The document discusses the metric system of measurement and its advantages over other systems like the English system. It covers the basic metric units of length, mass, and volume (meter, kilogram, liter) and how prefixes are used to indicate multiples or fractions of these units. The metric system makes conversions easy because it is based on multiples of 10. Adopting the International System of Units provides a consistent framework for measurement globally.
Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up 80% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a colorless and odorless gas that does not burn and is slightly soluble. Nitrogen is essential for life and is a component of proteins, amino acids, and fertilizers. It is widely used to make ammonia and in food freezing and rocket fuel production.
This document provides an outline for a paper on lead exposure and health risks. It begins with an introduction to lead's physical and chemical properties. It then discusses where lead is commonly found in the environment, such as in soil, water, paint, gasoline, and certain consumer products. The document outlines the various ways people can be exposed to lead and the health effects of lead poisoning, which can impact the brain, kidneys, and blood. It provides details on signs and symptoms of lead exposure and concludes by discussing the medical effects of lead on children and adults.
GREENHOUSE GASES and CAUSES and IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMINGnaeemrsat
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature on Earth would be -15°C, making life impossible. However, increased levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are leading to unprecedented global warming. Global warming will have harmful effects like rising sea levels and more extreme weather unless countries take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as outlined in agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses different forms of energy and energy transformations. It provides information on major energy sources in the US such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil. It also defines different types of energy including potential, kinetic, chemical, and thermal energy. The document explains concepts of work, heat transfer, calorimetry, and uses equations to calculate energy changes involved in heating or cooling processes. Specific heat and molar heat capacity values are provided for various materials. Examples demonstrate using these values and equations to calculate energy changes.
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from the Earth's surface, causing the average surface temperature to be warmer than it would be otherwise. The natural greenhouse effect helps maintain a temperature suitable for life on Earth, but human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels and strengthened the effect, leading to global warming and climate change risks like rising sea levels and intensifying weather events. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through choices in energy use, transportation, reducing waste and other individual actions can help mitigate the impacts.
An atmospheric circulation pattern occurring in the tropics and circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jetstreams.
Process
Air rises up into the atmosphere at or near the equator, flows toward the poles above the surface of the Earth, returns to the Earth’s surface in the subtropics, and flows back towards the equator converging with its counterpart from northern or southern hemisphere.
The Hadley cells show seasonal variation in their intensity, geographical extent and latitudinal position.
Hadley cell
History
Need of mapping circulation?
Early Ideas on Trade Winds
British Debate
Hadley Principle’s birth
George Hadley (1735)
Why this happens?
Energy Balance
30 N and 30 S there is a surplus of radiation
Net deficit at all greater latitudes
mechanisms to transport the surplus energy towards the poles
Cont’d
Cont’d
Mechanism Explained!
Flow of air occurs because the Sun heats air at the Earth’s surface near the equator.
warm air rises, creating a band of low pressure at the equator.
Rising air reaches the top of the troposphere (10-15 kms) above Earth’s surface, air flows towards north and south poles.
The Hadley cell eventually returns air to the surface of the Earth in the subtropics, near 30 degrees north or south latitude.
Cont’d
1) ITCZ 2)mid-latitude precipitation zone
ITCZ
ITCZ and Hadley cells are not stationary
Move north and south with the position of sun
Presence of ITCZ produces rain in over that area
Evidences
Evidence of poleward expansion
Evidence of Solar Influence
UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere.
cyclic variations in relationship invisible in the long-term average.
Experimental observations?
Expansion of about 2 to 4.5 degrees of latitude since 1979.
The expansion of the Hadley circulation implies a poleward expansion of the band of subtropical subsidence, leading to enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming and poleward shifts of the subtropical dry zone.
This would contribute to an increased frequency of midlatitude droughts in both hemispheres.
Poleward expansion
Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6o latitude.
A widening of the Hadley cell has also been seen in recent satellite observations
Cont’d
Analysis of upper tropospheric humidity, cloud amount, surface air temperature, and vertical velocity confirm that changes are associated with a decadal-time-scale strengthening of the tropical Hadley circulations.
Equatorial convective regions have intensified in up-ward motion and moistened, while both the equatorial and subtropical subsidence regions have become drier and less cloudy.
The document provides instructions for an experiment demonstrating the Law of Conservation of Mass. Students measure the mass of a system containing baking soda in a flask and vinegar in a balloon before and after the vinegar is added, triggering a reaction, and again after popping the balloon. Any changes in mass must be explained by the redistribution of atoms between reactants and products, not by the creation or destruction of atoms.
Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up 80% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a colorless and odorless gas that does not burn and is slightly soluble. Nitrogen is essential for life and is a component of proteins, amino acids, and fertilizers. It is widely used to make ammonia and in food freezing and rocket fuel production.
This document provides an outline for a paper on lead exposure and health risks. It begins with an introduction to lead's physical and chemical properties. It then discusses where lead is commonly found in the environment, such as in soil, water, paint, gasoline, and certain consumer products. The document outlines the various ways people can be exposed to lead and the health effects of lead poisoning, which can impact the brain, kidneys, and blood. It provides details on signs and symptoms of lead exposure and concludes by discussing the medical effects of lead on children and adults.
GREENHOUSE GASES and CAUSES and IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMINGnaeemrsat
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature on Earth would be -15°C, making life impossible. However, increased levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are leading to unprecedented global warming. Global warming will have harmful effects like rising sea levels and more extreme weather unless countries take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as outlined in agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses different forms of energy and energy transformations. It provides information on major energy sources in the US such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil. It also defines different types of energy including potential, kinetic, chemical, and thermal energy. The document explains concepts of work, heat transfer, calorimetry, and uses equations to calculate energy changes involved in heating or cooling processes. Specific heat and molar heat capacity values are provided for various materials. Examples demonstrate using these values and equations to calculate energy changes.
