10- What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of e.pdfOliversyDGilln
10. What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of each in making protein?
11. What is the resting membrane potential? How is it established in a cell? What provides most
of the anions? What ions are involved? Be sure to include concentration gradients.
12. Be able to label the neural cell action potential with the correct ions for each phase. Make
sure you know which direction each ion is moving.
13. Define threshold. How does this apply to the single neuron? Why did the action potential
increase in size as you increased the voltage past this point? (from lab)
14. Does nervous tissue fatigue? How does this apply to the body?
15. Define Refactory Period. Why is this important?
16. What is the role of myelin? What is the name of the cell that makes myelin in the peripheral
nervous system? What are the Nodes of Ranvier and where are they located on the neuron?
17. Why and how does cooling slow the action potential? Does this also apply to skeletal and
cardiac?
18. What was the effect of ether on nerve conduction? How does this happen (as in, what
channels are effected)? Why is it reversible?
19. Describe the resting membrane potential. Give a complete description of the factors that go
into establishing the resting potential in a neural cell. Describe how a local graded potential
changes the cell from the resting state, be sure to include initiation, the ions/channels involved
and how it returns to the resting state. Why is it called graded? How does temporal summation
contrast with spatial summation?
20. Describe how the action potential is initiated (assume you have summed potentials from
above and move on from there) and then is propagated down the axon. What is the role of
myelin? How does this lead to neurotransmitter release?.
10- What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of e.pdfOliversyDGilln
10. What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of each in making protein?
11. What is the resting membrane potential? How is it established in a cell? What provides most
of the anions? What ions are involved? Be sure to include concentration gradients.
12. Be able to label the neural cell action potential with the correct ions for each phase. Make
sure you know which direction each ion is moving.
13. Define threshold. How does this apply to the single neuron? Why did the action potential
increase in size as you increased the voltage past this point? (from lab)
14. Does nervous tissue fatigue? How does this apply to the body?
15. Define Refactory Period. Why is this important?
16. What is the role of myelin? What is the name of the cell that makes myelin in the peripheral
nervous system? What are the Nodes of Ranvier and where are they located on the neuron?
17. Why and how does cooling slow the action potential? Does this also apply to skeletal and
cardiac?
18. What was the effect of ether on nerve conduction? How does this happen (as in, what
channels are effected)? Why is it reversible?
19. Describe the resting membrane potential. Give a complete description of the factors that go
into establishing the resting potential in a neural cell. Describe how a local graded potential
changes the cell from the resting state, be sure to include initiation, the ions/channels involved
and how it returns to the resting state. Why is it called graded? How does temporal summation
contrast with spatial summation?
20. Describe how the action potential is initiated (assume you have summed potentials from
above and move on from there) and then is propagated down the axon. What is the role of
myelin? How does this lead to neurotransmitter release?.
THE AMERICAN DREAMThe American dream, the dream of opportunity f.docxmehek4
THE AMERICAN DREAM
The American dream, the dream of opportunity for all Americans to achieve prosperity through hard work is one that has evolved through years, ever since the years of Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia. It is a dream that many take it to be ambiguous, in which some believe to it is still live and others believing it is dead! It is therefore a topic worth exploring. To me this dream is still alive in every American who is hard-working and determined to make a change. America offers chances and opportunity for all, being a free and democratic nation and therefore this dream which is alive and those who pursue it shall have it come to reality. Indeed this dream is alive.
First, the American nation has good governance and democratic leadership. This opportunity in itself is enough and worth to make the diligent and hard-working to succeed and realize the dream. Many people from other countries have made America a place of refuge in seeking their prosperity; major reason being the great opportunities that the U.S is offering to its inhabitants as a result of the good governance. Indians, Africans Asians and other nationalities, in their success in America have therefore demonstrated this fact that the American dream is alive in those individuals who pursue it.
Secondly, America has supporting infrastructure such as good roads, excellent schooling facilities and a just system where everyone is given equal opportunity. These facilities steer the dream towards its realization. Nations worldwide send their scholars to the U.S on a yearly basis, that they may reap great results from the U.S facilities and opportunities and bring back home for the advancement of their native countries. If other nationals see this dream in the U.S, then indeed the dream is alive.
