10- What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of e.pdf

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The document contains 20 questions about neural cells and nervous system function including: - The 3 types of RNA and their functions in protein synthesis. - How the resting membrane potential is established through concentration gradients of ions like sodium and potassium. - The phases of the neural action potential and the ions involved in each phase and their direction of movement. - Threshold, refractory period, myelin, Nodes of Ranvier, effects of temperature and ether on nerve conduction, and factors involved in establishing and changing the resting membrane potential. - How graded potentials lead to action potentials which propagate along axons due to myelin and trigger neurotransmitter release at synapses.

Education

10. What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of each in making protein?
11. What is the resting membrane potential? How is it established in a cell? What provides most
of the anions? What ions are involved? Be sure to include concentration gradients.
12. Be able to label the neural cell action potential with the correct ions for each phase. Make
sure you know which direction each ion is moving.
13. Define threshold. How does this apply to the single neuron? Why did the action potential
increase in size as you increased the voltage past this point? (from lab)
14. Does nervous tissue fatigue? How does this apply to the body?
15. Define Refactory Period. Why is this important?
16. What is the role of myelin? What is the name of the cell that makes myelin in the peripheral
nervous system? What are the Nodes of Ranvier and where are they located on the neuron?
17. Why and how does cooling slow the action potential? Does this also apply to skeletal and
cardiac?
18. What was the effect of ether on nerve conduction? How does this happen (as in, what
channels are effected)? Why is it reversible?
19. Describe the resting membrane potential. Give a complete description of the factors that go
into establishing the resting potential in a neural cell. Describe how a local graded potential
changes the cell from the resting state, be sure to include initiation, the ions/channels involved
and how it returns to the resting state. Why is it called graded? How does temporal summation
contrast with spatial summation?
20. Describe how the action potential is initiated (assume you have summed potentials from
above and move on from there) and then is propagated down the axon. What is the role of
myelin? How does this lead to neurotransmitter release?

The document provides information about the brain and nervous system. It discusses neurons, their parts including the cell body, axon and dendrites. It describes the resting potential and action potential of neurons. It discusses how nerve impulses are transmitted between neurons through synapses. It also covers neuroglial cells, reflex arcs, Broca's area, Bell's palsy affecting the facial nerve, and the effects of sympathetic stimulation.

11) Explain saltatory conduction using the terms action potential (ne.pdf

info639484

11) Explain saltatory conduction using the terms action potential (nerve impulse), Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte, myelin, myelin sheath, energy conservation, voltage-gated channels, channel distribution and nodes of Ranvier. In which part of a neuron does saltatory conduction occur? 12) Describe reflexes. How do reflexes work? What are the 5 steps of a typical reflex arc? (A monosynaptic reflex arc.) 13) Describe depolarization, hyperpolarization and threshold potential. What is the relationship between the arrival of an action potential (nerve impulse) at the axon terminus and exocytosis of neurotransmitters? 14) What is an IPSP? What is an EPSP? Which hyperpolarizes the membrane? Which depolarizes the membrane? Which takes the neuro closer to an action potential (nerve impulse)? Which takes it farther from an action potential (nerve impulse)? Where do they occur and why are they important? 15) What is summation? What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation? What happens when two or more graded potentials arrive at the axon hillock?.

Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx

rock73

Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016 Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE 1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen? Watson & Crick model 2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each. Five carbon ribose sugar Phosphate molecule Nitrogenous bases 3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together? Phosphates What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together? 4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel? It means forming a double helix 5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it. 6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions? Helicase and Topoisomerase 7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication? 8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase? 5’ to 3’ direction 9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand? Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly. Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly 10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand? They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase 11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high? By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides 12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres? It is the end of a chromosome. They don’t have telomeres CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN 1.What is the central dogma of biology? a b ______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________ The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription b) Translation 2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule? Amino acids 3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes? For prokaryotes: cytoplasm For eukaryotes: nucleus 4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids? It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code. 5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal? It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid. 6. How is RNA different from DNA? 7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription? It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA. 8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start? The beginning of gene is called promoter In what direction are nucleotides added? They are added to the 3’ direction end of the RNA molecule 9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342) Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule Termination: in this process, it sig ...