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from the Earth's surface, causing the average surface temperature to be warmer than it would be otherwise. The natural greenhouse effect helps maintain a temperature suitable for life on Earth, but human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels and strengthened the effect, leading to global warming and climate change risks like rising sea levels and intensifying weather events. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through choices in energy use, transportation, reducing waste and other individual actions can help mitigate the impacts.
An atmospheric circulation pattern occurring in the tropics and circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jetstreams.
Process
Air rises up into the atmosphere at or near the equator, flows toward the poles above the surface of the Earth, returns to the Earth’s surface in the subtropics, and flows back towards the equator converging with its counterpart from northern or southern hemisphere.
The Hadley cells show seasonal variation in their intensity, geographical extent and latitudinal position.
Hadley cell
History
Need of mapping circulation?
Early Ideas on Trade Winds
British Debate
Hadley Principle’s birth
George Hadley (1735)
Why this happens?
Energy Balance
30 N and 30 S there is a surplus of radiation
Net deficit at all greater latitudes
mechanisms to transport the surplus energy towards the poles
Cont’d
Cont’d
Mechanism Explained!
Flow of air occurs because the Sun heats air at the Earth’s surface near the equator.
warm air rises, creating a band of low pressure at the equator.
Rising air reaches the top of the troposphere (10-15 kms) above Earth’s surface, air flows towards north and south poles.
The Hadley cell eventually returns air to the surface of the Earth in the subtropics, near 30 degrees north or south latitude.
Cont’d
1) ITCZ 2)mid-latitude precipitation zone
ITCZ
ITCZ and Hadley cells are not stationary
Move north and south with the position of sun
Presence of ITCZ produces rain in over that area
Evidences
Evidence of poleward expansion
Evidence of Solar Influence
UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere.
cyclic variations in relationship invisible in the long-term average.
Experimental observations?
Expansion of about 2 to 4.5 degrees of latitude since 1979.
The expansion of the Hadley circulation implies a poleward expansion of the band of subtropical subsidence, leading to enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming and poleward shifts of the subtropical dry zone.
This would contribute to an increased frequency of midlatitude droughts in both hemispheres.
Poleward expansion
Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6o latitude.
A widening of the Hadley cell has also been seen in recent satellite observations
Cont’d
Analysis of upper tropospheric humidity, cloud amount, surface air temperature, and vertical velocity confirm that changes are associated with a decadal-time-scale strengthening of the tropical Hadley circulations.
Equatorial convective regions have intensified in up-ward motion and moistened, while both the equatorial and subtropical subsidence regions have become drier and less cloudy.
The document provides instructions for an experiment demonstrating the Law of Conservation of Mass. Students measure the mass of a system containing baking soda in a flask and vinegar in a balloon before and after the vinegar is added, triggering a reaction, and again after popping the balloon. Any changes in mass must be explained by the redistribution of atoms between reactants and products, not by the creation or destruction of atoms.
This document discusses persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It begins by introducing the topic and defining POPs as the most problematic group of chemicals that are produced worldwide in large quantities and persist in the environment. It then details the "dirty dozen" POPs, their categories and historic uses. The document discusses how POPs are distributed globally and concentrated in cold regions. It outlines the main routes of human exposure and concepts of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. It explains dose-response curves and gives examples of POP contamination in food. Finally, it summarizes the history and objectives of the Stockholm Convention which aims to eliminate or restrict POPs internationally.
This presentation discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and ways to prevent it. It defines global warming as the rise in average temperatures due to greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Some effects mentioned are increased temperatures by 3-5 degrees Celsius by 2100, melting ice caps raising sea levels, and risks to health, economies, wildlife, and ecosystems. While some scientists remain uncertain of the human impact, the presentation advocates planting trees, conserving energy, and reducing waste to ensure a better future for coming generations. It provides links to additional information on the topic.
1) The document discusses physical and chemical changes, providing examples of each from everyday life.
2) A physical change alters a substance's physical properties like shape, size, or state but does not create new substances. It is generally reversible.
3) A chemical change produces new substances through chemical reactions. It is accompanied by changes in heat, light, smell, color or gas production and is not reversible. Common examples are burning, rusting, and food spoilage.
The document discusses various topics related to solid, toxic, and hazardous waste management including: the types of waste (domestic, industrial, etc.); current disposal methods like open dumping, ocean dumping, landfilling, and incineration; ways to reduce waste through reuse, reduce, and recycling; hazardous and toxic wastes and the regulations that govern their disposal like RCRA and CERCLA; and challenges like contaminated brownfield sites and long-term storage of hazardous materials.
This document is an assignment submitted by Asma Sattar to Ma'am Sobia in the Department of Environment Science at GCUF. It discusses atmospheric chemistry, including the composition of the atmosphere, essential gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and mercury emissions. It also covers atmospheric problems caused by these gases, including acid rain, smog, global warming, and ozone depletion.
Metals can be summarized as follows:
1) Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.
2) Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger and harder than pure metals due to interfering atomic layers.
3) Metals are extracted from ores via chemical and thermal processes, with the most common being the extraction of iron in a blast furnace.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in the greenhouse effect. It notes that 31% of incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds, atmosphere and land, while 30% is absorbed by the atmosphere. The remaining radiation warms Earth's surface. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations mean less heat is released to space, increasing average surface temperatures. Tree ring data provides long-term climate records, with thicker rings indicating optimal growth conditions.
