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Chapter 6 Introductory course Biology Camp
- 1. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELLBIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick A Tour of the Cell Chapter 6
- 2. Overview: The FundamentalUnits of Life • All organisms are made of cells • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Biologists use microscopesand the tools of biochemistry to study cells • light microscope (LM): visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses – Magnification, the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size; lenses refract the light – Resolution, the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points – Contrast, visible differences in parts of the sample © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Figure 6.2 10m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Most bacteria Nucleus Most plant and animal cells Human egg Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaided eye Light microscopy Electron microscopy Super- resolution microscopy
- 5. Brightfield (unstained specimen) Brightfield (stained specimen) 50 m Confocal Differential-interference- contrast(Nomarski) Fluorescence 10 m Deconvolution Super-resolution Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Cross section of cilium Longitudinal section of cilium Cilia Electron Microscopy (EM) 1 m 10 m 50 m 2 m 2 m Light Microscopy (LM) Phase-contrast Figure 6.3
- 6. • electron microscopes(EMs): subcellular structures – Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs): focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D • Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs): focus a beam of electrons through a specimen • internal structure of cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Cell Fractionation • Cellfractionation takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another • Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts • enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles & correlate cell function with structure © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Figure 6.4 TECHNIQUE Homogenization Tissue cells Homogenate Centrifugation Differential centrifugation Centrifugedat 1,000 g (1,000 times the force of gravity) for 10 min Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloro- plasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and cells’ internal membranes) Pellet rich in ribosomes
- 9. • Cells – Plasmamembrane – Semifluid substance called cytosol – Chromosomes (carry genes) – Ribosomes (make proteins) • The plasma membrane : selective barrier that for passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste – double layer of phospholipids © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. Figure 6.6 Outside ofcell Inside of cell 0.1 m (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Carbohydrate side chains Proteins Phospholipid (b) Structure of the plasma membrane
- 11. • Prokaryotic cellsare characterized by having – No nucleus – Nucleoid: DNA’s location – No membrane-bound organelles – Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane • Eukaryotic cells – DNA in a nucleus (nuclear envelope) – Membrane-bound organelles – Cytoplasm – much larger than prokaryotic cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Fimbriae Bacterial chromosome A typical rod-shaped bacterium (a) Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule FlagellaA thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) (b) 0.5 m Figure 6.5
- 13. • Size ofCell: metabolic requirements – surface area to volume ratio – surface area increases by n2 , volume increases by n3 • Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Surface area increaseswhile total volume remains constant Total surface area [sum of the surface areas (height width) of all box sides number of boxes] Total volume [height width length number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area volume] 1 5 6 150 750 1 125 125 1 1.2 6 6 Figure 6.7
- 15. Eukaryotic Cell • organelleswith internal membranes – Plant and animal cells have ~ same organelles – genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes (make proteins) • nuclear envelope: encloses the nucleus – double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer – Pores regulate the entry/exit of molecules – Nucleus shape is maintained by the nuclear lamina, which is composed of protein – Nucleolus: is within the nucleus and the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 16. Figure 6.8a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Plasma membrane Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Peroxisome Microvilli Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Centrosome CYTOSKELETON: Flagellum NUCLEUS
- 17. Figure 6.8b Animal Cells Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Humancells from lining of uterus (colorized TEM) Yeast cells budding (colorized SEM) 10 m Fungal Cells 5 m Parent cell Buds 1 m Cell wall Vacuole Nucleus Mitochondrion A single yeast cell (colorized TEM)
- 18. NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall Wallof adjacent cell Plasmodesmata Chloroplast Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments CYTOSKELETON Central vacuole Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Figure 6.8c
- 19. Figure 6.8d Plant Cells Cellsfrom duckweed (colorized TEM) Cell 5 m Cell wall Chloroplast Nucleus Nucleolus 8 m Protistan Cells 1 m Chlamydomonas (colorized SEM) Chlamydomonas (colorized TEM) Flagella Nucleus Nucleolus Vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion
- 20. Nucleus Rough ER Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Innermembrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Ribosome Pore complex Close-up of nuclear envelope Surface of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) 0.25 m 1 m Nuclear lamina (TEM) Chromatin 1 m Figure 6.9
- 21. • Chromosomes: discreteunits of DNA – Chromatin: single DNA molecule associated with proteins – chromosomes: condensed chromatin as seen prior to cell division • Ribosomes: ribosomal RNA and protein – protein synthesis in the cytosol (free ribosomes) or on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. Figure 6.10 0.25 m Freeribosomes in cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes bound to ER Large subunit Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome TEM showing ER and ribosomes
- 23. The endomembrane systemregulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell • Components of the endomembrane system – Nuclear envelope – Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi apparatus – Lysosomes – Vacuoles – Plasma membrane • These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 24. The Endoplasmic Reticulum:Biosynthetic Factory • more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells • The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope • There are two distinct regions of ER – Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes – Rough ER, surface is studded with ribosomes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. Figure 6.11 SmoothER Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Ribosomes Smooth ER Transport vesicle Transitional ER Rough ER 200 nm Nuclear envelope
- 26. • Smooth ER –Synthesizes lipids – Metabolizes carbohydrates – Detoxifies drugs and poisons – Stores calcium ions • Rough ER – Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates) – Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes – Is a membrane factory for the cell © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. • flattened membranoussacs called cisternae • Functions – Modifies products of the ER – Manufactures certain macromolecules – Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. Figure 6.12 cis face (“receiving”side of Golgi apparatus) trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) 0.1 m TEM of Golgi apparatus Cisternae
