The document discusses different types of mechanical springs, including helical compression springs, helical tension springs, and helical torsion springs. It covers spring materials such as music wire and oil-tempered wire. Key aspects of helical compression spring design discussed include stresses in the spring, deflection calculation using Castigliano's theorem, stability, and fatigue loading. Critical frequency of helical springs is also addressed. The document provides information on tension helical springs and discusses their ends.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.
APPLICATION OF SPRINGS
To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves.
To store energy as in watches, toys.
To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators.
To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car.The material of the spring should have
high fatigue strength,
high ductility,
high resilience and
creep resistant.
It largely depends upon the size and service.
The strength of the wires varies with size, smaller size wires have greater strength and less ductility, due to the greater degree of cold working.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in safety valve springs.
The springs are mostly made from oil-tempered carbon steel wires containing 0.60 to 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.60 to 1.0 per cent manganese.
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Springs – Design of helical springs – Design of Leaf, Belleville springs and Torsion springs – Flywheels considering stresses in rims and arms for engines and punching machines. Design of Crankshaft.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.
APPLICATION OF SPRINGS
To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves.
To store energy as in watches, toys.
To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators.
To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car.The material of the spring should have
high fatigue strength,
high ductility,
high resilience and
creep resistant.
It largely depends upon the size and service.
The strength of the wires varies with size, smaller size wires have greater strength and less ductility, due to the greater degree of cold working.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in safety valve springs.
The springs are mostly made from oil-tempered carbon steel wires containing 0.60 to 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.60 to 1.0 per cent manganese.
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Springs – Design of helical springs – Design of Leaf, Belleville springs and Torsion springs – Flywheels considering stresses in rims and arms for engines and punching machines. Design of Crankshaft.
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Voltage sensor.
More items...
Different Types of Car Sensors used in Automobiles - ElProCushttps://www.elprocus.com › different-types-of-sensors-use...
Search for: What kind of sensors are in cars?
What are the four sensors in a car?
What are the 8 sensors?
How do vehicle sensors work?
How many sensors are in a car?
Which sensor is used in automatic car?
Feedback
Images for Car sensors ppt
temperature sensor
mems
driverless car
reverse parking
autonomous vehicles
smart parking
self driving
automotive electronics
parking sensor
powerpoint presentation
slide
coolant temperature
smart sensor
autonomous driving
oxygen sensor
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
View all
Feedback
View all
Automotive Sensors: MEMShttp://www.ann.ece.ufl.edu › courses › papers › A...
PPT
Introduce MEMS; Applications; Automotive Specific Information; Fabrication ... MEMS Sensors and Actuators used to control various elements of the automobile.
Unit -IV Automotive Sensors & Actuatorshttps://www.gcoeara.ac.in › auto
PDF
Working principle of sensors, Types of sensors, Airflow ... Temperature sensor, MAP sensors, Knock/Detonation ... In the case of vehicle sensors it is.
93 pages
Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor - SlideTeamhttps://www.slideteam.net › car-icon-with-different-iot-s...
Find predesigned Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor PowerPoint templates slides, graphics, and image designs provided by SlideTeam.
Rating: 4.5 · 6 reviews
(PPT) Automotive Radar in English.pptx | Ali Fauzihttps://www.academia.edu › Automotive_Radar_in_En...
Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-sensor and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor (Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).
People also ask
How many of the 6 major categories of sensors are used in automobiles?
What are 3 engine control sensors?
What are the five sensor devices?
What are the two main types of sensors?
Feedback
Related searches
Crankshaft position sensor
Mass flow sensor
Pressure sensor
MAP sensor
Air flow meter
Fuel
See more
Feedback
automotive sensors pdf
different types of sensors used in cars pdf
electric vehicle sensors ppt
sensors in cars for safety
importance of sensors in automobile
engine sensors
list of sensors used in electric vehicles
automotive sensors and actuators pdf
1
2
3
4
5
Next
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Volt
SEMINAR @Design And Analysis Of A Connecting Rod With Different MaterialsDr.M BALA THEJA
Internal Combustion engine has many parts like cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crank and crank shaft. The connecting rod is very important part of an engine.
The connecting rod is very important part of an engine. Working of the connecting rod is to transmit power of piston to crank pin.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Voltage sensor.