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes. It defines physical changes as changes that affect a substance's physical properties, like state, shape or size, without changing its chemical identity. Chemical changes form new substances with different properties than the reactants. The document also outlines signs that indicate a chemical change occurred, like gas production or color change. It explains that the law of conservation of mass states that mass is never created or destroyed in chemical or physical changes, only rearranged into different substances.
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and prevent wild temperature swings on Earth. While these gases are necessary to maintain a livable climate, human activities have increased their concentrations in the atmosphere to unprecedented levels. Carbon dioxide levels have risen from 180-300 parts per million over the last 650,000 years to over 400 ppm currently due to burning fossil fuels. This rise is accelerating global warming and climate change impacts if left unaddressed.
Today's lesson will focus on climate change, including practicing note-taking from a video and written text, learning climate change vocabulary, and discussing the topic with friends. Students will take notes on a video about climate change impacts, practice matching vocabulary words to definitions, read and discuss a climate change article, and mingle to ask and answer questions about whether global warming has stopped.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
This document summarizes the five major laws of chemical combination:
1) Law of Conservation of Mass - the total mass is conserved in chemical reactions
2) Law of Definite Proportions - a chemical compound always has the same proportions of elements by mass
3) Law of Multiple Proportions - when two elements react to form multiple compounds, the ratios of one element are whole number multiples
4) Law of Reciprocal Proportions - ratios of elements combining with a third are related to their direct combination
5) Gay-Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes - reacting gases combine in simple volume ratios at constant temperature and pressure
Acid rain and it's impacts on EnvironmentK.SURYA SAGAR
This document discusses acid rain, including its sources, effects, and preventive measures. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the historical discovery of acid rain, how it is formed from emissions from coal burning and vehicle exhaust, and its effects such as damage to statues, harm to trees and aquatic life, and respiratory issues in humans. Finally, it presents ways to prevent acid rain such as using more efficient appliances, driving less, properly maintaining vehicles, and planting trees.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It explains that sunlight warms the Earth's surface and some heat escapes into the atmosphere and is trapped by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide is identified as the most important greenhouse gas because the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and deforestation traps more heat, contributing to global warming. Global warming is projected to increase Earth's average temperature by around 4 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, with consequences including more hurricanes, droughts, floods, and changed weather patterns and higher sea levels. Reducing fossil fuel usage and preserving forests can help slow the greenhouse effect.
- Soil is a complex mixture that supports life through functions like nutrient storage and recycling. It is formed slowly over hundreds of years.
- Agriculture is very important for India's economy and food security, relying heavily on soil. However, soil pollution from agricultural and industrial activities threatens these functions.
- Sources of soil pollution include fertilizers, manures, pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial/urban waste. Overuse of chemical inputs can accumulate toxins, lower soil fertility, and contaminate water sources through leaching and runoff.
- Pesticides in particular can persist and accumulate in soil/plants, harm biodiversity, and pose risks to human and environmental health through impacts like cancer, developmental
The document discusses reversible and irreversible changes to matter. It defines reversible changes as those where matter changes shape or volume but not structure or components, through physical changes. Irreversible changes are chemical changes that produce a new substance. Examples of reversible changes given are melting of ice and crushing, while examples of irreversible changes are frying of eggs and burning of wood or candle. The document provides information on classifying and identifying physical and chemical properties and changes to states of matter.
Human activities that affect natural ecosystemsNguyen Hieu
The document discusses several environmental issues including population growth, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. It explains how burning fossil fuels increases greenhouse gas emissions and warms the planet. It also describes how industrialization and pollution threaten biodiversity by destroying natural habitats and poisoning ecosystems. The text advocates for conservation efforts to protect wildlife, natural resources, and switch to more sustainable practices.
This chapter introduces the metric system of measurement. It discusses the basic metric units of length, mass, and volume which are the meter, kilogram, and liter respectively. The metric system is based around multiples of 10, with prefixes like milli, centi, and kilo being used to indicate decimal multiples of the base units. Some key facts covered are that the meter is slightly longer than a yard, the kilogram is a little over 2 pounds, and the liter is slightly more than a quart. The chapter explains how to use prefixes to measure larger or smaller amounts than the base units and provides some examples of metric conversions.
This document discusses persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It begins by introducing the topic and defining POPs as the most problematic group of chemicals that are produced worldwide in large quantities and persist in the environment. It then details the "dirty dozen" POPs, their categories and historic uses. The document discusses how POPs are distributed globally and concentrated in cold regions. It outlines the main routes of human exposure and concepts of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. It explains dose-response curves and gives examples of POP contamination in food. Finally, it summarizes the history and objectives of the Stockholm Convention which aims to eliminate or restrict POPs internationally.
This presentation discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and ways to prevent it. It defines global warming as the rise in average temperatures due to greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Some effects mentioned are increased temperatures by 3-5 degrees Celsius by 2100, melting ice caps raising sea levels, and risks to health, economies, wildlife, and ecosystems. While some scientists remain uncertain of the human impact, the presentation advocates planting trees, conserving energy, and reducing waste to ensure a better future for coming generations. It provides links to additional information on the topic.
1) The document discusses physical and chemical changes, providing examples of each from everyday life.
2) A physical change alters a substance's physical properties like shape, size, or state but does not create new substances. It is generally reversible.
