Chapter 18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi We

Chapter 18:
The New South
and
the Trans-
Mississippi West
1870 to 1890
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH
EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE •
STOFF
2
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written
consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2
“By the end of the nineteenth century both
the South and the West had assumed their
place as suppliers of raw materials, providers
of foodstuffs, and consumers of finished goods.
A nation of ‘regional nations’ hardly equal in

stature was thus drawn together in the last
third of the nineteenth century, despite the
growing frustrations of inhabitants old and
new.”
The New South and the Trans-
Mississippi West 1870 to 1890
3
3
What’s to Come
The Southern Burden
Life in the New South
Western Frontiers
The War for the West
Boom and Bust in the West
The Final Frontier
4

4
The Southern Burden (1)
The “New South” campaign
• Envisioned an economy based more on industry
The postwar South remained agricultural
• Tied to cash crops
• Large families, more farmhands
5
5
Tenancy and Sharecropping

• Best lands remained with the plantation owners
• Sharecropping
• Crop-lien system
• Debt peonage
• Debt peonage in India, Egypt, and Brazil
• Slide into debt peonage happened elsewhere as farmers
gave up subsistence farming to raise cash crops
6
6
MAP 18.1: TENANT FARMERS, 1900
Tenant farming dominated southern agriculture after the Civil
War. But note that by
1900 it also accounted for much of the farm labor in the trans-
Mississippi West, where
low crop prices, high costs, and severe environmental
conditions forced independent
farmers into tenancy.
7

7
Southern Industry
• Industrial production grew, aided by the growth
in
railroad building
• Boom in textiles
• Tobacco and cigarettes
• With demand from towns and cities, lumber and
turpentine became the chief industries
• High environmental costs
• Iron and steel industry proved disappointing
8
8
The booming timber industry often left the South poorer due to

the harsh methods of extracting lumber.
Here logs that have been floated down Lost Creek, Tennessee,
are loaded onto a train. Getting the logs
out was a messy affair: skidding them down rude paths to a
creek and leaving behind open fields piled
with rotting branches and leaves or needles, where once a forest
stood. Rains eroded the newly bare
hillsides, polluting streams. Downriver, tanneries, pulp mills,
and sawmills emptied waste and sewage
into the water, making many streams into little more than open
sewers. ©Corbis/Getty Images
9
9
The Sources of Southern Poverty
• Late start in industrializing
• Undereducated labor
• Isolated labor market
“Under the campaign for a New South, all industries
grew dramatically in employment and value, but not
enough to end poverty. The South remained largely

rural, agricultural, and poor.”
10
10
MAP 18.2: SPENDING
ON EDUCATION IN
THE SOUTH BEFORE
AND AFTER
DISENFRANCHISEME
NT
With disenfranchisement and segregation, education was
separate, but hardly equal, for blacks and whites. In these
states, after blacks were disenfranchised, spending on white
students rose while spending on black students decreased.
Source: Robert A. Margo, Disenfranchisement, School Finance,
and the Economics of Segregated Schools in the U.S.
South, 1890 to 1910. New York, NY: Garland Press, 1985, table
I-1
11

11
Life in the New South (1)
Rural Life
• Hunting a welcome relief from heavy farm work
• Cockfighting drew many
• Farm entertainments included work-sharing
festivals celebrating the harvest
• Trips to town provided rural folk a chance to
mingle
12
12
Life in the New South (2)
The Church
• Segregated by race and gender
• Place to socialize as well as worship

Segregation
• Redeemer governments moved to formalize a system of
segregation, or
racial separation
• Jim Crow laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal
• Race trumped all other issues
13
13
Western Frontiers (1)
Not one frontier but many
Indian Peoples and the Western Environment
• Variety of Indian cultures, most in kinship groups
• Shared a reverence for nature
Western Landscapes

• Dry territory west of the 98th meridian
• “Great American Desert”
• Complex web of cultures and environments
14
14
Whites and the Western Environment:
Competing Visions
• William Gilpin, a western booster
• What was most needed was cheap land and a railroad
• John Wesley Powell warned Congress that the
West needed scientific planning
• Became director of the U.S. Geological Survey
• Water as a key resource
15

15
John Wesley Powell's second expedition into the Grand Canyon
launching on the
Green River in 1871. Despite near drownings as well as the loss
of boats and supplies,
Powell successfully explored the wild Colorado River at a time
when Indian legends
suggested the river might disappear underground in some spots.
Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
[LC-USZC4 to 8292]|
16
16
MAP 18.3: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WEST
With the exception of the Pacific Northwest few areas west of
the 20-inch
rainfall line receive enough annual precipitation to support
agriculture
without irrigation. Consequently, water has been the key to
development west
of the 98th meridian, an area that encompasses more than half
the country.

17
17
The War for the West (1)
Cycle of broken promises
• Policy of concentration and the “Long Walk”
Contact and Conflict
• White encroachment led to war, war to Indian defeat
• First Sioux War
• Buffalo soldiers
• Tribal cultures undermined by liquor, disease,
and the railroad
18
18

Custer’s Last Stand—and the Indians’
• Indian reservations established with the Treaty of
Fort Laramie did not stop white encroachment
• Battle of Little Big Horn marked the beginning of
the end of Indian military successes
• Chief Joseph’s attempt to lead the Nez Perce to Canada
Killing with Kindness
• Dawes Severalty Act (1887) undermined the communal
structure of tribal
culture
• Wounded Knee: final act of violence against independent
Indian way of life
19
19

Borderlands
• In the Southwest, Indians faced Anglos and
Hispanos
• Hispanos also had to embrace or resist Anglos
• Juan José Herrera and the White Caps
• Mexican immigrants provided labor for expansion
• Worked mostly as contract and seasonal laborers
• Lived in segregated barrios
• Regional communities of village and migrant
workers provided a base of operations and a haven
20
20
MAP 18.4: THE
INDIAN FRONTIER
As conflict erupted between Indian and white cultures in the
West, the government sought
increasingly to concentrate tribes on reservations. Resistance to
the reservation concept helped

unite the Sioux and the Cheyenne, traditionally enemies, in the
Dakotas during the 1870s. Along
the Little Big Horn River the impetuous Custer underestimated
the strength of his Indian
opponents and attacked before the supporting troops of Reno
and Benteen were in a position to
aid him.
21
21
Ethno-Racial Identity in the New West
• Epitomized by Texas
• New racial triad of white, African American,
and Latino
• In California, also Asian Americans; and elsewhere,
American Indians
“Thus racial identity in the New West would
be more complicated and, for Mexicans and
Mexican Americans, more fluid”

22
22
Western cities attracted ethnically diverse populations. This
market in San
Antonio, Texas, known as Military Plaza, served the city’s large
Latino
population in 1887. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs
Division [LC-USZ62 to 247720]
23
23
Boom and Bust in the West (1)

Mining Sets a Pattern
• Gold and silver strikes followed by other booms
• Environmental disaster
• In corporate mining operations, paid laborers
replaced independent prospectors
• Unions and strikes
The Transcontinental Railroad
• Made possible by railroad land grants
• By threatening to bypass a town, railroad companies could
extract
concessions
24
24
Boom and Bust in the West (2)
Cattle Kingdom
• Herds roamed the “open” range

• Early ranches were primitive
• “Long drives” moved cattle north to railheads
• Boom began in 1866
• Huge profits; but brought about inevitable bust
• By the 1890s, the open range and long drives had
largely vanished
• Large cattle corporations dominated
25
25
MAP 18.5: THE MINING AND CATTLE FRONTIERS
In the vast spaces of the West, railroads, cattle trails, and gold
mining usually preceded the arrival
of enough settlers to establish towns and cities. The railroads
forged a crucial link between the
region’s natural resources and urban markets in the East and in
Europe, but by transecting the
plains they also disrupted the migratory patterns of the buffalo
herds, undermining Plains Indian
cultures while opening the land to cattle grazing and farming.
26