Chapter 2 review qs

Dr. J's AP Psych Class

The document provides a list of 20 objectives for students to respond to in order to take notes on a chapter about the human brain and nervous system. The objectives cover topics such as: why psychologists study human biology; viewing human behavior through a biopsychosocial model; the structure and function of neurons and neurotransmitters; the divisions of the nervous system; techniques for studying the brain; structures and functions of parts of the brain like the brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.

Nervous tissue study_questions

Kieu My

The document contains questions and answers about the nervous system. It defines key terms like the three parts of the nervous system, structures of neurons, classifications of neurons, types of neuroglial cells, and processes like graded potentials, action potentials, and synaptic transmission. It describes the roles of ion channels and neurotransmitters in generating electrical signals in neurons and transmitting them across chemical synapses between neurons.

Compbelli Biolosy Chapters 48-49-1 1- How does information flow in the.pdf

infoaonefire

Compbelli Biolosy Chapters 48 , 49.1 1. How does information flow in the nervous system? How is the nervous system organized? What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? What types of neurons is each composed of? What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? What are the two branches of the efferent PNS? What are the two major branches of the autonomic system? 2. What are the two basic types of cells that constitute the nervous system? What functions do they perform? Give examples of each. What glial cells did we discuss and what functions do they perform? What are the three basic structural parts of a neuron? What are their functions? What is a nerve? How is it different from a neuron? 3. What is a synapse? What roles to the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells play in signal transmission? What type of cels can be presynaptic? Postsynaptic? What roles do neurotransmitters play in this process? What cells (pre/postsynaptic) release them? Detect them? 4. What gradients exist for sodium and potassium in a neuron? Which direction are they? What established these chemical gradients? What is an equilibrium potential (E Eumi? What equilibrium potentials exist for potassium and sodium in neurons (Eic arid Ema)? 5. What is a membrane potential ( V m ) ? What contributions do the Na / K + ATPase, K channels, and Na' channels make to neuronal membrane potential? What is the resting membrane potential in neurons? Why is it this value? What three things establish the resting (unstimulated) membrane potential in neurves? What contributions does each make to the establishment of resting membrane potential?.

Excitable tissues nerve

DanielZulu8

1. The document describes the structure and properties of excitable tissues like nerves and muscles. It discusses the anatomy of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals. 2. Key properties of nerves are described, including excitability, conductivity, the all-or-none principle, accommodation, and infatiguability. The mechanisms of the resting membrane potential and action potential are summarized. 3. The stages of an action potential are outlined as depolarization, repolarization, after-depolarization, and after-hyperpolarization. Factors influencing stimulus effectiveness are also noted.

Chapter 5 review qs

Dr. J's AP Psych Class

The document provides directions to respond in writing to 21 objectives about the senses and sensory processing. The objectives cover topics such as: - The difference between sensation and perception, and bottom-up and top-down processing - Absolute and difference thresholds, and whether sub-threshold stimuli can influence us - Sensory adaptation and its benefits - Transduction in the visual system and structures of the eye - Processing of visual information from the retina to the cortex - Theories of color vision and color constancy - Characteristics of sound and structures of the ear involved in hearing - Pitch perception theories - Localizing sounds - Types of hearing loss and their causes - Cochlear implants and objections from Deaf culture

The document provides an overview of nerve impulses and action potentials in neurons. It discusses: 1) Neurons transmit electro-chemical signals via extensions called dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit signals to other neurons. 2) When a neuron is stimulated, sodium ion channels open to depolarize the membrane and potassium channels then open to repolarize it, generating an action potential. 3) Myelin insulates axons to speed up action potential propagation between nodes of Ranvier, where regeneration occurs.