3) A chemical change produces new substances through chemical reactions. It is accompanied by changes in heat, light, smell, color or gas production and is not reversible. Common examples are burning, rusting, and food spoilage.
The document discusses various topics related to solid, toxic, and hazardous waste management including: the types of waste (domestic, industrial, etc.); current disposal methods like open dumping, ocean dumping, landfilling, and incineration; ways to reduce waste through reuse, reduce, and recycling; hazardous and toxic wastes and the regulations that govern their disposal like RCRA and CERCLA; and challenges like contaminated brownfield sites and long-term storage of hazardous materials.
This document is an assignment submitted by Asma Sattar to Ma'am Sobia in the Department of Environment Science at GCUF. It discusses atmospheric chemistry, including the composition of the atmosphere, essential gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and mercury emissions. It also covers atmospheric problems caused by these gases, including acid rain, smog, global warming, and ozone depletion.
Metals can be summarized as follows:
1) Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.
2) Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger and harder than pure metals due to interfering atomic layers.
3) Metals are extracted from ores via chemical and thermal processes, with the most common being the extraction of iron in a blast furnace.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in the greenhouse effect. It notes that 31% of incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds, atmosphere and land, while 30% is absorbed by the atmosphere. The remaining radiation warms Earth's surface. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations mean less heat is released to space, increasing average surface temperatures. Tree ring data provides long-term climate records, with thicker rings indicating optimal growth conditions.
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes. It defines physical changes as changes that affect a substance's physical properties, like state, shape or size, without changing its chemical identity. Chemical changes form new substances with different properties than the reactants. The document also outlines signs that indicate a chemical change occurred, like gas production or color change. It explains that the law of conservation of mass states that mass is never created or destroyed in chemical or physical changes, only rearranged into different substances.
This document discusses energy pathways and balances at Earth's surface. It explains that 51% of incoming solar energy (insolation) is absorbed at the surface on average, while 29% is absorbed directly and 22% is absorbed after scattering. About 4% of insolation is reflected from the surface. The greenhouse effect occurs as the atmosphere absorbs and re-radiates heat, warming the planet. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb and retain heat, creating urban heat islands.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and prevent wild temperature swings on Earth. While these gases are necessary to maintain a livable climate, human activities have increased their concentrations in the atmosphere to unprecedented levels. Carbon dioxide levels have risen from 180-300 parts per million over the last 650,000 years to over 400 ppm currently due to burning fossil fuels. This rise is accelerating global warming and climate change impacts if left unaddressed.
Today's lesson will focus on climate change, including practicing note-taking from a video and written text, learning climate change vocabulary, and discussing the topic with friends. Students will take notes on a video about climate change impacts, practice matching vocabulary words to definitions, read and discuss a climate change article, and mingle to ask and answer questions about whether global warming has stopped.
The document discusses ecosystems and the components that make up Earth's biosphere. It describes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere protects the planet and regulates temperatures. The lithosphere is Earth's solid outer layer made of rock and minerals. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater. Living things exist within these areas in the biosphere, which is a thin layer supporting life. Ecosystems are defined as communities of interacting living and nonliving things in a certain area.
This document summarizes the five major laws of chemical combination:
1) Law of Conservation of Mass - the total mass is conserved in chemical reactions
2) Law of Definite Proportions - a chemical compound always has the same proportions of elements by mass
3) Law of Multiple Proportions - when two elements react to form multiple compounds, the ratios of one element are whole number multiples
4) Law of Reciprocal Proportions - ratios of elements combining with a third are related to their direct combination
5) Gay-Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes - reacting gases combine in simple volume ratios at constant temperature and pressure
Acid rain and it's impacts on EnvironmentK.SURYA SAGAR
This document discusses acid rain, including its sources, effects, and preventive measures. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the historical discovery of acid rain, how it is formed from emissions from coal burning and vehicle exhaust, and its effects such as damage to statues, harm to trees and aquatic life, and respiratory issues in humans. Finally, it presents ways to prevent acid rain such as using more efficient appliances, driving less, properly maintaining vehicles, and planting trees.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It explains that sunlight warms the Earth's surface and some heat escapes into the atmosphere and is trapped by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide is identified as the most important greenhouse gas because the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and deforestation traps more heat, contributing to global warming. Global warming is projected to increase Earth's average temperature by around 4 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, with consequences including more hurricanes, droughts, floods, and changed weather patterns and higher sea levels. Reducing fossil fuel usage and preserving forests can help slow the greenhouse effect.
- Soil is a complex mixture that supports life through functions like nutrient storage and recycling. It is formed slowly over hundreds of years.
- Agriculture is very important for India's economy and food security, relying heavily on soil. However, soil pollution from agricultural and industrial activities threatens these functions.
- Sources of soil pollution include fertilizers, manures, pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial/urban waste. Overuse of chemical inputs can accumulate toxins, lower soil fertility, and contaminate water sources through leaching and runoff.
- Pesticides in particular can persist and accumulate in soil/plants, harm biodiversity, and pose risks to human and environmental health through impacts like cancer, developmental
The document discusses reversible and irreversible changes to matter. It defines reversible changes as those where matter changes shape or volume but not structure or components, through physical changes. Irreversible changes are chemical changes that produce a new substance. Examples of reversible changes given are melting of ice and crushing, while examples of irreversible changes are frying of eggs and burning of wood or candle. The document provides information on classifying and identifying physical and chemical properties and changes to states of matter.