26
The Final Frontier (1)
Farming on the Plains
• Homestead Act: government land at $1.25 an acre
if the homesteader worked it for five years
• Best parcels owned by railroads or speculators
• Success, especially in dry farming, required expensive
machinery
• In the West, “bonanza farms” of more than 1,000
acres were common in the northern plains
• Small-scale farmers struggled to compete
27
27
Even out on the plains in sod huts, farmers cherished the culture

they could
bring from distant places. This Nebraska family proudly
displays the pump
organ they imported from the East. ©Nebraska State Historical
Society
28
28
A Plains Existence
• Heaviest burdens fell to women
• Nature imposed hardships
• Many found comfort in religion
The Urban Frontier
• Old Spanish towns grew into cities; and cities on commercial
routes
blossomed
• Typical example: Denver

29
29
The West and the World Economy
• Westerners were becoming part of a vast network of
production and trade that spanned the globe
Packaging and Exporting the “Wild West”
• Buffalo Bill Cody’s “Wild West, Rocky Mountain, and Prairie
Exhibition”
• Sense of regional identity gained great importance
• Entire Western world was being reshaped by a vast new
industrial order
Chapter 18: �The New South and �the Trans-Mississippi West
1870 to 1890The New South and the Trans-Mississippi West
1870 to 1890What’s to ComeThe Southern Burden (1)The
Southern Burden (2)MAP 18.1: TENANT FARMERS, 1900The
Southern Burden (3)The Southern Burden (4)The Southern
Burden (5)MAP 18.2: SPENDING ON EDUCATION IN THE
SOUTH BEFORE AND AFTER DISENFRANCHISEMENTLife
in the New South (1)Life in the New South (2)Western Frontiers
(1)Western Frontiers (2)Western Frontiers (3)MAP 18.3:
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WESTThe War for the
West (1) The War for the West (2) The War for the West
(3)MAP 18.4: THE INDIAN FRONTIERThe War for the West

(4)The War for the West (5)Boom and Bust in the West
(1)Boom and Bust in the West (2)MAP 18.5: THE MINING
AND CATTLE FRONTIERSThe Final Frontier (1)The Final
Frontier (2)The Final Frontier (3)The Final Frontier (4)
Collaboration and Communication Action Plan TemplatePart 1:
Action Plan
Background on Student Concern:
Long-term Goal:
Short-term Goal 1:
· Implementation Activities/Strategies:
· Resources:
· Timeline:
· Persons Responsible:
· Evidence of Success:
Short-term Goal 2:
· Resources:
· Timeline:
Short-term Goal 3:

· Resources:
· Timeline:
Short-term Goal 4:
· Resources:
· Timeline:
Part 2: Rationale
References
© 2018. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 17:
Reconstructing the
Union 1865 to 1877
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE •
STOFF
2

“The North, with its industrial might, would
be the driving force in the nation’s economy
and retain the dominant political voice. But
would African Americans receive effective
power? How would North and South readjust
their economic and political relations? These
questions lay at the heart of the problem of
Reconstruction.”
Reconstructing the Union
1865 to 1877
3
What’s to Come (1)
Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South
Black Aspirations
The Abandonment of Reconstruction
4

What’s to Come (2)
Artist Alfred Waud sketched these African American soldiers
greeting loved
ones after being mustered out of the army in Arkansas. The
war’s end brought
both joy and uncertainty about what was to come. Source:
Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-13286]
5
(1)
Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,
1863, allowed states to organize a state
government when 10 percent of qualified voters
took the a loyalty oath
• Radical Republicans found the approach too
lenient
• Stricter plan formulated by Congress:

the Wade-Davis bill
• President and Congress were working out a compromise
when the president was assassinated
6
Presidential Reconstruction (2)
The mood of white southerners at the end of the war was mixed.
Many, like the veteran
caricatured here by northern cartoonist Thomas Nast, remained
hostile. Others, like Texas
captain Samuel Foster, came to believe that the institution of
slavery “had been abused, and
perhaps for that abuse this terrible war…was brought upon us as
a punishment.” Source:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-
USZ62-131562]
7
(3)

Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson
• To prevent new resistance, white southerners would
need unmistakable terms
• With Lincoln’s death, the task fell to Andrew
Johnson
• Native southerner who deeply disliked the planter class
• No concern for the welfare of African Americans
• Strongly supported states’ rights
• Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was similar but
more lenient still than Lincoln’s
• Stipulations made only informally
8
(4)
The Failure of Johnson’s Program
• Southerners refused to follow many of Johnson’s
recommendations
• New governments passed black codes often modeled
on their old slave codes
• Primarily intended to keep African Americans propertyless
agricultural laborers

• Southern elections returned many prominent
Confederate leaders to power
• Johnson’s resolve began to buckle
9
(5)
Johnson’s Break with Congress
• Issue of black rights drove a wedge between the
president and Congress
• Southern representatives excluded from Congress
• Johnson’s vetoes aggravated tensions
• Extension of Freedmen’s Bureau
• Civil rights bill to overturn provisions of black codes
10
(6)

The Fourteenth Amendment
• Passed in both houses of Congress, June 1866
• Provisions broadened citizenship to include
African Americans
• Ratified despite Johnson’s and most southern states’
opposition
The Election of 1866
• Antiblack riots throughout the South
• Radicals used the tactic of “waving the bloody shirt”
• Johnson repudiated by voters
11
Presidential Reconstruction (7)
In 1866 white mobs in Memphis and New Orleans attacked
African Americans
in two major riots. Here rioters set fire to a schoolhouse used by
freedpeople.
[LC-USZ62-
111152]
12

Congressional Reconstruction (1)
New program put states under military commanders
• Southern whites resisted in part by refusing to vote
• States slowly readmitted
Post-Emancipation Societies in the Americas
• U.S. and Haiti (1804) were the only countries in the Americas
where slavery
was ended through violence
• U.S. was unique in that suffrage was granted almost
immediately
• Power and vision of the Radical Republicans was key
13
Congressional Reconstruction (2)
The Land Issue
• Proposals to give land to former slaves ultimately
rejected
• American belief in self-reliance and in property rights
Impeachment

• Tenure of Office Act forbade Johnson to remove cabinet
members without
Senate approval
• Violation used by Republicans to impeach the president
• Johnson acquitted in May 1868
• Only one vote short of conviction
14
MAP 17.1: THE SOUTHERN STATES DURING
RECONSTRUCTION
15
(1)
Black and White Republicans
• Black men constituted 80 percent of Republican
voters in the South
• Never held office in proportion to their voting strength

• Most of those who did hold office were literate and came
from the top levels of black society
• Because black voters were a majority in only
three southern states, Republicans needed white
votes
• Yeoman farmers from the upland districts (scalawags)
and northern transplants (carpetbaggers)
• Maintaining unity was difficult
16
(2)
Reforms under the New State Governments
• New state constitutions included many political and
social reforms
• All granted political equality, but social equality was
generally ignored
Economic Issues and Corruption
• Southern economy was in ruins
• Corruption rampant and state debt skyrocketed

• Corruption became a national problem
17
Black Aspirations (1)
Experiencing Freedom
• Changing jobs was one concrete way African
Americans expressed their freedom
• Names also gained importance
• Taking last names was a symbolic transition from
slavery
to freedom
“Emancipation came to slaves in different ways
and at different times…. Whatever the timing,
freedom meant a host of precious blessings to
people who had been in bondage all their lives.”
18
The Black Family