More items...
Different Types of Car Sensors used in Automobiles - ElProCushttps://www.elprocus.com › different-types-of-sensors-use...
Search for: What kind of sensors are in cars?
What are the four sensors in a car?
What are the 8 sensors?
How do vehicle sensors work?
How many sensors are in a car?
Which sensor is used in automatic car?
Feedback
Images for Car sensors ppt
temperature sensor
mems
driverless car
reverse parking
autonomous vehicles
smart parking
self driving
automotive electronics
parking sensor
powerpoint presentation
slide
coolant temperature
smart sensor
autonomous driving
oxygen sensor
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
Image result for Car sensors ppt
View all
Feedback
View all
Automotive Sensors: MEMShttp://www.ann.ece.ufl.edu › courses › papers › A...
PPT
Introduce MEMS; Applications; Automotive Specific Information; Fabrication ... MEMS Sensors and Actuators used to control various elements of the automobile.
Unit -IV Automotive Sensors & Actuatorshttps://www.gcoeara.ac.in › auto
PDF
Working principle of sensors, Types of sensors, Airflow ... Temperature sensor, MAP sensors, Knock/Detonation ... In the case of vehicle sensors it is.
93 pages
Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor - SlideTeamhttps://www.slideteam.net › car-icon-with-different-iot-s...
Find predesigned Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor PowerPoint templates slides, graphics, and image designs provided by SlideTeam.
Rating: 4.5 · 6 reviews
(PPT) Automotive Radar in English.pptx | Ali Fauzihttps://www.academia.edu › Automotive_Radar_in_En...
Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-sensor and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor (Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).
People also ask
How many of the 6 major categories of sensors are used in automobiles?
What are 3 engine control sensors?
What are the five sensor devices?
What are the two main types of sensors?
Feedback
Related searches
Crankshaft position sensor
Mass flow sensor
Pressure sensor
MAP sensor
Air flow meter
Fuel
See more
Feedback
automotive sensors pdf
different types of sensors used in cars pdf
electric vehicle sensors ppt
sensors in cars for safety
importance of sensors in automobile
engine sensors
list of sensors used in electric vehicles
automotive sensors and actuators pdf
1
2
3
4
5
Next
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Volt
SEMINAR @Design And Analysis Of A Connecting Rod With Different MaterialsDr.M BALA THEJA
Internal Combustion engine has many parts like cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crank and crank shaft. The connecting rod is very important part of an engine.
The connecting rod is very important part of an engine. Working of the connecting rod is to transmit power of piston to crank pin.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. cc
–Introduction
–Types of springs
–spring material
–Stress in helical springs
–Design of helical Compression Spring
–Deign of Helical Tensile spring
Design of Helical Torsion Spring
CHAPTER 4.Mechanical Springs
2. 4.1 Introduction
Mechanical Springs
– Springs are flexible bodies (generally metal) that can be
twisted, pulled, or stretched by some force, and can
return to their original shape when the force is released.
– These devices allow controlled application of force or
torque, and the storing and release of energy can be
another purpose.
Springs give a relatively large elastic deflection.
Application of springs
• To apply forces and controlling motion, as in brakes and
clutches.
3. • Measuring forces, as in the case of a spring balance.
• Storing energy, as in the case of springs used in watches and toys.
• Reducing the effect of shocks and vibrations in vehicles and
machine foundations
Flexibility is sometimes needed and is often provided by metal bodies
with cleverly controlled geometry. Such flexibility can be linear or
nonlinear in relating deflection to load.
These devices allow controlled application of force or torque; the
storing and release of energy can be another purpose
4. In general, spring may be classified as:
1. Wire springs such as helical springs of round
or square wire, made to resist and deflect
under tensile, compressive, and torsional
loads.
2. Flat springs which includes cantilever and
elliptical types, wound motor-or clock- type
power springs, a flat spring washers, usually
called Belleville springs.
3. Special-shaped springs
5. 4.2 Types of springs
Helical compression Types of Springs(1)
Figure 4.1a
9. 4.3. Spring Materials
• Springs are manufactured either by hot- or cold-
working processes, depending upon the size of the
material, the spring index, and the properties desired.