Frog Nerve

Amy Moore

A compound action potential (CAP) is the summed response of multiple single action potentials from different nerve fibers within a nerve. A CAP differs from a single action potential in that it exhibits graded responses based on stimulus intensity, with higher intensities activating more fibers and producing a larger CAP. Increasing the stimulus intensity results in progressively more nerve fibers reaching threshold and contributing to the CAP until all fibers are activated, producing the maximal CAP response. Other stimulus parameters like frequency and duration can also affect a nerve's ability to generate a CAP.

Anatomy

bholmes

The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system including its organization, types of neurons, neuroglial cells, nerve impulse transmission, and neurotransmitters. It describes the structure and function of neurons, including their classification and regeneration. It explains how graded potentials lead to action potentials, and how saltatory conduction allows faster nerve impulse transmission. It also summarizes how neurotransmitters are released at synapses to stimulate or inhibit neighboring neurons.

Nerve1

HQAED

The document provides an overview of the nervous system: 1. It describes the nervous system as a network of billions of nerve cells that functions as the control center of the body, integrating homeostasis, movement, and other functions. 2. The peripheral nervous system communicates between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, and can be divided into sensory and motor divisions. 3. Within neurons, the cell body contains organelles and receives inputs, while the axon conducts electrical signals to transmit outputs to other neurons.

The Nervous System

Vijay A Raj

The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions, organization, and components. Key points: 1) The nervous system is a network of nerve cells that functions as the control center of the body, integrating homeostasis, movement, and other functions. 2) It has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system outside of the CNS. 3) Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals to transmit information via chemical neurotransmitters at synapses.

Neurophysiology1

Essy Essy

This document discusses neurophysiology and summarizes key aspects of nerve cells and signal transmission. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals. It explains how myelin sheaths insulate neurons and how synapses facilitate chemical transmission between neurons. It also summarizes how nerve impulses are generated through changes in ion permeability and the roles of sodium-potassium pumps in restoring polarization.

Neurotransmission in Central nervous system.

KISHANKUMAR651836

Nervous system 2

Maruja Ruiz

This document discusses the nervous system and how it allows the body to respond to stimuli. It explains that the nervous system consists of neurons that transmit electrical signals from receptors to coordinators and effectors. Voluntary actions are initiated by signals traveling from coordinators to effectors, while reflex actions involve signals going directly from receptors to effectors without involving the coordinator. The document also provides details on the structure of neurons, noting they have a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Anatomy unit 2 nervous system everything you need to know and drill questions...

rozeka01

The document provides an overview of the nervous system including: how drugs affect neurotransmitters and lead to addiction; the functions of common neurotransmitters; symptoms of mental health disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; the structures of neurons and how nerve impulses travel; reflex pathways; and the main structures and functions of the brain and lobes. It aims to review everything students need to know for an anatomy quiz on the nervous system.

Biology notes - topic 8

Katie B

The document discusses how nerve cells transmit impulses through the nervous system. It explains that: - Nerve cells have a resting potential of around -70mV due to the distribution of ions inside and outside the cell. - When a nerve is stimulated, it causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to rush in and depolarize the cell. This creates an action potential. - The cell then repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium channels open, restoring the resting potential and allowing another impulse to be transmitted. - This process of depolarization and repolarization via ion channel activation allows rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses through the nervous system.