- 29. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments •membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes • Lysosomal enzymes: hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids – work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome • Phagocytosis; engulf another cell; food vacuole • Autophagy: enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. Figure 6.13 Nucleus Lysosome 1 m Digestive enzymes Digestion Foodvacuole Lysosome Plasma membrane (a) Phagocytosis Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 m Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment (b) Autophagy Peroxisome Vesicle Mitochondrion Lysosome Digestion
- 31. Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments •A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several vacuoles, derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus – Food vacuoles: phagocytosis – Contractile vacuoles: (freshwater protists) pump excess water out of cells – Central vacuoles (mature plant cells) hold organic compounds and water © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 32. Figure 6.14 Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Cellwall Chloroplast Central vacuole 5 m
- 33. Figure 6.15-3 Smooth ER Nucleus RoughER Plasma membrane cis Golgi trans Golgi
- 34. Mitochondria and chloroplastschange energy from one form to another • Mitochondria: cellular respiration; • use oxygen ATP • Chloroplasts (plants, algae) photosynthesis • Peroxisomes: oxidative organelles • Mitochondria & chloroplasts: similar to bacteria – double membrane – free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules – Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 35. • Endosymbiont theory –An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host – The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion – At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 36. Figure 6.16 Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Ancestor of eukaryoticcells (host cell) Engulfing of oxygen- using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote Mitochondrion At least one cell Photosynthetic eukaryote Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Chloroplast
- 37. Mitochondria: Chemical EnergyConversion • They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae – inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix – Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix – Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 38. Figure 6.17 Intermembrane space Outer membrane DNA Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Free ribosomes inthe mitochondrial matrix (a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion (b) Network of mitochondria in a protist cell (LM) 0.1 m Mitochondrial DNA Nuclear DNA Mitochondria 10 m
- 39. Chloroplasts: Capture ofLight Energy • Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis • Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae • Chloroplast structure includes – Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum – Stroma, the internal fluid • The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called plastids © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 40. Figure 6.18 Ribosomes Stroma Inner andouter membranes Granum 1 m Intermembrane space Thylakoid (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell Chloroplasts (red) 50 m DNA
- 41. Peroxisomes: Oxidation • Peroxisomesare specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane • produce hydrogen peroxide water • perform reactions with many different functions • How peroxisomes are related to other organelles is still unknown © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 42. The cytoskeleton isa network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell • extending throughout the cytoplasm • It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 43. Roles of theCytoskeleton: Support and Motility • support the cell and maintain its shape • It interacts with motor proteins to produce motility • Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along “monorails” provided by the cytoskeleton • Recent evidence suggests that the cytoskeleton may help regulate biochemical activities © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 44. Figure 6.21 ATP Vesicle (a) Motor protein (ATPpowered) Microtubule of cytoskeleton Receptor for motor protein 0.25 m Vesicles Microtubule (b)
- 45. Components of theCytoskeleton • Three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton – Microtubules are the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton – Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are the thinnest components – Intermediate filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 46. Tubulin dimer 25 nm Column of tubulin dimers 10 m Table 6.1a
- 47. 10 m Actin subunit 7nm Table 6.1b
- 48. 5 m Keratin proteins Fibroussubunit (keratins coiled together) 812 nm Table 6.1c
- 49. Microtubules • Microtubules arehollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long • Functions of microtubules – Shaping the cell – Guiding movement of organelles – Separating chromosomes during cell division © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 50. Centrosomes and Centrioles •In many cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus • The centrosome is a “microtubule-organizing center” • In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 51. Centrosome Longitudinal section of one centriole Centrioles Microtubule 0.25m Microtubules Cross section of the other centriole Figure 6.22
- 52. Cilia and Flagella •Microtubules control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells • Cilia and flagella differ in their beating patterns • Cilia and flagella share a common structure – A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane – basal body : anchors the cilium or flagellum – Dynein: motor protein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 53. Direction of swimming (b)Motion of cilia Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (a) Motion of flagella 5 m 15 m Figure 6.23
- 54. Microtubules Plasma membrane Basal body Longitudinal section ofmotile cilium (a) 0.5 m 0.1 m 0.1 m (b) Cross section of motile cilium Outer microtubule doublet Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Cross-linking proteins between outer doublets Plasma membrane Triplet (c) Cross section of basal body Figure 6.24
- 55. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) •solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits – bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell – Cortex: 3-D network for shape – make up the core of microvilli of intestinal cells • Myosin: in microfilaments for cellular motility – In muscle cells, actin filaments are parallel – Thicker filaments (myosin) with the thinner actin fibers © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 56. Figure 6.26 Microvillus Plasma membrane Microfilaments(actin filaments) Intermediate filaments 0.25 m
- 57. Figure 6.27 Muscle cell Actin filament Myosin Myosin filament head (a)Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction 0.5 m 100 m Cortex (outer cytoplasm): gel with actin network Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits (b) Amoeboid movement Extending pseudopodium 30 m (c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells Chloroplast