• In general, pre hardened wire should not be used if D/d
< 4 or if d > 14 in.
• Winding of the spring induces residual stresses through
bending, but these are normal to the direction of the
torsional working stresses in a coil spring.
• Quite frequently in spring manufacture, they are
relieved, after winding, by a mild thermal treatment.
10. • A great variety of spring materials are available
to the designer, including plain carbon steels,
alloy steels, and corrosion-resisting steels, as well
as nonferrous materials such as phosphor
bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper, and
various nickel alloys.
• Descriptions of the most commonly used steels
will be described below
11. 1. Music wire: UNS G10850;AISI 1085;ASTM A228-51(0.80–0.95C)
This is the best, toughest, and most widely used of all spring
materials for small springs.
It has the highest tensile strength and can withstand higher stresses
under repeated loading than any other spring material.
Available in diameters 0.12 to 3 mm
Do not use above 120°C (250°F) or at subzero temperatures
2. Oil-tempered wire: UNS G10650;AISI 1065;ASTM 229-41 (0.60–0.70C)
This general-purpose spring steel is used for many types of coil
springs where the cost of music wire is prohibitive and in sizes
larger than available in music wire.
Not for shock or impact loading.
Available in diameters 3 to 12 but larger and smaller sizes may be
obtained.
Not for use above 180°C or at subzero temperatures.
12. 3. Hard-drawn wire: UNS G10660;AISI 1066;ASTM A227-47 (0.60–0.70C)
– This is the cheapest general-purpose spring steel and should be used
only where life, accuracy, and deflection are not too important.
– Available in diameters 0.8 to 12 mm .
– Not for use above 120°C (250°F) or at subzero temperatures.
4. Chrome-vanadium: UNS G61500;AISI 6150;ASTM 231-41
This is the most popular alloy spring steel for conditions involving
higher stresses than can be used with the high-carbon steels and for
use where fatigue resistance and long endurance are needed.
Also good for shock and impact loads.
Widely used for aircraft-engine valve springs and for temperatures to
220°C.
Available in annealed or pre-tempered sizes 0.8 to 12 mm in diameter.
5. Chrome-silicon : UNS G92540; AISI 9254
This alloy is an excellent material for highly stressed springs that
require long life and are subjected to shock loading.
Rockwell hardnesses of C50 to C53 are quite common, and the material
may be used up to 250°C .
Available from 0.8 to 12 mm in diameter
13. Spring materials may be compared by an examination of their tensile
strengths; these vary so much with wire size that they cannot be
specified until the wire size is known.
The material and its processing also, of course, have an effect on
tensile strength. Hence, the approximate equation which is useful to
estimating minimum tensile strengths is
4-1
where the intercept A and the slope m are on the graph of tensile strength
versus wire diameter and, can be obtained in Table 4–1.
Material ASTM
No
Expone
nt m
Diameter,
in
A, Kpsi
.inm
Diameter,
mm
A, MPa,
mmm
Music wire A228 0.145 0.004–
0.256
201 0.10-6.5 2211
Hard-drawn
wire
A227 0.190 0.028–
0.500
140 0.7–12.7 1783
Chrome-
vanadium
wire
A232 0.168 0.032-
0.437
169 0.8-11.1 2005
Table 4–1Constants A and m of Sut = A/dm for Estimating Minimum Tensile Strength wires
14. 4.4. Design of compression Helical Springs
• A helical compression spring is an open-pitch spring
which is used to resist applied compression forces or to
store energy, and is applicable: Ball point pens, Pogo
sticks, Valve assemblies in engines
• A round-wire helical compression spring loaded by the
axial force F is shown in figure 4-2a.
Figure 4–2
(a) Axially loaded helical spring;
(b) (b) free-body diagram showing that
the wire is subjected to a direct
shear and a torsional shear.
4.4.1. Stresses in Helical Springs
15. Two important parameters in spring
design:
1. The mean coil diameter D
2. The wire diameter d.
If the spring is cut at some point, the
effect of the removed portion replaced
by the net internal reactions. See figure
4-2b or 4-3.
Using the equation of equilibrium, the
cut portion would contain a direct shear
force F and a torsion T=FD/2
Figure 4.3
16. The maximum stress in the wire may be computed by superposition of the
direct shear and torsional shear stress.
