This document provides an overview of key concepts in accounting. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which include explaining what accounting is, identifying users and uses of accounting, understanding ethics and GAAP, and analyzing how business transactions affect the accounting equation. It then defines accounting as identifying, recording, and communicating the economic events of an organization. The three main activities are identifying, measuring, and communicating financial information. It discusses the users of accounting data, both internal and external. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in financial reporting. It also introduces the accounting equation, defines its components, and provides examples of how business transactions affect the equation. Finally, it briefly introduces the four main financial statements and GAAP.
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reportingreskino1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework and the objective of financial reporting.
Identify the qualitative characteristics of accounting information and the basic elements of financial statements.
Review the basic assumptions of accounting.
Explain the application of the basic principles of accounting.
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reportingreskino1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework and the objective of financial reporting.
Identify the qualitative characteristics of accounting information and the basic elements of financial statements.
Review the basic assumptions of accounting.
Explain the application of the basic principles of accounting.
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2. 1-2
1
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Explain what accounting is.
[2] Identify the users and uses of accounting.
[3] Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
[4] Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
[5] Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity
assumption.
[6] State the accounting equation, and define its components.
[7] Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
[8] Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Accounting in Action
4. 1-4 LO 1 Explain what accounting is.
Purpose of accounting is to:
1. identify,
2. record, and
3. communicate
the economic events of an organization to interested users.
What is Accounting?
5. 1-5
Three Activities
LO 1 Explain what accounting is.
Illustration 1-1
Accounting process
The accounting process includes
the bookkeeping function.
What is Accounting?
9. 1-9
Ethics In Financial Reporting
United States regulators and lawmakers were very concerned
that the economy would suffer if investors lost confidence in
corporate accounting because of unethical financial reporting.
Recent financial scandals include: Enron, WorldCom,
HealthSouth, AIG, and others.
Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act of (SOX) 2002.
Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior.
The Building Blocks of Accounting
LO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
10. 1-10
Illustration 1-4
Steps in analyzing ethics cases
and situations
LO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Ethics In Financial Reporting
12. 1-12
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
Question
LO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
Ethics in Financial Reporting
13. 1-13
Various users
need financial
information
Various users
need financial
information
The accounting profession
has attempted to develop a
set of standards that are
generally accepted and
universally practiced.
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Note Disclosure
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Note Disclosure
Generally AcceptedGenerally Accepted
AccountingAccounting
Principles (GAAP)Principles (GAAP)
Generally AcceptedGenerally Accepted
AccountingAccounting
Principles (GAAP)Principles (GAAP)
LO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
14. 1-14
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - A set of
rules and practices, having substantial authoritative support, that
the accounting profession recognizes as a general guide for
financial reporting purposes.
Standard-setting bodies:
► Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
► Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB)
► International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB)
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
LO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
15. 1-15
Historical Cost Principle (or cost principle) dictates that
companies record assets at their cost.
Fair Value Principle states that assets and liabilities should
be reported at fair value (the price received to sell an asset or
settle a liability).
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Measurement Principles
LO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
Selection of which principle to follow
generally relates to trade-offs
between relevance and faithful
representation.
17. 1-17
Monetary Unit Assumption requires that companies
include in the accounting records only transaction data that can
be expressed in terms of money.
LO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption
and the economic entity assumption.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Assumptions
Economic Entity Assumption
requires that activities of the entity be
kept separate and distinct from the
activities of its owner and all other
economic entities.
18. 1-18
Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
Owned by two or
more persons.
Often retail and
service-type
businesses
Generally
unlimited
personal liability
Partnership
agreement
Ownership
divided into
shares of stock
Separate legal
entity organized
under state
corporation law
Limited liability
Generally owned
by one person.
Often small
service-type
businesses
Owner receives
any profits,
suffers any
losses, and is
personally liable
for all debts.
LO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption
and the economic entity assumption.
Forms of Business Ownership
19. 1-19
Question
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills would
violate the
a. cost principle.
b. economic entity assumption.
c. monetary unit assumption.
d. ethics principle.
LO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption
and the economic entity assumption.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
20. 1-20
A business organized as a separate legal entity under state law
having ownership divided into shares of stock is a
a. proprietorship.
b. partnership.
c. corporation.
d. sole proprietorship.
LO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption
and the economic entity assumption.
Question
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
22. 1-22
Provides the underlying framework for recording and
summarizing economic events.
Assets are claimed by either creditors or owners.
Claims of creditors must be paid before ownership claims.
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities
Owner’s
Equity
Owner’s
Equity= +
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting Equation
24. 1-24
Claims against assets (debts and obligations).
