usually use LABA.
Pharmacology - 10 Nursing Mnemonics and TricksKelghe D'cruz
Pharmacology isn’t the easiest to study and master. Apart from drug names, you also have to know what they do, how they interact with each other, and who they are for.
adrenergic drug pharmaceutical chemistry diploma second year in pharmacy.catecholamine,non-catecholamine,edpedrine,isoprinaline therapeutic uses,pharmaceutical preprations.
Ephedra is mostly used to treat the human diseases like asthama and its excess amount cause many side effects in man.Most chemicals used in medicine mainly obtained from herbal plants.The main constituent that we obtain from ephedra is ephedrine.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
This presentation will help students to understand the importance of chemistry in our daily life'It will students familiar with the role of chemistry and chemical products in our daily life.
Asthma Medication: Inhaler vs Oral MedicationHafizah R
There are two ways you can take asthma medication. Either by inhaler or oral administration (pills or liquid). Usually doctors may prescribe both where inhaler as asthma rescue medicine and oral medication for preventer medicine.
For preventer asthma, the most widely use drug are the combination of corticosteroid and beta 2 agonist.
Corticosteroids are man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally. Hormone steroids help control metabolism, inflammation, immune function, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics and your ability to withstand the stress of illness and injury. This drug work by decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system. It reduce the production of inflammatory chemicals in order to minimize tissue damage that occur in the air pathway during asthma attack. By reducing the immune response, mucus production can also be decreased.
Another drug combined is beta 2 agonist. It mainly affects the muscles around the airways (bronchi and bronchioles). When asthma occur, bands of muscle around the airways tighten, making the airways narrower. This often results in breathlessness. Beta-agonists work by telling the muscles of the airways to relax, widening the airways. This results in easier breathing. There are two type of beta 2 agonist; Long Acting Beta 2 Agonist (LABA) or short acting beta 2 agonist. In preventer asthma medicine, it is usually use LABA.
Pharmacology - 10 Nursing Mnemonics and TricksKelghe D'cruz
Pharmacology isn’t the easiest to study and master. Apart from drug names, you also have to know what they do, how they interact with each other, and who they are for.
Cough syrup is a medicinal liquid formulation designed to alleviate symptoms associated with coughing. Typically, it contains active ingredients such as antitussives, expectorants, decongestants, or antihistamines, which work to suppress coughing, loosen mucus, relieve congestion, and soothe throat irritation
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Respiratory Medications
Respiratory medication can be used for problems
as minor as a cough or as serious as an asthma
attack. The drug your doctor will likely prescribe for
such respiratory issues will fall under the following
categories:
antibiotics, antihistamine, antitussive,
bronchodilator, corticosteroids, decongestant,
expectorant, and mucolytic
The proceeding slides will provide a brief overview
of 3 respiratory medication types:
antibiotic
antihistamine
decongestant
3. Antibiotic
Word Parts:
anti- = against
bi/o = life
-tic = pertaining to
Is a medication used to kill bacteria
causing respiratory infections
Brand Names Examples:
ampicillin
Amoxil
Cipro
Zithromax
Levaquin
4. Cipro- antibiotic
Classification: antibiotic
Action: Cipro is used to treat different types of
bacterial infections. It works by stopping the
production of essential proteins needed by
the bacteria to survive. It is also used to treat
people who have been exposed to anthrax.
Form: Cipro comes in tablet and oral
suspension form (liquid form). It is taken twice
a day in the morning and evening.
Side Effects: may include stomach discomfort,
vomiting, mild diarrhea, vaginal itching or
discharge, mild dizziness or mild headache.
5. Antihistamine
Word Parts:
anti- = against
Is a medication that blocks the effects of
histamine that has been released by the body
during an allergy attack.
Histamine is released by the immune system after
exposure to allergens (substances that cause
allergies.)
Forms- antihistamine medication comes in
capsules, tablets, nasal sprays, and injections.
Brand Name examples:
Claritin
Zyrtec
Benadryl
Loratadine
6. Allegra- (fexofenadine hydrochloride)
Classification: antihistamine
Action: used to treat allergic symptoms of
seasonal allergic rhinitis (sneezing, runny nose,
itchy or watery eyes), and urticaria (hives).
Form: Allegra comes in tablets, orally
disintegrating tablets, and as an oral
suspension
Side Effects: include GI symptoms of nausea or
diarrhea, muscle or back discomfort
or pain, sleepiness, and menstrual
cramps.
7. Decongestant
Word Parts:
de- = without
Is a medication that reduces stuffiness and congestion
throughout the respiratory system.
Decongestants reduce the congestion and is not an
antihistamine. As mention before histamine is what produces
the mucus formation decongestants do not block histamine,
but will help to dry it.
There are 2 easy and natural decongestants which are
exercising (running) and coffee.
Exercising inhibits adrenaline. A lot of decongestant medicine
contain similar ingredients to the adrenaline that helps reduce
stuffiness.
Coffee or any product with caffeine helps reduce congestion. Side
effects from caffeine are similar to decongestants (high blood
pressure and heart rate)
Brand Name examples:
Sinex
Afrin
Drixoral
8. Afrin- oxymetazoline nasal
Classification: decongestant
Action: Dilated blood vessels can cause
nasal congestion. Afrin shrinks blood
vessels in the nasal passages to temporary
relieve nasal congestion caused by
allergies or the common cold.
Form: Afrin comes in nose drops or nasal
spray.
Side Effects: include mild burning or
stinging of the nose, sneezing, or
runny nose.