The result is at the inside fiber of the spring.
4-2
Substitution of
4-3
Define the spring index, C=D/d,
which is a measure of coil curvature.
With this relation, Eq. (4-3)
can be rearranged to give
4-4
where Ks is a shear-stress correction
factor and is defined by the equation
4-5
For most springs, C ranges from about 6 to 12. 16
=
17. 4.4.2.The Curvature Effect
• Above equation is based on the wire being straight. However, the curvature of
the wire increases the stress on the inside of the spring but decreases it only
slightly on the outside.
important in fatigue because the loads are lower and there is no opportunity for localized
yielding.
Less important for static loading (but dynamic fatigue loading), ….. strain-strengthening with
the first application of load .
• Unfortunately, it is necessary to find the curvature factor in a roundabout way.
• The Bergsträsser the curvature correction factor is followed, i.e.
4-6
• Now, Ks , KB , and Kc are simply stress correction factors applied multiplicatively to
Tr/J at the critical location to estimate a particular stress.
• There is no stress concentration factor.
• In this course we will use τ = KB(8FD)/(πd3) to predict the largest shear stress.
While constant KB can be obtained & Kw Whal factor
4-7
17
18. 4.4.3. Deflection of Helical Springs
Castigliano’s Theorem
• A most unusual, powerful, and often surprisingly
simple approach to deflection analysis is afforded
by an energy method called Castigliano’s
theorem. It is a unique way of analyzing
deflections and is even useful for finding the
reactions of indeterminate structures.
• Castigliano’s theorem states that when forces
act on elastic systems subject to small
displacements, the displacement corresponding to
any force, in the direction of the force, is equal to
the partial derivative of the total strain energy
with respect to that force.
F
u
y
i.e
19. 19
There fore, the deflection-force relations are quite easily obtained by using
Castigliano’s theorem
The total strain energy for a helical spring is composed of a torsional
component and a shear component. Thus strain energy can be approximated:
Substituting T = FD/2, l = πDN,
J = πd4/32, and A = πd2/4 results in
where N = Na = number of active coils.
Then using second theory of Castigliano’s
to find total deflection y gives
Since C = D/d, can be
rearranged to yield
The spring rate, also called the scale of the
spring, k = F/y, can be obtained from above
equation
20. 4.4.4 Compression Springs and its ends
• The four types of ends generally used for
compression springs are illustrated in Fig. 4–4.
• A spring with plain ends has a non interrupted
helicoid; the ends are the same as if a long spring
had been cut into sections.
• A spring with plain ends that are squared or
closed is obtained by deforming the ends to a
zero-degree helix angle.
• Springs should always be both squared and
ground for important applications, because a
better transfer of the load is obtained.
21. Figure 4–4
Types of
ends for
compression
springs:
(a) both ends
plain;
(b) both ends
squared;
(c) both
ends squared
and ground;
(d) both ends
plain and
ground
Table 4–2
Formulas for the
Dimensional
Characteristics of
Compression-Springs.
(Na = Number of
active Coils)
22. 4.4.5 Stability
• compression coil springs may buckle when
the deflection becomes too large. The critical
deflection is given by the equation
effective slenderness ratio
24. 4.4.6 Helical Compression Spring Design for Static Service
Design Considerations
Taking into consideration that with the lower indexes being more
difficult to form a compression spring i.e. because of the danger of
surface cracking and springs with higher indexes tending to tangle
often enough to require individual packing, the preferred range of
spring index is 4 ≤ C ≤ 12.
The recommended range of active turns is 3 ≤ Na ≤ 15.
A helical coil spring force-deflection characteristic is ideally linear.
The designer confines the spring’s operating point to the central 75
percent of the curve between no load, F = 0, and closure,
F = Fs .
24
25. Thus, the maximum operating force should be limited to
Fmax ≤ 7/8 Fs .
Defining the fractional overrun to closure as ξ, it is
recommended that ξ ≥ 0.15
Recommended factor of safety at closure (solid height) is
ns ≥ 1.2
◊ Set removal or presetting, which is a process used in the
manufacture of compression springs to induce useful residual
stresses.
Set removal increases the strength of the spring and so is
especially useful when the spring is used for energy-
storage purposes.