1- Know the major or general functions of muscle tissue- 2- Known the.pdf

GASEEBAKKISWALA

1. Know the major or general functions of muscle tissue. 2. Known the basic structure and function of the 3 types of muscle cells. 3. Differentiate between Epimysium, Perimysium, and the Endomysium. 4. Know and define the following parts of a muscle fiber (cell): Sarcolemma, Transverse (t) tubule, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Terminal Cisterns (lateral sacs), and Sarcoplasm. 5. Differentiate and know the function between the following parts of a muscle fiber (cell): Myofibrils, Myofilaments, Sarcomere, Myosin, Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Titi. 6. The neurotransmitter utilized in skeletal muscle contraction is _____ and the ion (element) utilized in skeletal muscle contraction is _____. 7. Know the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff. Know the three most common muscles for injections. 8. The chief components of the Circulatory System are....? The chief components of the Cardiovascular System are ...? 9. Which chambers of the heart are bigger and why? Which side of the heart is more muscular and why? 10. Define the following terms: Fibrous Pericardium, Serous Pericardium, Parietal layer and Visceral layers (Epicardium) of the Serous Pericardium, Pericardial space and Pericardial fluid. 11. Differentiate between the Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium in terms of tissue composition and function. 12. Know the location and function of the SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers. 13. The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the heart through the _____ nerve and cause the heart rate to _____ through the neurotransmitter _____. OR the sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart through the _____ nerve and cause the heart rate to _____ through the neurotransmitter _____. 14.On a diagram of an ECG, label the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. 15. On a diagram of an ECG, know what activity is represented by the P wave, QRS Complex, and T wave. .

Chapter2

SSSanchez

1. Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals, while glia provide support. The neuron has an axon that transmits signals and dendrites that receive signals. 2. At rest, the neuron's membrane maintains a negative charge inside the cell. An action potential is generated when the membrane depolarizes past a threshold, causing an all-or-none signal to propagate along the axon. 3. Neurotransmission occurs at synapses, where a presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that may excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell, generating graded potentials that integrate to determine whether an action potential occurs.

Nervous system

Mariaisa Apellidos

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and receives and processes sensory information. The PNS transmits signals between the CNS and body. Within the nervous system are neurons, which transmit signals, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate bodily functions.

Nervous system intro, neurons Branches of nervous system (generally .pdf

arishmarketing21

Nervous system intro, neurons Branches of nervous system (generally speaking) Neuron abilities Neuron organization-know whats special about all these components and how they fit together. See details of AP and Synaptic communication Dendrites Soma Hillock Axon In MN: myelination and nodes of ranvier Terminals EPSPs and IPSPs Receptors, ions involved, change in membrane potential Compare properties with APs! How summed, initiate AP AP Know different phases, ion channels involved, direction of current, effect on Vm, and stimulus for onset/off of different phases AP continued and Start Synapse Be fluent in concepts and mechanisms regarding Self propagation Unidirectional movement All or nothing amplitude Saltatory conduction - why and benefits Refractory period Absolute - inactivation 2 semi- independently regulated parts of Na channel Relative -hyperpol Solution Please find the answer below. Lec 10: 1. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. 2. The basic function of a neuron is to receive the information and send a signal to other neurons, muscles, or glands. First, a neuron receives information from the external environment or from other neurons. Then, the neuron integrates, or processes the information from all of its inputs and determines whether or not to send an output signal. 3. The dendrites and axon are thin cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron. The dendrites, which branch out in treelike fashion from the cell body, are specialized to receive signals and transmit them toward the cell body. The single long axon carries signals away from the cell body. The cell body (soma) is the enlarged portion of a neuron that most closely resembles other cells. Nodes of Ranvier are a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells. 4. Ion channels and direction: As an action potential travels down the axon, there is a change in polarity across the membrane. The Na+ and K+ gated ion channels open and close as the membrane reaches the threshold potential, in response to a signal from another neuron. At the beginning of the action potential, the Na+ channels open and Na+ moves into the axon, causing depolarization. Repolarization occurs when the K+ channels open and K+ moves out of the axon. This creates a change in polarity between the outside of the cell and the inside. The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only, to the axon terminal where it signals other neurons..

Pyramidal Cells (PC)

Jessica Cannella

Here are the key principles of how the brain physically operates according to the passage: 1. The peripheral and central nervous systems operate as action loops or feedback loops. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS, while motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands to elicit responses. 2. Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system. They communicate via electrochemical signals across synapses. When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it fires an electrical signal down its axon. 3. Neurons that fire together wire together via synaptic strengthening or weakening. This synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory formation as neural connections are altered. 4. Different parts

2- Activities included (and not included) in the calculation ofGDP The.pdf

10- What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of e.pdf

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