Human activities that affect natural ecosystemsNguyen Hieu
The document discusses several environmental issues including population growth, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. It explains how burning fossil fuels increases greenhouse gas emissions and warms the planet. It also describes how industrialization and pollution threaten biodiversity by destroying natural habitats and poisoning ecosystems. The text advocates for conservation efforts to protect wildlife, natural resources, and switch to more sustainable practices.
This chapter introduces the metric system of measurement. It discusses the basic metric units of length, mass, and volume which are the meter, kilogram, and liter respectively. The metric system is based around multiples of 10, with prefixes like milli, centi, and kilo being used to indicate decimal multiples of the base units. Some key facts covered are that the meter is slightly longer than a yard, the kilogram is a little over 2 pounds, and the liter is slightly more than a quart. The chapter explains how to use prefixes to measure larger or smaller amounts than the base units and provides some examples of metric conversions.
The document discusses metric system conversions and provides examples of converting between metric and US customary units. It defines the metric system and notes that most countries use it as the standard, while the US, Burma and Liberia still use other systems. Examples are given for converting between units of length, volume, mass and temperature. Formulas and rounding rules are explained for making accurate conversions between systems.
The document discusses the importance of measurement in sports and science. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used for measurement. The SI units for common properties like length, liquid volume, mass, and temperature are defined. Smaller and larger units are related through prefixes like milli- and kilo-. Proper measuring techniques are outlined, including using the right tools, units, and procedures for different types of measurements.
The document provides information about metric conversions and the metric system. It includes:
- Metric units are based on powers of ten and the metric system aims to have a single unit for any physical quantity without needing conversion factors.
- Examples are provided for converting between common metric units like centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters, grams, and Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures.
- The importance of accurate conversions is discussed through examples of cargo errors, plane crashes, medical errors, and spacecraft losses due to conversion mistakes between metric and U.S. customary units.
The document provides guidelines for the correct use of the International System of Units (SI) or metric system. It discusses the base SI units of meter, liter, and kilogram. It then lists guidelines for writing unit names and symbols, placement of decimals, use of fractions vs decimals, avoiding trailing zeros, and selecting appropriate unit sizes. Special considerations for using SI units in pharmacy are also outlined.
- The document discusses the metric system, which is used internationally and in healthcare settings to measure medications and patient vitals.
- The three basic metric units are grams, liters, and meters. Prefixes are used to indicate multiples or fractions of these units, such as milligrams or milliliters.
- Strict rules are outlined for writing metric measurements to avoid errors, such as specifying the correct abbreviations and placement of numbers and decimals. Conversions between metric units, such as grams to milligrams, involve moving the decimal point right or left by three places.
The document provides an introduction to measurement systems, explaining the key differences between the standard (customary) and metric systems, as well as giving examples of how to read a ruler and convert between the systems. It outlines the steps for using both the standard and metric rulers and provides examples of converting between the units of each system.
This document provides information about measuring skills and the International System of Units (SI). It discusses the basic SI units for common properties like length, liquid volume, mass, and temperature. It explains how the metric system uses prefixes like kilo- and milli- to denote multiples of 10 for smaller or larger units. The document also provides tips for making accurate measurements and examples of measuring the length and volume of objects.
The document provides information about metric conversions and the metric system. It includes conversion charts for common metric units like centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters, grams, and Celsius. It presents sample conversion problems and shows the work to convert between units like centimeters to inches, meters to feet, Celsius to Fahrenheit, ounces to grams, and more. Students are instructed to complete a set of these conversion problems using the provided charts and formulas. Rounding rules are also outlined. The goal is to practice common metric conversions and get comfortable with the metric system.
1. The document provides instructions on measuring various quantities like length, volume, mass, and temperature using standard metric units.
2. It describes the International System of Units (SI) and common prefixes used for naming smaller and larger metric units.
3. Tips are given for properly making measurements, including knowing the purpose and tools, labeling results, and following special rules for different instruments.
This document provides information about metric conversions. It introduces common metric units like meters, grams, and liters. Metric conversions are necessary when a measurement is too large or small for the unit being used. The document teaches the "stair-step method" for metric conversions using a chart that lists metric units in order from largest to smallest (kilo to milli). It involves moving up or down the "stairs" by multiplying or dividing by 10. Some example conversion problems are provided for practice. The document emphasizes that metric conversions are easy and only require knowing how to count to six and knowing left from right.
The document discusses various measurement systems used in pharmacy, including the apothecary, English (household), and metric (SI) systems. It provides examples of units and conversions within each system. The SI system is advocated for use in healthcare due to its ease of conversion based on powers of 10 and universal adoption worldwide by scientists and medical professionals. Converting units in the SI system involves moving the decimal place right or left by the number of units between the original and desired units.
This document discusses the International System of Units (SI), which is the standard system of measurement used internationally, especially in science. It notes that SI provides a coherent and rationalized system of measurements based around powers of ten. Key aspects of SI include standardized prefixes that indicate multiplicative factors of units and a unified system of measuring length, mass and volume. SI aims to make scientific measurements easily understood worldwide.
This document discusses units and measurements in science. It defines fundamental and derived quantities and identifies the base SI units for length, mass, time, temperature and other quantities. It also explains prefixes used in the metric system and how to convert between units. Measurement tools for length, volume, temperature are also introduced. The importance of accuracy and precision in scientific measurements is emphasized.
This document provides background information on the International System of Units (SI units) used in science. It then outlines an activity where students will practice converting between SI units of length, volume, and mass. They will use lab equipment like meter sticks, graduated cylinders, and balances to make measurements in SI units and convert between prefixes like milli, centi, and kilo. The goal is for students to gain experience using the metric system of measurement commonly adopted worldwide.