• African Americans sought to strengthen the family
• Marriages
• Husbands as head of the family
The Schoolhouse and the Church
• Black education became a high priority
• Teachers in black schools were typically middle-class northern
women
• Independent black churches were established
19
New Working Conditions
• Blacks asserted control over their work by
refusing the work conditions of slaves
• Sharecropping became the typical arrangement
• Often highly exploitative
• Affected by varied racial attitudes among agents,
the Freedmen’s Bureau had a mixed record
• Freedmen’s Courts created in 1866
• Bureau disbanded in 1872, signaling northern retreat
from Reconstruction

20
Planters and a New Way of Life
• Old paternalistic ideal gave way to an emphasis on
economic relationships
• Segregation embraced
“Slavery had been a complex institution
that welded black and white southerners
together in intimate relationships.”
21
MAP 17.2: GEORGIA PLANTATION AFTER THE WAR
After emancipation, sharecropping became the dominant form of
agricultural labor in
the South. Black families no longer lived in the old slave
quarters but dispersed to
separate plots of land that they farmed themselves. At the end
of the year, each
sharecropper turned over part of the crop to the white
landowner.

22
The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (1)
The Grant Administration
• General Grant elected in 1868
• Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870,
granted suffrage to blacks
• Loopholes eventually allowed southern states to
disenfranchise African Americans
• Women’s suffrage rejected
• Series of scandals wracked the
administration
• “Grantism” became code for corruption
• Reformers became more interested in cleaning up
government than in protecting black rights
23

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (2)
The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, secured the right of
African American males to vote as
free citizens. In New York, black citizens paraded in support of
Ulysses S. Grant for president
(center). But citizenship was only one component of what
African Americans insisted were central
aspects of their freedom. What other features of a free life does
the poster champion?
[LC-DIG-ppmsca-34808]
24
The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (3)
Growing Northern Disillusionment
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major piece of
Reconstruction legislation
• Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations,
transportation, places of amusement, and juries
• Not enforced
• Panic of 1873 precipitated a four-year depression
• In 1874, the Republicans lost 77 seats in Congress

25
The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (4)
The Triumph of White Supremacy
• Democrats in the South used varied techniques to
undermine Republican power
• Appeal to racial solidarity
• Publishing names of black residents who cast Republican
ballots
• Paramilitary organizations such as the Ku Klux
Klan used terror and violence
• With the Mississippi Plan, in 1875, Democrats
promoted the use of violence to carry the state
election
26
The Abandonment of

Reconstruction (5)
The Disputed Election of 1876
• Election outcome between Hayes and Tilden in
doubt
• Electoral commission awarded the disputed electoral votes
and the presidency to Hayes
• Democrats threatened a filibuster
• In the Compromise of 1877, Republicans agreed to
withdraw federal troops from the South; Democrats
dropped their opposition
• Last Republican southern governments collapsed
• By 1877 the entire South was in the hands of the so-called
Redeemers
27
MAP 17.3: ELECTION OF 1876
28

The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (6)
Racism and the Failure of Reconstruction
• Although Reconstruction had failed for many
reasons,
racism was chief among them
• Even under Redeemer governments, however, African
Americans were no longer slaves
“[T]he guarantees of ‘equal protection’ and ‘due
process of law’ had been written into the
Constitution and would be available for later
generations to use in championing once again the
Radicals’ goal of racial equality.”
Chapter 17: Reconstructing the Union 1865 to
1877Reconstructing the Union �1865 to 1877What’s to Come
(1)What’s to Come (2)Presidential Reconstruction
(1)Presidential Reconstruction (2)Presidential Reconstruction
(7)Congressional Reconstruction (1)Congressional
Reconstruction (2)MAP 17.1: THE SOUTHERN STATES
DURING RECONSTRUCTIONReconstruction in the South
(1)Reconstruction in the South (2)Black Aspirations (1)Black
Aspirations (2)Black Aspirations (3)Black Aspirations (4)MAP
17.2: GEORGIA PLANTATION AFTER THE WARThe
Abandonment of Reconstruction (1)The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (2)The Abandonment of Reconstruction (3)The
Abandonment of Reconstruction (4)The Abandonment of
Reconstruction (5)MAP 17.3: ELECTION OF 1876The
Abandonment of Reconstruction (6)

WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1A: Reconstruction.
(700 words essay) + title and reference page
MAIN QUESTION.
1. In your opinion, were the Radical Republicans correct in
their assumptions regarding the South, or could Lincoln's
approach have paved the way for a continuation of the political,
social, and economic gains that African Americans had achieved
during reconstruction? Support your argument(s) including
information from assigned and linked readings.
*President Lincoln's goal for reconstruction remained linked to
his goal in the war-preserve the Union. His plan favored
leniency, in order to as quickly as possible reintegrate the
south, and gain the support of Southern Unionists (mostly
former Whigs). Radical Republicans urged a much harsher
course, believing that the south was unrepentant and should
bear the costs of Reconstruction.
INSTRUCTIONS :
• Review the section in Chapter 17 which discusses the
Black Codes, and the linked document, taken from the writings
of William A. Dunning .
• Review the relevant sections of Chapter 18: The Southern
Burden and Life in the New South.
• Review and identify relevant information on the linked
PBS American Experience site, Reconstruction The Second
Civil War
• Utilize at least one of the linked sources to support your
discussion.
• Identify and incorporate at least one additional outside
source to support your discussion. In addition to the textbook,
you may use any material outside of the textbook
• that is recommended in the Additional Reading section at
the end of each chapter. You are also encouraged to do your

own research and identify relevant sources. Please keep in mind
that WIKIPEDIA is not an acceptable reference.
· MUST USE APA FORMAT (times new roman 12, double
space, in text citations, reference page, etc) check link below
for help with the format
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa
_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Sources that must be used :
Pick #1 0r #2. #3 and #4 mandatory.
1.
William A. Dunning To a distrustful northern mind such
legislation could very easily take the form of a systematic
attempt to relegate the freedmen to a subjection only less
complete than that from which the war had set them free. The
radicals sounded a shrill note of alarm. "We tell the white men
of Mississippi," said the Chicago Tribune, "that the men of the
North will convert the state of Mississippi into a frog-pond
before they will allow any such laws to disgrace one foot of soil
over which the flag of freedom waves." In Congress, Wilson,
Sumner, and other extremists took up the cry, and with
superfluous ingenuity distorted the spirit and purpose of both
the laws and the law-makers of the South. The "black codes"
were represented to be the expression of a deliberate purpose by
the southerners to nullify the result of the war and reestablish
slavery, and this impression gained wide prevalence in the
North. Yet, as a matter of fact, this legislation, far from
embodying any spirit of defiance towards the North or any
purpose to evade the conditions which the victors had imposed,
was in the main a conscientious and straightforward attempt to

bring some sort of order out of the social and economic chaos
which a full acceptance of the results of war and emancipation
involved. In its general principle it corresponded very closely to
the actual facts of the situation. The freedmen were not, and in
the nature of the case could not for generations be, on the same
social, moral, and intellectual plane with the whites; and this
fact was recognized by constituting them a separate class in the
civil order. As in general principles, so in details, the
legislation was faithful on the whole to the actual conditions
with which it had to deal. The restrictions in respect to bearing
arms, testifying in court, and keeping labor contracts were
justified by well-established traits and habits of the negroes;
and the vagrancy laws dealt with problems of destitution,
idleness, and vice of which no one not in the midst of them
could appreciate the appalling magnitude and complexity.
William A. Dunning, Reconstruction: Political and Economic,
1865-1877 (1907; reprint, New York: Harper & Row [Harper
Torchbooks], 1962), pp. 57-58.
2. use link
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/reconstruction
3. Book chp. 17, 18 (attached in separate doc.)
3. any other source (not Wikipedia )

Chapter 18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi We

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Chapter 18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi We

Similar to Chapter 18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi We (20)

More from EstelaJeffery653

More from EstelaJeffery653 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi We