Chapter 27 Expanding the Conversation: Mozart, Chamber Music, and Larger Forms
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Mozart and the symphony, movements of the symphony and string quartet
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Chapter 27 Expanding the Conversation: Mozart, Chamber Music, and Larger Forms
- 1. THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC ESSENTIAL LISTENING EDITION by Kristine Forney Andrew Dell’Antonio Joseph Machlis THIRD EDITION Lecture Slides
- 2. Chapter 27 Expanding the Conversation: Mozart, Chamber Music, and Larger Forms
- 3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 Classical Era 1725–1825 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756–1791 • Born in Salzburg, Austria, child prodigy on piano • Composed 1st symphony by age 8, 1st opera at 12. • Father was a composer--Leopold Mozart; recognized his son’s musical genius early. • Toured Europe to meet composers, perform, and learn about styles of composition and performance. • Went to Vienna in 1781 without steady employment, hoping to support himself by performing on the piano, selling his compositions, and giving piano lessons. • Died at age 35.
- 4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) • Wrote every genre, mostly opera • In London-performed concerti of J.C. Bach • Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo-refused him a more suitable position in court orchestra • Had no success acquiring decent job • Reputation as brat • All works catalogued by Ludwig von Kochel
- 5. Mozart at the Keyboard with Sister, Nannerl, as Father, Leopold, Looks On
- 6. Mozart— Other Famous Compositions • Mass in C Minor • Requiem--a Mass for the Dead--his last, unfinished work • Eine kleine Nachtmusik • Symphonies—no. 25 (“Little”), no. 38 (“Prague”), no. 41 (“Jupiter”) • Operas--Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro, Cosi fan Tutte • Piano Concertos • Piano Sonatas
- 7. Detailed Forms of the Classical Period • Sonata allegro • Theme and Variations • Minuet and Trio (song form and trio) • Rondo
- 8. The Sonata-Allegro Form • Sonata-Allegro Form – Became expected form for first movements of symphonies, concertos, chamber works – Still used today – Also found in other movements of multimovement works – Sonata form different from sonata
- 9. The Sonata-Allegro Form • More than just plan or scheme • Features development of themes • Zucchini analogy(old text)
- 10. The Zucchini Analogy Several years ago people in small town in Ohio realized that zucchini grew abundantly in their gardens and farms. In fact, conditions one summer were so good that they could never use all of it, and a lot of zucchini would rot unused on the vine. What to do? They decided to hold a “Zucchini Festival,” complete with crafts, dancing, music, and, of course, zucchini. Sure enough, it was chopped, sliced, and ground up and incorporated in all sorts of vegetable dishes, made into preserves and pickles, and blended in bread and muffins. Even the arts were included as many fine pieces of zucchini sculpture were carved It’s a bit like that with the development of themes in sonata-form. Composers take a theme and work it in all sorts of ways. The themes, or at least parts of them, are still there, but they have been given a variety of treatments.
- 11. Sonata Form, Continued • Expansion of a rounded binary form – Exposition takes up first part of the binary form; it is repeated--AA. – Development and Recapitulation take up the second part of rounded binary form-- BB (sometimes written as BA). • Exposition lays out at least 2 main themes in contrasting, but related keys; the themes are usually dissimilar in character (e.g., one fast, one slower).
- 12. Sonata Form, Continued • Development--moves through various keys (modulates), rarely staying in one key for long. • Recapitulation--returns to tonic key and stays in that key throughout; themes of the exposition are heard again, but ALL are in the tonic key. • Coda or Codetta--an ending section in the tonic key; not part of the actual sonata form
- 13. The First Movement: Sonata-Allegro Form
- 15. Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K.555 (1788) • Unlikely heard them performed • Score calls for typical orchestra: violins, violas, cellos, flute, 2 each oboe, bassoon, Fr. Horn; revised to include clarinets
- 16. Symphony No. 40, Movement I • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hJf4ZffkoI&i
- 17. Difference between developing a theme vs. varying a theme • Development – Involves fragmenting and remolding a theme • Variation – Places the entire theme in new settings or gives it a new harmonic, rhythmic, or melodic costume
- 18. Minuet and Trio: A Three-Part Large Form • Often used as third movement of symphony, quartets, etc. • Originated as dance-stately, dignified • Triple meter(3/4), moderate tempo • Each part also divided into 3 parts – Minuet Section = A (a b a) repeated – Trio Section = B (c d c) repeated – Minuet Section = A (a b a) not repeated • Trio section is often in another key and is more lively in tempo.
- 19. The Third Movment: Minuet and Trio Form Minuet/Trio A B A ||: a :||: b :||: c :||: d :|| a | b | Minuet Trio Minuet Dance I Dance II (3 instruments) Dance I (no repeats)
- 20. Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525 A Little Night Music • One of the most famous chamber music works of the era • Title literally means “a little night music” • Serenade for strings (written for a string quartet with an added double bass) • Written for outdoor public performance • Four movements (originally five)
- 23. Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, I
- 24. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aI2Jbprp2w Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, III
- 25. by Kristine Forney Andrew Dell’Antonio Joseph Machlis Lecture Slides THIRD EDITION THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC ESSENTIAL LISTENING EDITION http://wwnorton.com/web/enjoyess2
Editor's Notes
- ■ The first movement of the Classical multimovement cycle is usually in a fast tempo and in sonata-allegro form, with three main sections: exposition, development, and recapitulation. ■ The third movement is a triple-meter pair of dances, usually a minuet and trio. ■ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, a child prodigy who started to write music before the age of five, contributed to nearly all musical genres of the Classical era, including the symphony, sonata, and concerto, chamber music, sacred music, and various types of opera. ■ One of Mozart’s best-known chamber works is Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), a serenade for strings.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) was an Austrian composer, pianist, violinist. His father was a composer and violinist. Mozart was a child prodigy who began writing music before the age of five. He rebelled against the social restrictions of the patronage system, which resulted in his dismissal by his patron, the Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart then began a career as a freelance musician at age 25.
- Sonata-allegro form (also known as sonata form) is one of the most highly organized movements in a multimovement cycle. There are three main sections in sonata-allegro form/sonata form: exposition, development, and recapitulation. In the exposition, two themes are presented in contrasting keys. The first theme establishes the home key or tonic; a transitional passage or bridge leads to a second theme in a contrasting key. A closing section with a new theme (sometimes called the closing theme) still in the contrasting key closes out the exposition. In many eighteenth-century cycles, the exposition is repeated. In the development, one or more of the themes undergo thematic development. Modulation, exchanges of motives, expansion, and contrasting of themes occur in this section. In the recapitulation, which occurs after the development section, all themes return to the tonic key. The movement will often end with a coda, which is an extension of the final closing theme that leads to the final cadence or resting point in the home key.
- In a Classical instrumental cycle, the third movement is almost always a minuet and trio. A minuet was a stately Baroque court dance in triple meter. The trio was a different minuet played by fewer instruments (usually three) and thus quieter in nature than the first minuet. With regard to form, the overall structure is Minuet (A) Trio (B) Minuet (A). The minuet and trio that make up the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik contains regular 4-bar phrases set in rounded binary form.
- Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525 is one of the most famous chamber music works of the era. The title literally means “a little night music.” It is a serenade for strings (written for a string quartet with an added double bass). This piece was written for outdoor public performance. There are four movements (originally five).
- Listening Guide 15—Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik This first movement, Allegro, is in sonata-allegro form, in which theme 1 presents a marc-like, ascending “rocket” theme. For contrast, theme 2 is graceful, with a descending contour for balance. After a short development the vigorous coda completes the movement.
- Listening Guide 15 (cont.) — Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik In movement 3, Allegretto, Mozart explores the minuet and trio form. Set in a strong, triple meter, the minuet (A) is bright and flows in regular 4-bar phrases. The trio (B) presents a soaring, lyrical melody for contrast. This section is conjunct and expressive. In conclusion, the minuet (A) returns, this time with no repeats.
- Please listen deeply as you view the serenade from Mozart’s Eine kleine Nachtmusik, composed in 1787. Performed by the Gewandhaus-Quartett (string quartet).