This document provides an overview of conducting an environmental analysis, which involves external and internal audits of an organization. The external audit identifies opportunities and threats in the organization's environment. Key parts of the external environment include economic, social, political, technological, and competitive forces. An External Factor Evaluation matrix is used to evaluate these external factors. The internal audit examines the organization's strengths and weaknesses. Relationships between different functional areas are also assessed. An Internal Factor Evaluation matrix summarizes findings from the internal audit. The environmental analysis provides important information for strategy formulation.

1. CHAPTER THREE፡ ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Objectives
• After studying this Chapter, students will be able
to:
• Identify the major external and internal forces
that affect organizations
• Describe how to conduct external and internal
strategic management Audit
• Explain how to develop a EFE matrix

2. 4.1 The Nature of an External Audit
• The purpose of an external audit is to develop a
finite list of opportunities that could benefit a
firm and threats that should be avoided.
• Firms should be able to respond either
offensively or defensively to the factors by
formulating strategies that take advantage of
external opportunities or that minimize the
impact of potential threats.

3. 4.2 The Process of Performing an External Audit
• The process of performing an external audit must
involve as many managers and employees as
possible.
• Involvement in the strategic-management
process can lead to understanding and
commitment from organizational members.
• To perform an external audit, a company first
must gather competitive intelligence and
information about economic, social, cultural,
demographic, environmental, political,
governmental, legal, and technological trends.

4. • Once information is gathered, it should be
assimilated and evaluated.
• key external factors should be listed on flip charts
or a chalk board.
• A prioritized list of these factors could be
obtained by requesting that all managers rank the
factors identified, from 1 for the most important
opportunity/threat to 20 for the least important
opportunity/threat.

5. 4.3 Analysis of key external factors
• External forces can be divided into five broad
categories:
(1) economic forces;
(2) social- cultural, demographic, and natural
environment forces;
(3) political, governmental, and legal forces;
(4) technological forces; and
(5) competitive forces.

6. • The changes in external forces translate into
changes in consumer demand for both industrial
and consumer products and services.
• External forces directly affect both suppliers and
distributors.
• Identifying and evaluating external opportunities
and threats enables organizations to develop a
clear mission, to design strategies to achieve
long-term objectives, and to develop policies to
achieve annual objectives.

7. Economic Forces
• Economic factors have a direct impact on the
potential attractiveness of various strategies.
Key Economic Variables
• Availability of credit
• Level of disposable income
• Interest rates
• Inflation rates
• Money market rates
• Gross domestic product trend
• Consumption patterns
• Unemployment trends

8. • Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Natural
Environment Forces
• Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental
changes have a major impact on virtually all
products, services, markets, and customers.
• Small, large, for-profit, and nonprofit
organizations in all industries are being staggered
and challenged by the opportunities and threats
arising from changes in social, cultural,
demographic, and environmental variables.

9. • Key Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Natural
Environment Variables
 Childbearing rates
 Energy conservation  Number of high school and college graduates
 Attitudes toward careers  Number of marriages
 Attitudes toward work  Number of divorces
 Lifestyles  Number of births
 Social Security  programs
 Number of deaths  Number of high school and college graduates
 Waste management  Air pollution
 Water pollution  Ethical concerns
 Buying habits  Attitudes toward saving
 Sex roles  Attitudes toward investing

10. Political, Governmental, and Legal Forces
• Political, governmental, and legal factors,
therefore, can represent key opportunities or
threats for both small and large organizations.
• For industries and firms that depend heavily on
government contracts or subsidies, political
forecasts can be the most important part of an
external audit.

11. • Changes in patent laws, antitrust legislation, tax
rates, and lobbying activities can affect firms
significantly.

12. • Some Political, Governmental, and Legal
Variables
 Government regulations or
deregulations
 Legislation on equal
employment
 Changes in tax laws  Level of government subsidies
 Special tariffs  Political conditions in foreign
countries
 Political action committees  local, state, and federal laws
 Voter participation rates  Lobbying activities
 Number of patents  Size of government budgets
 Changes in patent laws  World oil, currency, and labor
markets
 Environmental protection laws  Level of defense expenditures
 Location and severity of terrorist
activities

13. Technological Forces
• Revolutionary technological changes and
discoveries are having a dramatic impact on
organizations.
• The Internet has changed the very nature of
opportunities and threats by altering the life
cycles of products, increasing the speed of
distribution, creating new products and services,
erasing limitations of traditional geographic
markets, and changing the historical trade-off
between production standardization and
flexibility.

14. Competitive Analysis: Porter’s Five Forces Model
• Porter’s Five-Forces Model of competitive analysis
is a widely used approach for developing
strategies in many industries.
• Rivalry among existing firms is severe, new rivals
can enter the industry with relative ease, and
both suppliers and customers can exercise
considerable bargaining leverage.
• According to Porter, the nature of
competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed
as a composite of five forces:

15. 1. Rivalry among competing firms
2. Potential entry of new competitors
3. Potential development of substitute products
4. Bargaining power of suppliers
5. Bargaining power of consumers
• The firm can make an acceptable profit:
• Identify key aspects or elements of each competitive
force that impact the firm.
• Evaluate how strong and important each element is
for the firm.
• Decide whether the collective strength of the
elements is worth the firm entering or staying in the
industry.

16. Rivalry among Competing Firms
• Rivalry among competing firms is usually the most
powerful of the five competitive forces.
• The strategies pursued by one firm can be
successful only to the extent that they provide
competitive advantage over the strategies
pursued by rival firms.
• Changes in strategy by one firm may be met with
retaliatory countermoves, such as lowering prices,
enhancing quality, adding features, providing
services, extending warranties, and increasing
advertising.

17. Potential Entry of New Competitors
• Understanding the threat of new entrants is vital
for a business so it can judge the competitive
environment and respond accordingly.
• For example, a business facing a high threat of
new entrants may decide to patent its technology,
bring down costs to sell its product at a more
competitive price, or find ways to differentiate its
offerings by advertising its unique features and
benefits.

18. • Whenever new firms can easily enter a particular
industry, the intensity of competitiveness among
firms increases.
• Barriers to entry can include the need:
 to gain economies of scale quickly,
the need to gain technology and specialized
know-how, the lack of experience,
strong customer loyalty,
strong brand preferences,
large capital requirements,
lack of adequate distribution channels,

19. government regulatory policies,
 tariffs,
lack of access to raw materials,
possession of patents,
undesirable locations,
counterattack by entrenched firms, and
potential saturation of the market.
• Despite numerous barriers to entry, new firms
sometimes enter industries with higher-quality
products, lower prices, and substantial marketing
resources.

20. • Potential Development of Substitute Products
• In many industries, firms are in close competition
with producers of substitute products in other
industries.
• The magnitude of competitive pressure derived
from development of substitute products is
generally evidenced by rivals’ plans for expanding
production capacity, as well as by their sales and
profit growth numbers.

21. • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
• The bargaining power of suppliers affects the
intensity of competition in an industry, especially
when there is a large number of suppliers, when
there are only a few good substitute raw
materials, or when the cost of switching raw
materials is especially costly.
• Firms may pursue a backward integration strategy
to gain control or ownership of suppliers.

22. • Bargaining power of suppliers in an industry is
strong or weak, shown by their ability to charge
higher prices or get better terms when
negotiating with customers.
• The strength of suppliers impacts industry
supplier and customer profitability.
• Factors influencing the bargaining power of
suppliers include availability of alternative
suppliers, substitute products and ease of
switching suppliers.

23. • Bargaining Power of Consumers
• When customers are concentrated or large or buy
in volume, their bargaining power represents a
major force affecting the intensity of competition
in an industry.
• Rival firms may offer extended warranties or
special services to gain customer loyalty
whenever the bargaining power of consumers is
substantial.

24. • The bargaining power of consumers can be the
most important force affecting competitive
advantage.
• Consumers gain increasing bargaining power
under the following circumstances:

25. 1. If they can inexpensively switch to competing
brands or substitutes
2. If they are particularly important to the seller
3. If sellers are struggling in the face of falling
consumer demand
4. If they are informed about sellers’ products,
prices, and costs
5. If they have discretion in whether and when they
purchase the product

26. Industry Analysis: The External Factor Evaluation
(EFE) Matrix
• An External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix allows
strategists to summarize and evaluate economic,
social, cultural, demographic, environmental,
political, governmental, legal, technological, and
competitive information. Illustrated in Table 3-12,
the EFE Matrix can be developed in five steps:

27. 1. List key external factors as identified in the
external-audit process. Including both
opportunities and threats
2. Assign to each factor a weight that ranges
from 0.0 (not important) to 1.0 (very
important).
• The weight indicates the relative importance
of that factor to be successful in the firm’s
industry.
• The sum of all weights assigned to the
factors must equal 1.0.

28. 3. Assign a rating between 1 and 4 to each key
external factor to indicate how effectively the
firm’s current strategies respond to the factor,
where 4 = the response is superior, 3 = the
response is above average, 2 = the response is
average and 1 = the response is poor.

29. 4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its
rating to determine a weighted score.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each
variable to determine the total weighted
score for the organization.

31. • Regardless of the number of key opportunities
and threats included in an EFE Matrix, the highest
possible total weighted score for an organization
is 4.0 and the lowest possible total weighted
score is 1.0.
• The average total weighted score is 2.5.