However, set removal should not be used when springs
are subject to fatigue.
26. fractional overrun , ξ,
ξ =1/7=0.143 .=0.15 it is better ξ>=0.15
4-16
4-17
4-18
Figure of merit=fom
some recommended design conditions
30. 4.4.7 Critical Frequency of Helical
Springs
• When helical springs are used in applications
requiring a rapid reciprocating motion, the
designer must be certain that the physical
dimensions of the spring are not such as to
create a natural vibratory frequency close to
the frequency of the applied force; otherwise
resonance may occur, resulting in damaging
stresses.
31. where k = spring rate g = acceleration due to gravity
l = length of spring W = weight of spring
x = coordinate along length of spring u = motion of any particle at distance x
4-20
Wolford and Smith show that
the frequency where the spring
has one end against a flat plate
and the other end free
fundamental
frequency in hertz
The weight of the active
part of a helical spring
The governing equation for the
translational vibration of a
spring is the wave equation:
32. 4.4.8 Fatigue Loading of Helical
Compression Springs
• Helical springs are never used as both compression
and extension springs. This is because they are
usually assembled with a preload so that the working
load is additional. Thus, the spring application fall
under the condition of fluctuating loads.
• Springs are almost always subject to fatigue loading.
In many instances the number of cycles of required
life may be small, say, several thousand But the
valve spring of an automotive engine must sustain
millions of cycles of operation without failure; so it
must be designed for infinite life.
33. To improve the fatigue strength of dynamically loaded
springs, shot peening can be used.
It can increase the torsional fatigue strength by 20
percent or more.
Shot size is about 1 /64 in, so spring coil wire diameter
and pitch must allow for complete coverage of the
spring surface.
The best data on the torsional endurance limits of
spring steels are those reported by Zimmerli.
He discovered the surprising fact that size, material,
and tensile strength have no effect on the
endurance limits (infinite life only) of spring steels in
sizes under 3 /8 in (10 mm).
34. While the corresponding endurance strength components for infinite life approximated
with Unpeened: Ssa = 35 kpsi (241 MPa) Ssm = 55 kpsi (379 Mpa)
Peened: Ssa = 57.5 kpsi (398 MPa) Ssm = 77.5 kpsi (534 MPa)
And the torsional modulus of rupture Ssu is
4-21
4-22
4-23
35. 4.5 TENSION HELICAL SPRING
• Helical tension/extension springs store energy and exert a pulling force.
– It has some means of transferring the load from the support to the body by means
of some arrangement. Hook Shaped end
– They have various types of end hooks or loops by which they are attached to
the loads.
• They are usually made from round wire and are close-wound with initial
tension.
– Most extension springs are made with the body coils held tightly together by a
force called initial tension. The measure of initial tension is the load required to
overcome the internal force and start coil separation.
• Like compression springs, extension springs are stressed in torsion in the
body coils.
35
Figure 4-3 Helical Tension Spring
Figure 4.6 helical
tensile spring
36. 4.5.1. EXTENSION SPRINGS AND ITS END
• Extension springs differ from compression springs in that they carry tensile
loading, they require some means of transferring the load from the
support to the body of the spring
– The load transfer can be done with a threaded plug or a swivel hook
• Types of ends used on extension springs.
Figure 4-4 Types of ends used on extension springs.
36
Figure 4.7 Types of ends used on extension springs
37. Terminology
• The free length L0 of a spring measured inside the end loops or
hooks as shown in Fig.4-6 can be expressed as
4-24
where D is the mean coil diameter, Nb is the number of body
coils, and C is the spring index.
• The equivalent number of active helical turns Na ordinary
twisted end loops as shown in Fig. 4-6 , can be approximated
by
4-25
where G and E are the shear and tensile moduli of elasticity,
respectively.
37
•Applicable: Garage door assemblies, Vise-grip pilers, carburetors
38. 4.5.2 initial tension
• The initial tension in an extension
spring is created in the winding
process by twisting the wire as it is
wound onto the mandrel.
• The amount of initial tension that a
spring maker can routinely
incorporate is as shown in Fig. 4-8
• The preferred range can be
expressed in terms of the
uncorrected torsional stress τi as
where C is the spring index
38
Figure 4-8 Torsional stresses due to initial
tension as a function of spring index C in
helical extension springs.
39. 4.5.3. Allowable strength
• Guidelines for the maximum allowable corrected stresses for static
applications of extension springs are given in Table 4-3
Table 4-3 Maximum Allowable Stresses for Helical Extension Springs in Static
Applications
39
Table 4-3 Maximum Allowable Stresses for Helical Extension Springs in Static Applications
40. • The above information is based on a stress-ratio of R = τmin/ τ max = 0.
– For this case, τ a = τ m = τ max/2.
• Hence, we have to label the strength values of Table 4-4 as Sr for bending
or Ssr for torsion
Where : Ssa = Ssm = Ssr /2 , and
Sr = 0.45Sut
40
Table 4-4 Maximum Allowable Stresses for ASTM A228 and Type 302 Stainless Steel
Helical Extension Springs in Cyclic Applications
41. 4.5.3. Stresses in tensile Helical Springs
• Stresses in the body of the extension spring are handled the same as
compression springs. In designing a spring with a hook end, bending and
torsion in the hook must be included in the analysis.
• In Fig.4-8a and b a commonly used method of designing the end is shown.
41
Figure 4-9 Ends for extension springs. (a) Usual design; stress at A is due to combined
axial force and bending moment. (b) Side view of part a; stress is mostly torsion at B.
42. • The maximum tensile stress at A from Figure 4-9, due to bending and axial
loading, is given by
4-26
where (K)A is a bending stress correction factor for curvature, given by
4-27
• The maximum torsional stress at point B is given by
4-28
where the stress correction factor for curvature, (K)B, is
4-29
42
43. 4.6. TORSION HELLICAL SPRING
• Torsional helical springs are used in door hinges, automobile starters, Mouse
tracks, Rocker switches, Clipboards and for any application where torque is
required
Helical springs that exert a torque or store rotational energy are known as
torsion springs.
Torsion springs are used in spring-loaded hinges, oven doors, clothespins,
window shades, ratchets, counterbalances, cameras, door locks, door checks,
and many other applications.
The ends of the spring are attached to other application objects, so that if
the object rotates around the center of the spring, it tends to push the
spring to retrieve its normal position.
43
Figure 4-10 Torsion spring
44. 4.6.1Types of ends for Tensional springs:
The End Location
• In specifying a torsion spring, the ends must be located relative to each
other.
• Commercial tolerances on these relative positions are listed in Table 4-5.
• The simplest scheme for expressing the initial unloaded location of one
end with respect to the other is in terms of an angle β defining the partial
turn present in the coil body as Np = β/360◦, as shown in Fig. 4-11.
44
Figure . 4-11.
Table 4-5
45. • The number of body turns Nb is the number of turns in the free spring
body by count. The body-turn count is related to the initial position angle
β by
• where Np is the number of partial turns. The above equation means that
Nb takes on non integer, discrete values such as 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, . . . , with
successive differences of 1 as possibilities in designing a specific spring.
45
4-30
46. 4.6.2Bending Stress
• A torsion spring has bending induced in the coils, rather than torsion. This
means that residual stresses built in during winding are in the same
direction but of opposite sign to the working stresses that occur during
use.
• The bending stress can be obtained from curved-beam theory expressed
in the form
where K is a stress-correction fator.
• The value of K depends on the shape of the wire cross section and
whether the stress sought is at the inner or outer fiber.
where C is the spring index and the subscripts i and o refer to the inner and
outer fibers, respectively. The approximate bending stress for a round-wire
torsion spring.
46
4-32
4-31
4-33
47. Example 4.1
A helical compression spring is made of no. 16 music wire. The
outside coil diameter of the spring is 7/16 in. The ends are
squared and there are 25/2 total turns.
(a) Estimate the torsional yield strength of the wire.
(b) Estimate the static load corresponding to the yield strength.
(c) Estimate the scale of the spring.
(d) Estimate the deflection that would be caused by the load in
part (b).
(e) Estimate the solid length of the spring.
( f ) What length should the spring be to ensure that when it is
compressed solid and then released, there will be no
permanent change in the free length?
(g) Given the length found in part ( f ), is buckling a possibility?
(h) What is the pitch of the body coil?