- 58. • Localized contractionbrought about by actin and myosin also drives amoeboid movement • Pseudopodia (cellular extensions) extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments • Cytoplasmic streaming is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells – speeds distribution of materials within the cell • In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 59. Intermediate Filaments • Intermediatefilaments range in diameter from 8–12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules – support cell shape and fix organelles in place – more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 60. Extracellular components andconnections between cells help coordinate cellular activities • Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane • These extracellular structures include – Cell walls of plants – The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells – Intercellular junctions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 61. Cell Walls ofPlants • extracellular structure not in animal cells – Plants, Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists • protects, maintains shape, and prevents excessive water uptake • Plant cell walls: cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 62. • Plant cellwalls may have multiple layers – Primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible – Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells – Secondary cell wall (in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall • Plasmodesmata are channels between adjacent plant cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 63. Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella Centralvacuole Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata 1 m Figure 6.28
- 64. Figure 6.29 RESULTS 10m Distribution of cellulose synthase over time Distribution of microtubules over time
- 65. Animal Cell ExtracellularMatrix • Animal cells: no cell walls, but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) – glycoproteins (collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin) – bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins • Functions of the ECM – Support – Adhesion – Movement – Regulation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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- 67. Cell Junctions • Neighboringcells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact • Intercellular junctions facilitate this contact Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells • channels that perforate plant cell walls • Through plasmodesmata, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 68. Figure 6.31 Interior of cell Interior ofcell 0.5 m Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes Cell walls
- 69. Tight Junctions, Desmosomes,and Gap Junctions in Animal Cells • At tight junctions, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid • Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets • Gap junctions (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 70. Figure 6.32 Tight junctionsprevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction Tight junction TEM 0.5 m TEM 1 m TEM 0.1 m Extracellular matrix Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Space between cells Ions or small molecules Desmosome Intermediate filaments Gap junction
- 71. The Cell: ALiving Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts • Cells rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function • For example, a macrophage’s ability to destroy bacteria involves the whole cell, coordinating components such as the cytoskeleton, lysosomes, and plasma membrane © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Editor's Notes
- #2 For the Discovery Video Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #4 Figure 6.2 The size range of cells.
- #5 Figure 6.3 Exploring: Microscopy
- #8 Figure 6.4 Research Method: Cell Fractionation
- #10 Figure 6.6 The plasma membrane.
- #12 Figure 6.5 A prokaryotic cell.
- #14 Figure 6.7 Geometric relationships between surface area and volume.
- #16 Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
- #17 Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
- #18 Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
- #19 Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells
- #20 Figure 6.9 The nucleus and its envelope.
- #22 Figure 6.10 Ribosomes.
- #24 For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #25 Figure 6.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- #27 For the Cell Biology Video ER to Golgi Traffic, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Golgi Complex in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Secretion From the Golgi, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #28 Figure 6.12 The Golgi apparatus.
- #30 Figure 6.13 Lysosomes.
- #32 Figure 6.14 The plant cell vacuole.
- #33 Figure 6.15 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
- #34 For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Mitochondria in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Chloroplast Movement, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #36 Figure 6.16 The endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
- #38 Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration.
- #40 Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis.
- #42 For the Cell Biology Video The Cytoskeleton in a Neuron Growth Cone, go to Animation and Video Files For the Cell Biology Video Cytoskeletal Protein Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #44 Figure 6.21 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton.
- #45 For the Cell Biology Video Actin Network in Crawling Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Actin Visualization in Dendrites, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #46 Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
- #47 Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
- #48 Table 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton
- #49 For the Cell Biology Video Transport Along Microtubules, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vivo, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vitro, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #51 Figure 6.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles.
- #53 Figure 6.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and motile cilia.
- #54 Figure 6.24 Structure of a flagellum or motile cilium.
- #56 Figure 6.26 A structural role of microfilaments.
- #57 Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility.
- #59 For the Cell Biology Video Interphase Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Sliding in Flagellum Movement, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #60 For the Cell Biology Video Ciliary Motion, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #62 For the Cell Biology Video E-cadherin Expression, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #63 Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls.
- #64 Figure 6.29 Inquiry: What role do microtubules play in orienting deposition of cellulose in cell walls?
- #65 For the Cell Biology Video Cartoon Model of a Collagen Triple Helix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Staining of the Extracellular Matrix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Fibronectin Fibrils, go to Animation and Video Files.
- #66 Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell.
- #68 Figure 6.31 Plasmodesmata between plant cells.
- #70 Figure 6.32 Exploring: Cell Junctions in Animal Tissues
- #72 Figure 6.33 The emergence of cellular functions.
- #73 Figure 6.UN01 Summary table, Concepts 6.3–6.5