Finally, the United States of America has the one of the largest market for both locally produced goods and internationally availed goods. This vast market with thee well grown state of economy is a catalyst for the thriving of them that have decided to venture into business. Such have lived good and prosperous lives as a result of their business; lives of which is a realization of the American dream.
In conclusion, the American dream is alive in everyone who aspires to make achievements in life. It is an individual effort and not the country as a whole! American dream is alive.
General Principles of the Sensory Systems and Perception
by Ken Koenigshofer, Ph.D.
Copyright 2004
Imagine that your brain was isolated from the external world. Could you experience the world? The answer is "No." Could you direct your behavior successfully (adaptively) in the world if your brain was isolated from contact with the external world? Again the answer is "No."
The brain, without sensory systems, is in fact isolated from the world. After all, the brain is inside your skull, hidden away from the external world. So, there must be systems that can get information about the externa ...
General Principles of the Sensory Systems and Perceptionby Ken.docxhanneloremccaffery
General Principles of the Sensory Systems and Perception
by Ken Koenigshofer, Ph.D.
Copyright 2004
Imagine that your brain was isolated from the external world. Could you experience the world? The answer is "No." Could you direct your behavior successfully (adaptively) in the world if your brain was isolated from contact with the external world? Again the answer is "No."
The brain, without sensory systems, is in fact isolated from the world. After all, the brain is inside your skull, hidden away from the external world. So, there must be systems that can get information about the external world into your head.
We will consider several major ideas in this lecture. What I want to do is to give you several principles that apply in general to all of our sensory systems, and to the sensory systems of most animals as well (and perhaps life forms elsewhere in the universe if they exist).
If you can understand these general principles it will be easier to learn the specific facts about each sensory system. In addition, your understanding of these general principles will also allow you to gain insight into some very interesting issues, some of which border on the philosophical.
Have you heard the question posed, perhaps in a philosophy class, "If a tree falls in a forest and there is no one there to hear it, was there a sound?" You will be able to answer this and to explain the rationale for your unexpected answer to others who probably won't agree with you (you'll be able to convince them!).
Well, let's get started.
Sensory systems are the input systems to the brain.
However, interestingly, the brain itself is completely insensitive to the external world in its raw forms. The brain uses neural code. It deals in neuron potentials. It cannot deal with the world in its raw forms. Energies in the external world must be converted into neuron potentials.
Here's what I mean. Imagine that you are a neurosurgeon. Like others of your profession, when you do brain surgery, one of the first steps is to open up the skull of your patient under a local anesthetic, which deadens the scalp and the skull, but leaves your patient conscious and alert. The reason this is possible is because there are no pain receptors in the brain itself, but only in the surrounding scalp, skull, and meninges (a three-layered membrane covering the brain and attached to the skull). Now imagine, that with the skull opened up and the brain exposed, you direct a beam of light from a flashlight in the darkened surgery room at the visual area of the brain, at the rear of it's exposed surface (this is the primary visual cortex). To make this example even more clear, imagine that your patient is blindfolded. Would your patient "see" the light beam, which is now striking and flooding with illumination the visual cells of his or her brain?
I think you can see that, obviously, the patient does not see the beam of light, even though the beam of light is flooding with illumination the ...
Discuss the effect the Renaissance had on psychologyExplain how .docxvickeylintern
Discuss the effect the Renaissance had on psychology
Explain how Thorndike ruled out the idea that cats could learn to escape through reasoning and imitation
How did Pavlov demonstrate the basic phenomena of conditioning, extinction, generalization, and differentiation?
Discuss the trends that psychology has in the new millennium
Compare and contrast two different schools of psychology. An example would be Gestalt and Behaviorism
Describe the traditional version of the Anna O. case, what really happened, and what Freud learned from the case (or thought he learned).
What are the similarities between john Locke’s empiricist ideas and John Watson’s behaviorist ideas?
Compare and contrast Radical behaviorism and Cognitive Science.
How did Skinners approach to science differ from Hull’s and Tolman’s?
Discuss Skinner’s two “mistakes” according to Staddon in addition to Staddon’s criticism of Skinner’s argument against the “autonomous man”.
Discuss the literature on split-brain and lateralization of function. What does the research tell us about each hemispheres ability to function independently (e.g., cognitively, creatively, etc.) and in unison? What are the implications for the cognitive neuroscientist in terms of research?
Discuss one of the psychiatric disorders presented in chapter 11 of your text. Please be sure to address both the physiological and behavioral aspects of the disorder (signs and symptoms, biochemical or genetic theories, etc.), and pharmacological and behavioral treatments for the disorder. What is the role of the biopsychologist or neuroscientist in this type of research?
Discuss sleep in terms of the normal sleep cycle. Please be sure to address the stages of sleep and physiological correlates associated with each stage. How does dreaming fit into our conception of a normal sleep cycle? Address theories of dreaming. What are the consequences of disruption of sleep?
Critically evaluate the means theories that have been used to explain e motion. Which do you think is the best theory and why?
What brain regions and neurochemical systems are known to be involved in the regulation of sleep? What is known about the neurobiology and endocrinology of circadian rhythms?
What brain structures and circuits are known to be particularly important for human memory? Please discuss the evidence linking the hippocampus with an involvement in cognitive mapping and spatial memory.
Compare and contrast Broca's aphasia with Wernicke's aphasia. What cortical regions need to be damaged to produce these types of aphasia, and what do they tell us about the brain mechanisms underlying language?
What are the differences and similarities in the action of cocaine and heroin on the brains reward systems? Do all addictive drugs work by causing the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens? In what ways have learning and conditioning been shown to be important determinants of drug tolerance?
"Brain scanning technology is providing new insights int.
1) Nervous System and Special Senses The human brain is the wo.docxdorishigh
1) Nervous System and Special Senses
The human brain is the world's fastest computer! It can process information from a simple reflex, like lifting your hand away from a hot stove, or more complex tasks like taking the visual and auditory information associated with a movie or play and interpreting it into a coherent story. The basic machinery that does this is the same. Let's discuss the structure of the neuron, and explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted. Be as detailed as you can!
1) Discussion
2) Discussion
3) Discussion
2) The Endocrine System
As we discussed in Week 1, maintenance of homeostasis is critical to the proper functioning of our bodies; the Endocrine System plays a large role in this process. Let's kick off our discussion by considering some of the feedback loops in the endocrine system. Can you give an example? Pick an organ or a function of the Endocrine System, and identify the parts of a feedback loop for that particular organ/function- stimulus, receptor, control center, effectors, and response!
1) Discussion
2) Discussion
3) Discussion
3) Discrete Probability Variables
What are examples of variables that follow a binomial probability distribution? What are examples of variables that follow a Poisson distribution? When might you use a geometric probability?
1) Discussion
2) Discussion
3) Discussion
Bridgewater 1
Essay #4: Analyzing Visuals
Rough draft due: 3/23 Length: 4-5 pages
Final draft due: 3/30 Sources: 4
Write an essay analyzing visuals in terms of their key components and context(s). Provide readers with background on your visuals. Then, using specific examples from the visuals, you are argue for an interpretation, discuss similarities, and draw attention to key differences among the visuals.
In your introduction, introduce your readers to the visual(s) that you’ll be analyzing—including the key components and context(s) that you’ll be using to analyze them—followed by a thesis that follows an appropriate thesis template where you argue for a certain interpretation of the visual(s). In the paragraphs that follow, discuss the key components and context(s) of the visuals, including common themes and important distinctions between the rhetorical strategies used. Finally, in your conclusion, sum up your argument and remind readers what’s at stake in your interpretation.
The structure of the essay might be as follows: 1) the first or first two paragraphs the visuals and their key components and context(s), 2) the next several paragraphs go over the specific key components and context(s) that support interpretation and analysis, and 3) finally, the last paragraph(s) sum up your argument and remind readers what’s at stake in your interpretation, perhaps connecting your analysis to key social issues and debates.
Tips: Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that presents what the paragraph is about. Your ideas should be well-reasoned and demonstrate mature sentence ...
