The document provides background information on several topics: 1. It describes the Anglo-Saxons as Germanic tribes that invaded Britain and established the English nation until the Norman conquest in 1066. 2. It provides brief biographies of several important historical figures, including Matthew Perry, Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii, Alfred Mahan, and Theodore Roosevelt. 3. It discusses several topics related to American imperialism such as Pan-Americanism, the Platt Amendment, and the Boxer Rebellion.

1. UNIT 4
PEOPLE & TERMS.

2. SECTION 1

3. Anglo-Saxonism
• Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south
and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English
nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries
later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
• The Angles, who may have come from Angeln (in modern Germany), and Bede wrote that their
whole nation came to Britain, leaving their former land empty. The name England (Old English:
Engla land or Ængla land) originates from this tribe).
• The Saxons, from Lower Saxony (in modern Germany; German: Niedersachsen) and the Low
Countries
• The Jutes, possibly from the Jutland peninsula (in modern Denmark; Danish: Jylland)
Their language, Old English, derives from "Ingvaeonic" West Germanic dialects and transformed into
Middle English from the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon,
Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.

4. Matthew C. Perry
• Matthew Calbraith Perry was born
in Newport, Rhode Island, on 10
April 1794, son of Captain
Christopher R. Perry, a
distinguished officer of the
Revolutionary War, and Sarah
Wallace (Alexander) Perry. In
1814 he was married to Jan
Sliddell, and they had ten children.
He died in New York City, on 4
March 1858, and was interred in
the vaults of the Church of St.
Mark's-in-the-Bouwerie in New
York. On 21 March 1866, the
bodies of Commodore Perry and
his child, Anna who died in 1839,
were reinterred in Newport, Rhode
Island.

5. •
Queen Liliuokalani
Queen Lili‘uokalani was born on September 2, 1838, in Honolulu.
She was the daughter of high ranking chiefs Caesar Kapa‘akea and Anale‘a Keohokālole, and sister of David Kalākaua, Miriam Likelike and
William Pitt Leleiōhoku. Upon her birth she became the hanai child of chiefs Laura Konia and Abner Paki.
She was given the name Lydia Lili‘u Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamaka‘eha. In her youth she was called "Lydia" or "Lili‘u" and then
"Lili‘uokalani" when she became heir apparent.
Lili‘u married John O. Dominis on September 16, 1862. They lived with his widowed mother at Washington Place, today the official residence
of Hawai‘i's Governor.
In 1891 her brother, King Kalākaua, died and Lili‘uokalani succeeded to the throne.
Queen Lili‘uokalani sought to amend the constitution to restore some of the power lost during the reign of her brother. Local sugar planters and
businessmen feared a loss of revenue and influence and instigated an overthrow. To avoid bloodshed, the Queen yielded her throne on January
17, 1893. A provisional government was established.
In 1895 Lili‘uokalani was imprisoned for eight months in ‘Iolani Palace for her alleged knowledge of a counterrevolutionary attempt by her
supporters.
On September 6, 1896, Lili‘uokalani was released on parole, but she was forbidden to leave the island of O‘ahu.
On May 18, 1896, at 6:30 a.m., Lili‘uokalani was baptized and confirmed by Bishop Willis into the Episcopal Church. Though she had been a
long-time member of Kawaiha‘o Church, she decided to leave citing the lack of pastoral care and support during her imprisonment.
On July 7, 1898, President McKinley signed the resolution annexing Hawaii to the United States.
In her Deed of Trust dated December 2, 1909, which was later amended in 1911, Lili`uokalani entrusted her estate to provide for orphan and
destitute children in the Hawaiian Islands, with preference for Hawaiian children. Her legacy is perpetuated through the Queen Lili`uokalani
Children’s Center.
Queen Lili‘uokalani died at Washington Place on November 11, 1917, at the age of 79. After a state funeral, her remains were placed in the
Royal Mausoleum

6. Pan-Americanism
According to Joseph B. Lockey, the closest
student of Pan-Americanism's early days, the
adjective "Pan-American" was first employed by
the New York Evening Post in 1882, and the
noun "Pan-Americanism" was coined by that
same journal in 1888. The convening of the first
inter-American conference in Washington the
next year led to wider usage of the first term
about 1890 and popularization of Pan-
Americanism in the early years of the twentieth
century. While the terms have since become
familiar expressions to most of the reading
public in the Western Hemisphere, their
connotations remain vague. Broadly defined,
Pan-Americanism is cooperation between the
Western Hemisphere nations in a variety of
activities including economic, social, and
cultural programs; declarations; alliances; and
treaties—though some

7. a
Alfred T. Mahan
United States Navy flag officer,
geostrategist, and historian, who
has been called "the most
important American strategist of
the nineteenth century." His
concept of "sea power" was based
on the idea that the most powerful
navy will control the globe; it was
most famously presented in The
Influence of Sea Power Upon
History, 1660-1783 (1890). The
concept had an enormous
influence in shaping the strategic
thought of navies across the world,
especially in the United States,
Germany, Japan and Britain. His
ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy.

8. Henry Cabot Lodge
An American statesman,
a Republican politician,
and a noted historian.
While he did not claim
the title, he is considered
to be the first Senate
majority leader.