32. • A total weighted score of 4.0 indicates that
an organization is responding in an
outstanding way to existing opportunities
and threats in its industry.
• A total score of 1.0 indicates that the firm’s
strategies are not capitalizing on
opportunities or avoiding external threats.

33. Competitors Analysis
• Collection and evaluation of information on
competitors is essential for successful strategy
formulation and for performing an external audit.
• A basic principle of strategic management is that
firms need to formulate strategies to take
advantage of external opportunities and to avoid
or reduce the impact of external threats.

34. • The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) identifies a
firm’s major competitors and its particular
strengths and weaknesses in relation to a sample
firm’s strategic position.
• The weights and total weighted scores in both a
CPM and an EFE have the same meaning.

35. • However, critical success factors in a CPM
include both internal and external issues;
therefore, the ratings refer to strengths and
weaknesses, where:
• 4 = major strength,
• 3 = minor strength,
• 2 = minor weakness, and
• 1 = major weakness

36. • The critical success factors in a CPM are not
grouped into opportunities and threats as they
are in an EFE.
• In a CPM, the ratings and total weighted scores
for rival firms can be compared to the sample
firm.
• This comparative analysis provides important
internal strategic information.

38. • In this example, the two most important factors to
being successful in the industry are “advertising” and
“global expansion,” as indicated by weights of 0.20.
• Company 1 is strongest on “product quality,” as
indicated by a rating of 4, whereas Company 2 is
strongest on “advertising.”
• Overall, Company 1 is strongest, as indicated by the
total weighted score of 3.15.

39. 4.4 Sources of External Information
• To perform an external audit, a company first
must gather competitive intelligence and
information about economic, social, cultural,
demographic, environmental, political,
governmental, legal, and technological trends.
• Individuals can be asked to monitor various
sources of information, such as key magazines,
trade journals, and newspapers.
• These persons can submit periodic scanning
reports to a committee of managers charged with
performing the external audit.

40. • The Internet provides another source for
gathering strategic information, as do corporate,
university, and public libraries.
• Suppliers, distributors, salespersons, customers,
and competitors represent other sources of vital
information.

41. Internal Environment Assessment
• Internal analysis (strategic capability
assessment) is the process by which
the strategist defines the distinctive
competencies of his/her firm, i.e. the
strength as well as the weakness in
managing resource and performing
identified functions.

42. 5.2 The Process of Performing an Internal Audit
• The process of performing an internal audit
closely parallels the process of performing an
external audit.
• Communication may be the most important
word in management.

43. • The Process of Gaining Competitive Advantage
in a Firm
• Weaknesses ⇒ Strengths ⇒ Distinctive
Competencies ⇒ Competitive Advantage
• Critical success factors, consisting of both
strengths and weaknesses, can be identified and
prioritized.

44. 5.3 Relationship among the functional areas of
business
• Strategic management is a highly interactive
process that requires effective coordination
among management, marketing,
finance/accounting, production/operations, R&D,
and management information systems managers.
• A key to organizational success is effective
coordination and understanding among
managers from all functional business areas.

45. 5.4. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix
• Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix summarizes
and evaluates the major strengths and weaknesses in
the functional areas of a business, and it also
provides a basis for identifying and evaluating
relationships among those areas.
• Intuitive judgments are required in developing an
IFE Matrix.
1. List key internal factors as identified in the internal-
audit process.
• Use a total of from 10 to 20 internal factors,
including both strengths and weaknesses.
• List strengths first and then weaknesses.
•

46. 2. Assign a weight that ranges from 0.0 (not
important) to 1.0 (all-important) to each factor.
• The weight assigned to a given factor indicates
the relative importance of the factor to being
successful in the firm’s industry.
• The sum of all weights must equal 1.0.
3. Assign a 1-to-4 rating to each factor to indicate
whether that factor represents a major weakness
(rating = 1), a minor weakness (rating = 2), a minor
strength (rating = 3), or a major strength (rating = 4).

47. 4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to
determine a weighted score for each variable.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to
determine the total weighted score for the
organization.
• In an IFE Matrix, the total weighted score can range
from a low of 1.0 to a high of 4.0, with the average
score being 2.5.
• Total weighted scores below 2.5 characterize
organizations that are weak internally, whereas
scores significantly above 2.5 indicate a strong
internal position.
• An example of an IFE Matrix is provided in Table 4-10
for a retail computer store.

49. • Overall, this store receives a 2.5 total weighted
score, which on a 1-to-4 scale is exactly
average/halfway, indicating there is definitely
area for improvement in store operations,
strategies, policies, and procedures.
• The IFE Matrix provides important information
for strategy formulation.
• For example, this retail computer store might
want to hire another checkout person and repair
its carpet, paint, and bathroom problems.

50. • The End!!