The document discusses the metric system and metric conversions. It provides background on the metric system, noting that it is decimalized and uses prefixes like kilo- and milli-. It then contrasts the metric and U.S. customary systems, and discusses the importance of accurate conversions between the two. Examples of errors caused by conversion mistakes in transportation, medical applications, and space travel are given to highlight the importance of understanding both systems. The lab objectives are to practice measuring, converting within and between systems, and rounding measurements.
Thank you for sharing this important message about supporting female education. Education is a basic human right and empowering all people, regardless of gender, is crucial for building a just society.
06 Ps300 Making Measurements & Using The Metric System Notes Keplenning
This document provides an overview of measurement and the metric system. It defines key terms like qualitative vs. quantitative observations, precision vs. accuracy, and base SI units for length, mass, volume, and time. It explains how to use tools like rulers, balances, and thermometers to make measurements. It also covers converting between metric units using factors and moving the decimal place.
Learning ObjectivesDefine the International System of.docxwashingtonrosy
Learning Objectives
Define the International System of Units (measurement system).
Define a unit of measurement and demonstrate the ability to convert measurements.
Define length, temperature, time, volume, mass, density, and concentration.
Define significant figures and describe measurement techniques.
Introduction
Just like you and your friend communicate using the same language, scientists all over the world need to use the same language when reporting the measurements they make. This language is called the metric system. In this lesson we will cover the metric units for length, mass, density, volume and temperature, and also discuss how to convert among them.
Metric Measurement
What do all of these words have in common: thermometer, barometer, diameter, odometer and parameter? All of these words end in
-meter
. You have probably heard this word before, but what does it mean? Meter at the end of a word means
measure
. You use all kinds of measurements each day. How much sugar is needed in the cookies you are baking? Will it be warm enough to leave your jacket at home? How fast are you driving? How much will a bag of apples cost? How much time will it take you to get home from work?
The units of measure in the English and metric systems
Most Americans are taught the English or standard system of measurement, but never get a good dose of the metric system. Lucky for you, it is a much easier system to learn than the English system because all the measurements are
base 10
- meaning that when you are converting from one to another, you will always be multiplying or dividing by a multiple of
10
. This is much easier than trying to do calculations between ounces and pounds, and feet and miles.
Because you may not be used to thinking metrically, it may take a little practice using and working with the metric system before you gain a better understanding of it and become more fluent in the measurement language of scientists (and most non-Americans). I challenge you to sprinkle a little more metric in your life. Maybe read the milliliter measurement on your soda can or glance at the kilometer reading on your speedometer. Being able to picture metric quantities will really help with the rest of this course.
Length
We are going to start with the units of length so we can get back to this word meter that we started out with. The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system. A meter is a tiny bit longer than a yard. For distances much longer than a meter, you would add the prefix kilo- to make the measurement kilometer. A kilometer is the metric version of our mile, even though it is a bit shorter than our mile. A kilometer is equivalent to exactly 1,000 meters. Any unit that has the word kilo- in front of it is equivalent to 1,000 units. You can attach the prefix kilo- to just about anything. If something takes 1,000 seconds, it takes a kilosecond. If a forest has 1,000 trees, it has a kilotree. .
This chapter discusses knots and hitches used for rigging operations. It explains how knots affect rope strength and identifies the basic parts of a rope. The chapter then describes various types of knots, including overhand knots, figure eight knots, half hitches, square knots, bowline knots, barrel hitches, and timber hitches. It also discusses factors like sling angles that determine load capacity when using different knots and hitches.
The document discusses instruments used for laying out underground piping systems. It describes how a combination transit and level instrument can be used to accurately determine the elevation of the ground surface, depth of excavation, and location and direction of piping. Key features of this instrument include its ability to project a level plane and take elevation measurements from it, use the transit portion to lay out angles and directions, and its horizontal and vertical protractors divided into degrees.
This document outlines standards for medical gas and vacuum systems in health care facilities according to the 2018 NFPA Code. It establishes criteria for risk-based levels of health care services and covers the performance, maintenance, and testing of various medical gas systems. The purpose is to provide minimum safety requirements for materials, equipment, and practices associated with medical gases. The standards apply to all health care facilities except home care and veterinary care and are enforced by the authority having jurisdiction.
The document discusses the metric system of measurement. It explains that the metric system is based around units of 10, with prefixes denoting multiples and fractions of the base units. The three main units are meters for length, liters for liquid volume, and kilograms for mass. Meters are slightly longer than yards, liters slightly more than quarts, and kilograms slightly more than 2 pounds. The metric system is gaining global adoption for its simplicity compared to other systems like the English/U.S. customary units.
This document discusses procedures for using surveying instruments to lay out underground piping systems. It provides instructions on how to:
1) Convert elevations between feet and inches using a simple conversion table.
2) Establish the location and angle of underground pipes by transferring measurements from design drawings to the job site using techniques like setting up a transit and turning angles.
3) Potential mistakes when measuring with tapes or chains include reading errors, counting lengths incorrectly, and recording values inaccurately. Careful measurement and double checking are important.
This document discusses the use of instruments such as transits, levels, and pipe lasers for laying out underground piping systems. It explains that these tools are used to determine the location, depth, elevation, and direction of piping based on project plans. The combination transit and level instrument is highlighted, which can be used to project level planes, record ground elevations, and lay out piping locations and angles through its horizontal and vertical protractors. Proper use of layout instruments is important for ensuring underground piping is installed correctly to the design specifications.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Chapter 5- Metric
This chapter will explore another system of measurement
called the metric system. This system of measurement
formerly called the “International System of Units” (SI) is
simply a group of terms used to describe fundamental
quantities such as length, weight, time and other values.