9. SECTION 2

10. José Martí
José Julián Martí Pérez (January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban
national hero and an important figure in Latin American literature. In his short
life he was a poet, an essayist, a journalist, a revolutionary philosopher, a
translator, a professor, a publisher, and a political theorist. Through his writings
and political activity, he became a symbol for Cuba's bid for independence
against Spain in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban
Independence.[1]" He also fought against the threat of United States
expansionism into Cuba. From adolescence, he dedicated his life to the
promotion of liberty, political independence for Cuba and intellectual
independence for all Spanish Americans; his murder was used as a cry for
Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those
Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt.

11. William Randolph
Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was born on April 29, 1863,
in San Francisco, California, as the only child of
George Hearst, a self-made multimillionaire miner and
rancher, and Phoebe Apperson Hearst. In 1887, at 23
he became "Proprietor" of the San Francisco Examiner
which his father, George Hearst, accepted as payment
for a gambling debt... In 1903, Mr. Hearst married
Millicent Willson in New York City. The couple had
five sons together during their marriage: George,
William Randolph Jr., John and twins Randolph and
David. Hearst died in Beverly Hills, Calif., on Aug. 14,
1951, at age 88. He is interred at the Cypress Lawn
Cemetery in Colma, California.

12. Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer, the son of a grain dealer, was born in
Budapest, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in April,
1847. He emigrated to the United States in 1864 and
settled in St. Louis. He worked as a mule tender, waiter
and hack driver before studying English at the
Mercantile Library. In 1868 Pulitzer was recruited by
Carl Schurz for his German-language daily, the
Westliche Post.
Pulitzer joined the Republican Party and was elected to
the Missouri State Assembly. In 1872 he, like many
Radical Republicans, supported Horace Greeley
against Ulysses S. Grant, the official Republican
candidate. Despite the efforts of Pulitzer and Carl
Schurz in Missouri, Grant won the presidential election
by 286 electoral votes to 66.
In 1872 Pulitzer was able to purchase the St. Louis
Post for $3,000. This venture was a success and six
years later was able to buy the St. Louis Dispatch for
$2,700. He combined the two newspapers and
launched crusades against government corruption,
lotteries, gambling, and tax fraud.

13. Theodore Roosevelt
Born in New York into one of the old
Dutch families which had settled in
America in the seventeenth century. At
eighteen he entered Harvard College
and spent four years there, dividing his
time between books and sport and
excelling at both. After leaving
Harvard he studied in Germany for
almost a year and then immediately
entered politics. He was elected to the
Assembly of New York State, holding
office for three years and
distinguishing himself as an ardent
reformer.

14. Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment of 1901 was a rider appended to the
Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by
Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827–
1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The
amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of
United States troops remaining in Cuba after the Spanish-
American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations
until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured
U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and
domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain
economic and military territories on the island including
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

15. Section 3

16. Boxer Rebellion
Beginning in 1898, groups of peasants in
northern China began to band together into
a secret society known as I-ho ch'üan
("Righteous and Harmonious Fists"), called
the "Boxers" by Western press. Members of
the secret society practiced boxing and
calisthenic rituals (hence the nickname, the
"Boxers") which they believed would make
them impervious to bullets.
At first, the Boxers wanted to destroy the
Ch'ing dynasty (which had ruled China for
over 250 years) and wanted to rid China of
all foreign influence (which they considered
a threat to Chinese culture). When the
Empress Dowager backed the Boxers, the
Boxers turned solely to ridding China of
foreigners.

17. Great White Fleet
The Great White Fleet was the
popular nickname for the United
States Navy battle fleet that
completed a circumnavigation of
the globe from 16 December 1907
to 22 February 1909 by order of
U.S. President Theodore
Roosevelt. It consisted of 16
battleships divided into two
squadrons, along with various
escorts. Roosevelt sought to
demonstrate growing American
military power and blue-water
navy capability.

18. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
In 1901 the United States and the United Kingdom signed the Hay-
Pauncefote Treaty. This agreement nullified the Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and
control a canal across Central America, connecting the Pacific Ocean
and the Atlantic Ocean.
The British, recognizing their diminishing influence in the region and
cultivating friendship with the United States as a counterweight to
Germany, stepped aside in the treaty to permit a solely U.S.-run
canal. This occurred under Presidents William McKinley and
Theodore Roosevelt. The treaty was negotiated under the table by
United States Secretary of State, John Hay, and the British
Ambassador to the United States, Lord Pauncefote.
This treaty, though it handed all canal-building power over to the
United States, provided that all nations will be allowed to freely use
and access the canal and that the canal should never be taken by
force.

19. The Roosevelt
Corollarry
The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the
Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore
Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the
Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United
States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic
affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central
America if they were unable to pay their
international debts. The alternative, according to the
U.S. assumptions, was intervention by European
powers, especially Great Britain and France, which
had lent money to countries that were unable to
repay. As with many high-risk investments, these
loans were made with the lenders fully aware of the
financial difficulties these countries were going
through, and they were part of a broader campaign
to gain economic control of nations with unstable
economies. The catalyst for the new policy was the
British and German gunboat diplomacy in the

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