Creditors - party to whom money is owed.
Accounts payable, Notes payable, etc.
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Liabilities
The Basic Accounting Equation
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities
Owner’s
Equity
Owner’s
Equity= +
25. 1-25
Ownership claim on total assets.
Referred to as residual equity.
Investment by owners and revenues (+)
Drawings and expenses (-).
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Owner’s Equity
The Basic Accounting Equation
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities
Owner’s
Equity
Owner’s
Equity= +
26. 1-26
♦ Investments by owner are the assets the owner puts into the
business.
♦ Revenues result from business activities entered into for the
purpose of earning income.
Common sources of revenue are: sales, fees, services,
commissions, interest, dividends, royalties, and rent.
Illustration 1-6
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Owner’s Equity
Increases in Owner’s Equity
27. 1-27
♦ Drawings An owner may withdraw cash or other assets for
personal use.
♦ Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or services used in
the process of earning revenue.
Common expenses are: salaries expense, rent expense,
utilities expense, tax expense, etc.
Illustration 1-6
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Owner’s Equity
Decreases in Owner’s Equity
28. 1-28
Transactions are a business’s economic events
recorded by accountants.
May be external or internal.
Not all activities represent transactions.
Each transaction has a dual effect on the accounting
equation.
LO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
Using the Accounting Equation
29. 1-29
Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the accounting
records?
Event
Purchase
computer
Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or
owner’s equity) of the company changed?
Pay rent
Record/
Don’t Record
LO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
Using the Accounting Equation
Discuss
guided trip
options with
customer
30. 1-30
Transaction (1): Ray Neal decides to open a computer programming
service which he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2014, Ray Neal
invests $15,000 cash in the business.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
31. 1-31
Transaction (2): Purchase of Equipment for Cash. Softbyte purchases
computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
32. 1-32
Transaction (3): Softbyte purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply
Company computer paper and other supplies expected to last several
months. The purchase is made on account.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
33. 1-33
Transaction (4): Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for
programming services it has provided.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
34. 1-34
Transaction (5): Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News
for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
35. 1-35
Transaction (6): Softbyte provides $3,500 of programming services
for customers. The company receives cash of $1,500 from customers,
and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
36. 1-36
Transaction (7): Softbyte pays the following expenses in cash for
September: store rent $600, salaries of employees $900, and utilities
$200.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
38. 1-38
Transaction (9): Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who
had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
39. 1-39
Transaction (10): Ray Neal withdraws $1,300 in cash from the
business for his personal use.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Illustration 1-8
Tabular summary of
Softbyte transactions
40. 1-40
Companies prepare four financial statements :
Balance
Sheet
Income
Statement
Statement
of Cash
Flows
Owner’s
Equity
Statement
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
41. 1-41
Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities.
b. assets exceed revenues.
c. expenses exceed revenues.
d. revenues exceed expenses.
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Question
42. 1-42
Net income is needed to determine the
ending balance in owner’s equity.
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements and
their interrelationships
Financial Statements
LO 8
43. 1-43
The ending balance in owner’s equity is
needed in preparing the balance sheetFinancial Statements
Illustration 1-9
LO 8
44. 1-44
The balance sheet and income statement are
needed to prepare statement of cash flows.Financial Statements
Illustration 1-9
LO 8
45. 1-45 LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Reports the revenues and expenses for a specific period
of time.
Lists revenues first, followed by expenses.
Shows net income (or net loss).
Financial Statements
Income Statement
46. 1-46 LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Reports the changes in owner’s equity for a specific
period of time.
The time period is the same as that covered by the
income statement.
Financial Statements
Owner’s Equity Statement
47. 1-47 LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Reports the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a
specific date.
Lists assets at the top, followed by liabilities and owner’s
equity.
Total assets must equal total liabilities and owner’s equity.
Is a snapshot of the company’s financial condition at a
specific moment in time (usually the month-end or year-
end).
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
48. 1-48 LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Information for a specific period of time.
Answers the following:
1. Where did cash come from?
2. What was cash used for?
3. What was the change in the
cash balance?
Financial Statements
Statement of Cash Flows
50. 1-50
Which of the following financial statements is prepared as of
a specific date?
a. Balance sheet.
b. Income statement.
c. Owner's equity statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Question
51. 1-51
APPENDIX 1A Accounting Career Opportunities
Forensic Accounting
Uses accounting, auditing, and
investigative skills to conduct
investigations into theft and
fraud.
Government
Careers with the IRS, the FBI,
the SEC, and in public
colleges and universities.