The metric system of measurement is being adopted by more
and more countries every year. In the United States many
industries are converting to the metric system so they can be
competitive in foreign markets.
3. Chapter 5- Metric
Doctors use metric units for prescribing doses or quantities of
medicine and drugs. Many food processing industries are marking
both metric and U.S. customary units on food packages. If you have
not already been exposed to metric measurements it is almost
certain you will begin using metric measurements.
This chapter introduces the terms and calculations of the metric
system. The metric system is not very complicated and should not
be too difficult to learn — the hard part will be unlearn lag or
momentarily forgetting the other systems of measurement with
which you may be familiar. To help you get started remember that:
A meter is a yard — plus a little extra.
A kilogram is two pounds — plus a little extra.
A liter is a quart — plus a little extra.
4. Chapter 5- Metric
The International System of Units —
officially abbreviated SI — is an updated
and expanded version of the metric system.
It was established by international
agreement to provide a logical framework
for all measurements in science, industry,
and commerce. SI is built on a foundation
of base units. What are these units?
6. Chapter 5- Metric
2. Now that you know the basic metric units
you will be using — the meter, kilogram and
liter. And you know about how much each
unit amounts to — the meter about a yard,
the kilogram about 2 pounds, the liter about
a quart. What happens if you want to
measure something much larger, or
smaller, than these three amounts?
7. Chapter 5- Metric
The metric system is easy to work with because it
is based on 10. You can multiply or divide the
base units by 10 by using a system of prefixes,
and simply moving the decimal point around. The
same prefixes are used for all three units. The
meter will he used to show the relationship. See
Fig 5-1. The prefixes given in red are those you
will use the most, the others are included so you
can see the way the 10 system works up and
down from the base unit.
9. Chapter 5- Metric
3. The metric system term for miles is
kilometer. The term for yards and feet is
meters. What is the metric system term for
inches?
The metric system term for inches is
centimeter. For very small measurements
the term is millimeter.
10. Chapter 5- Metric
You must remember to think 10. The whole
system depends on it. Ten millimeters
equal 1 centimeter, 10 centimeters equal 1
decimeter, 10 decimeters equal 1 meter, 10
meters equal 1 dekameter, 10 dekameters
equal 1 hectometer, 10 hectometers equal
1 kilometer. The symbols for these terms
are:
11. Chapter 5- Metric
It has been established, the same SI
prefixes are used throughout the system, to
make the base unit larger or smaller as
needed. The kilogram is a base unit but it
already has a prefix kilo. Explain.
12. Chapter 5- Metric
This is something you have to get accustomed to,
and remember that the kilogram is the one and
only exception to the prefix rule.
The gram (which would normally he the base unit)
is such a small amount of weight (about as much
as a paper clip), that working with it would be very
difficult. Therefore, the use of the kilogram as the
base unit has evolved.
You will mainly use the kilogram and the gram,
and may come in contact with the milligram (in
medicine dosages, for example).
13. Chapter 5- Metric
The same rule of thinking 10 applies. Ten
milligrams equal 1 centigram, 10
centigrams equal 1 decigram, 10
decigrams equal 1 gram, 10 grams equal 1
dekagram, 10 dekagrarns equal 1
hectogram, 10 hectograms equal 1
kilogram. The symbols for these forms are:
14. Chapter 5- Metric
5. To measure weights in the metric
system, journeyworkers normally use the
kilogram (except for small amounts,
perhaps up to 2 pounds). They also may
find a measure called a metric ton to weigh
large objects. A metric ton equals 1000
kilograms. What will journeyworkers use to
measure quarts and gallons?
15. Chapter 5- Metric
Where they now measure in quarts and
gallons, journeyworkers will use liters.
Liquid measures will be defined in milliliters
(ml); milliliters will be used instead of
ounces. The liter follows the prefix rule as
shown below:
16. Chapter 5- Metric
6. Following is a quick review of information which is
important for you to know? You will need to know about the
vieter. It’s a little more than a yard long. Its symbol is m. You
will use the meter (it) to measure things you now measure in
yards and feet. You will use the kilometer (km) to measure
what you now measure in miles. And you will use the
centimeter (cm) to measure inches. You may also use the
millimeter (mm) for this type of length measure. Another unit
to remember is the kilogram. It’s a little more than 2 pounds.
Its symbol is kg. You will use the kilogram to measure what
you now use pounds for. You will use the gram (g) to
measure smaller weights, ounces and perhaps up to 2
pounds. What is another important unit for you to know?
17. Chapter 5- Metric
Another important unit to know is the lite;c
It’s a little more than a quart. Its symbol is
1. You will use the liter to measure liquids
you now measure in quarts and gallons.
The only other form you will probably ever
come in contact with is the milliliter (ml),
used for smaller quantities.
18. Chapter 5- Metric
7. What are three prefixes and their meaning you
will need to remember?
Three prefixes are:
1. Milli — means one thousandth of whichever
unit you are measuring.
2. Centi — means one hundredth of whichever
unit you are measuring.
3. Kilo — means one thousand of whichever unit
you’re measuring.
19. Chapter 5- Metric
8. Metric math is simple. Because the whole
metric system is based on 10, the problems of
multiplying and dividing you will need to do are
simple. For all practical purposes, fractions and all
of the problems connected with working with them
are eliminated in the metric system. You will no
longer have to contend with fractions, which have
no easy relationship to each other. Explain.
20. Chapter 5- Metric
Simply remember this — when you are
working from a base unit to smaller units,
move the decimal point to the right. When
you are working from the base unit to larger
units, move the decimal point to the left,
Use the meter as an example.
21. Chapter 5- Metric
Note: If you are working with area (some
measure squared) or with capacity (some
measure cubed), remember that you move
the decimal point 2 places (square
measure) or 3 places (cubic measure) for
every one move in straight measure.
22. Chapter 5- Metric
9. An important factor in the use of the
metric system is its simplicity. With a little
care in using terms and symbols correctly,
the system can be clearly understood by
everyone. List a few basic rules to
remember.
A few basic rules are:
23. Chapter 5- Metric
1. Metric unit names are never capitalized,
with one exception — degree Celsius.
2. The symbols for the metric units you will
use every day are rarely capitalized either
(except for °C, A, W). For example, it
should always be nun for millimeter, never
MM or Mm. There are some scientific units
which require capitalized symbols, but the
everyday units do not.
24. Chapter 5- Metric
3. Unit symbols are never made plural with
the addition of a final -s. The symbol
remains the same, whether used for a
single unit, or for several units. For
example:
1 mm
5 mm, not 5 mms
25. Chapter 5- Metric
4. Never use any of the prefixes alone to
indicate a metric unit. It is incorrect usage,
and confusion could result. For example:
you travel 12 kilometers, never 12 kilos and
you buy one kilogram of butter, not one kilo.
26. Chapter 5- Metric
5. When writing the symbols, don’t put
periods after them, except at the end of a
sentence. For example: The man is 180 cm
tall, (not 180 cm.)
6. Always leave a space between numerals
and symbols used with them. For example:
10 cm, not 10cm
27. Chapter 5- Metric
7. When writing large numbers, use spaces
to separate the groups of three numerals
now separated by commas. For example:
10 000 000, not 10,000,000
8. Always use a zero before a decimal
quantity when it is less than one unit, For
example: 0.55, not .55
28. Chapter 5- Metric
9. When expressing an amount like kilometers per
hour or meters per second, use the slash as
follows:
kilometers per hour = km/h
meters per second = m/s
10. Don’t try to improve on the SI, try to think in
metric terms, and spend as little time as possible
converting back and forth from the metric system
to the English system.
29. Chapter 5- Metric
10. The real secret in understanding the metric system is to
learn to think metric. The only time people seem to have real
difficulties with learning metric concepts is when they insist
on converting every figure they see back to customary
measures. Try to do as little of that as possible. Use the
information on the metric system which has been discussed
so far, and avoid conversions whenever you can. For the
most part, you just won’t need them. But, for those occasions
(which will occur) when you do need to make a simple
conversion, some basic conversion factors are listed below.
30. Chapter 5- Metric
List some conversion factors which could
be used to go the opposite way.
Note: If you want to figure area or volume,
the mathematic process is exactly the
same, whether you are figuring in feet and
yards or in meters or anything else in the
metric system.
32. Chapter 5- Metric
11. What is the advantage that SI possesses in
comparison with the English system?
The advantage of SI is that all multiples and sub-
multiples (divisors) of the measurement units
(base units) are based on 10. You can multiply or
divide the base units by 10 using a system of
prefixes and simply moving the decimal point
around. See Table A in Appendix B. Micro, milli,
centi, kilo, and mega are prefixes used with all of
the base units of measure and weight. The value
of the prefixes as multipliers and divisors does not
change from unit to unit.
33. Chapter 5- Metric
12. The measure of distance concerns the
journeyworker the most, so it is the logical
starting point. The standard measure of
length in the English system is the foot,
containing 12 inches. What is the standard
length measurement of SI?
34. Chapter 5- Metric
The standard metric measure of length is the
meter (m). The original meter was computed to he
one ten-millionth of the distance from the North
Pole to the equator measured along a meridian
line. The meter was electronically refined and is
now defined as a definite number of wavelengths
of the orange-red radiation of krypton 86. Instead
of relying on metal bars kept in the U.S. Bureau of
Standards, the standard meter length for
calibration purposes can he produced
electronically in the laboratory.
35. Chapter 5- Metric
13. Compare the meter to the foot.
See Fig. 5-2. The meter is 39.37 in. long.
This length equals 3.28 ft. These
comparisons and other base unit
conversions are given in table form in
Appendix B.
36. Chapter 5- Metric
14.
Compute the conversion factor for
changing meters to yards.
37. Chapter 5- Metric
15. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
One meter equals 1.09 yards. Convert one
kilometer to yards.
38. Chapter 5- Metric
16. Earlier study units have illustrated some
of the advantages of the metric system. All
the units are multiples or divisors of 10,
100, or 1,000 and are based on the decimal
system. See Table A in Appendix B. What is
the prefix for 1,000?
The prefix is kilo.
39. Chapter 5- Metric
17. The meter is divided into 100 parts called
cciithucters. In each centimeter, there are 10
divisions called millimeters. How many millimeters
are there in one meter?
There are 1,000 millimeters in one meter. A
centimeter equals .39 in. (approximately % in.)
and a millimeter equals .039 in. (approximately %.
in.). To get the proper accuracy on the job,
measurements should be taken to the closest
millimeter See Fig. 5.3.
40. Chapter 5- Metric
18. Since SI uses the base 10 decimal
system, placement of the decimal point and
labeling of units becomes vital in recording
the results of job computations. What units
of SI length are most commonly used by a
journeyworker on the job?
The two most commonly used SI length
units will be the meter (m) and the
centimeter (cm).