Explain how Thorndike ruled out the idea that cats could learn to .docxdelciegreeks
Explain how Thorndike ruled out the idea that cats could learn to escape through reasoning and imitation
How did Pavlov demonstrate the basic phenomena of conditioning, extinction, generalization, and differentiation?
Discuss the trends that psychology has in the new millennium
Compare and contrast two different schools of psychology. An example would be Gestalt and Behaviorism
Describe the traditional version of the Anna O. case, what really happened, and what Freud learned from the case (or thought he learned).
What are the similarities between john Locke’s empiricist ideas and John Watson’s behaviorist ideas?
Compare and contrast Radical behaviorism and Cognitive Science.
How did Skinners approach to science differ from Hull’s and Tolman’s?
Discuss Skinner’s two “mistakes” according to Staddon in addition to Staddon’s criticism of Skinner’s argument against the “autonomous man”.
Discuss the literature on split-brain and lateralization of function. What does the research tell us about each hemispheres ability to function independently (e.g., cognitively, creatively, etc.) and in unison? What are the implications for the cognitive neuroscientist in terms of research?
Discuss one of the psychiatric disorders presented in chapter 11 of your text. Please be sure to address both the physiological and behavioral aspects of the disorder (signs and symptoms, biochemical or genetic theories, etc.), and pharmacological and behavioral treatments for the disorder. What is the role of the biopsychologist or neuroscientist in this type of research?
Discuss sleep in terms of the normal sleep cycle. Please be sure to address the stages of sleep and physiological correlates associated with each stage. How does dreaming fit into our conception of a normal sleep cycle? Address theories of dreaming. What are the consequences of disruption of sleep?
Critically evaluate the means theories that have been used to explain e motion. Which do you think is the best theory and why?
What brain regions and neurochemical systems are known to be involved in the regulation of sleep? What is known about the neurobiology and endocrinology of circadian rhythms?
What brain structures and circuits are known to be particularly important for human memory? Please discuss the evidence linking the hippocampus with an involvement in cognitive mapping and spatial memory.
Compare and contrast Broca's aphasia with Wernicke's aphasia. What cortical regions need to be damaged to produce these types of aphasia, and what do they tell us about the brain mechanisms underlying language?
What are the differences and similarities in the action of cocaine and heroin on the brains reward systems? Do all addictive drugs work by causing the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens? In what ways have learning and conditioning been shown to be important determinants of drug tolerance?
"Brain scanning technology is providing new insights into our understanding of the brain." Explain how CAT, MRI, .
1. DIRECTIONS: On separate sheets of paper, respond to each of the following objectives. This will serve as a notetaking guide for this chapter. Attach this paper to your work. <br />1.Contrast sensation and perception, and explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing.<br />2.Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss whether we can sense stimuli below our absolute threshold and be influenced by them.<br />3.Describe sensory adaptation, and explain how we benefit from being unaware of unchanging stimuli.<br />4.Define transduction, and specify the form of energy our visual system converts into the neural messages our brain can interpret.<br />5.Describe the major structures of the eye, and explain how they guide an incoming ray of light toward the eye’s receptor cells.<br />6.Contrast the two types of receptor cells in the retina, and describe the retina’s reaction to light. <br />7.Discuss the different levels of processing that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain’s cortex. <br />8.Define parallel processing, and discuss its role in visual information processing. <br />9.Explain how the Young-Helmholtz and opponent-process theories help us understand color vision.<br />10.Explain the importance of color constancy.<br />11.Describe the characteristics of the pressure waves we experience as sound.<br />12.Describe the three regions of the ear, and outline the series of events that triggers the electrical impulses sent to the brain.<br />13.Contrast place and frequency theories, and explain how they help us to understand pitch perception. <br />14.Describe how we pinpoint sounds. <br />15.Contrast the two types of hearing loss, and describe some of their causes. <br />16.Describe how cochlear implants function, and explain why Deaf culture advocates object to these devices. <br />17.Describe the sense of touch.<br />18.State the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial approach to pain. <br />19.Describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction. <br />20.Describe the sense of smell, and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories. <br />21.Distinguish between kinesthesis and the vestibular sense.<br />