Private Accounting
Careers in industry working in
cost accounting, budgeting,
accounting information
systems, and taxation.
LO 9 Explain the career opportunities in accounting.
Public Accounting
Careers in auditing, taxation,
and management consulting
serving the general public.
52. 1-52
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
International standards are referred to as International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
Recent events in the global capital markets have underscored the
importance of financial disclosure and transparency not only in the
United States but in markets around the world. As a result, many
are examining which accounting and financial disclosure rules
should be followed. As indicated in the graphic on the next page,
much of the world has voted for the standards issued by the IASB.
Over 115 countries require or permit use of IFRS.
A Look at IFRS
53. 1-53
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
U.S standards, referred to as generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP), are developed by the Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB). The fact that there are differences
between what is in this textbook (which is based on U.S. standards)
and IFRS should not be surprising because the FASB and IASB
have responded to different user needs. In some countries, the
primary users of financial statements are private investors; in
others, the primary users are tax authorities or central government
planners. It appears that the United States and the international
standard-setting environment are primarily driven by meeting the
needs of investors and creditors.
A Look at IFRS
54. 1-54
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
The internal control standards applicable to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
apply only to large public companies listed on U.S. exchanges.
There is a continuing debate as to whether non-U.S. companies
should have to comply with this extra layer of regulation. Debate
about international companies (non-U.S.) adopting SOX-type
standards centers on whether the benefits exceed the costs. The
concern is that the higher costs of SOX compliance are making the
U.S. securities markets less competitive.
The textbook mentions a number of ethics violations, such as
Enron, WorldCom, and AIG. These problems have also occurred
internationally, for example, at Satyam Computer Services (India),
Parmalat (Italy), and Royal Ahold (the Netherlands).
A Look at IFRS
55. 1-55
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
IFRS tends to be simpler in its accounting and disclosure
requirements; some people say more “principles-based.” GAAP is
more detailed; some people say it is more “rules-based.” This
difference in approach has resulted in a debate about the merits of
“principles-based” versus “rules-based” standards.
U.S. regulators have recently eliminated the need for foreign
companies that trade shares in U.S. markets to reconcile their
accounting with GAAP.
A Look at IFRS
56. 1-56
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
The three most common forms of business organization,
proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, are also found in
countries that use IFRS. Because the choice of business
organization is influenced by factors such as legal environment, tax
rates and regulations, and degree of entrepreneurism, the relative
use of each form will vary across countries.
The conceptual framework that underlies IFRS is very similar to that
used to develop GAAP. The basic definitions provided in this
textbook for the key elements of financial statements, that is,
assets, liabilities, equity, revenues (referred to as income), and
expenses, are simplified versions of the official definitions provided
by the FASB.
A Look at IFRS
57. 1-57
Both the IASB and the FASB are hard at work developing standards
that will lead to the elimination of major differences in the way certain
transactions are accounted for and reported. In fact, at one time the
IASB stated that no new major standards would be issued for a period
of time. The major reason for this policy was to provide companies the
time to translate and implement IFRS into practice, as much has
happened in a very short period of time. Consider, for example, that as
a result of a joint project on the conceptual framework, the definitions
of the most fundamental elements (assets, liabilities, equity, revenues,
and expenses) may actually change. However, whether the IASB
adopts internal control provisions similar to those in SOX remains to be
seen.
Looking into the Future
A Look at IFRS
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
58. 1-58
Which of the following is not a reason why a single set of high-quality
international accounting standards would be beneficial?
a) Mergers and acquisition activity.
b) Financial markets.
c) Multinational corporations.
d) GAAP is widely considered to be a superior reporting system.
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Practice
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
59. 1-59
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act determines:
a) international tax regulations.
b) internal control standards as enforced by the IASB.
c) internal control standards of U.S. publicly traded companies.
d) U.S. tax regulations.
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Practice
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
60. 1-60
IFRS is considered to be more:
a) principles-based and less rules-based than GAAP.
b) rules-based and less principles-based than GAAP.
c) detailed than GAAP.
d) None of the above.
IFRS Practice
A Look at IFRS
LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Service Cost - Actuaries compute service cost as the present value of the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Future salary levels considered in calculation.
Interest on Liability - Interest accrues each year on the PBO just as it does on any discounted debt.
Actual Return on Plan Assets - Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair market value of the plan assets.
Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost - The cost of providing retroactive benefits is allocated to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees.
Gain or Loss - Volatility in pension expense can be caused by sudden and large changes in the market value of plan assets and by changes in the projected benefit obligation. Two items comprise the gain or loss:
difference between the actual return and the expected return on plan assets and,
amortization of the unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods