CHAPTER 1-5

1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and problem statement
Every crime occurred must have a mark left by the criminals. Fingerprint
is one of the most important evidences in order to put the person who
conduct the crime into custody. However, there are many types of
evidence left by criminal while the crime occurred such as fingerprints.
The fingerprints might be found of clothes, paper or any other porous
surface.
The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks need a proper
method of chemical enhancement sequences depend on the surface of the
fingermarks found (Lennard et al., 2009). Sarah (2011), states that the
appearance of friction ridge marks can be affected by factors related to the
physical action or deposition. There are many factors that can affect the
ridge skin mark in term of force applied during deposition, duration and
angle of friction ridge and surface contact. The most widely used methods

2
for detecting latent fingermarks on porous surfaces rely upon the detection
of the amino acids present in natural skin secretions (Lennard et al., 2009).
Correct sequence of chemical enhancement in determining the
fingermarks is vital because it can save in term of cost and time. The
sequences, consisting of complementary detection methods that vary from
least destructive to more destructive, need to be optimised and validated
under local conditions before casework implementation. Marriot et al.
(2014), suggested that for paper substrates, the generally accepted
approach is to apply non-destructive optical methods first, followed by one
or more amino acid reagents, then a method such as physical developer
that targets any sebaceous material that may be apply for optimum result.
Marriot et al. (2014), added that the traditional amino acid reagent for
fingermark detection is ninhydrin, which was first proposed for this
application in 1954. Based on this previous research, fingermarks can be
developed by using correct chemical enhancement in order to produce
high quality of latent fingerprints. Jelly et al. (2003), added that chemical
imaging is used to get the images of the fingerprints that have been
developed. Chemical imaging combines atomic spectroscopy and
advanced imaging for the substance analysis of materials. Fluorescence
chemical imaging and obvious absorbance chemical imaging give
numerous advantages and expanded abilities for legal researchers. Thus
this technique is non-destructive technique.

3
1.2 Significance of study
This study is conducted in order to produce high quality of latent
fingerprints on porous surface by using different sequences of chemical
enhancement. In recent study done by Marriot et al. (2014), the
fingerprints was achieved by applying these sequences in donor trials, on
fingermarks deposited by a number of individuals on 4 different paper
substrates, and in pseudo operational trials on pages taken from 5-year-old
university examination booklets. However, in this study is focusing on
individual from 20 years old and above. This is because crime does
usually conduct by this range of age despite of various genders.
1.3 Objectives of study
This research is conducted to develop the latent fingerprints on porous
surface which is A4 paper. Thus, it is also to determine which sequences
of chemical enhancement method will produce better quality of
fingerprints by using Bandey’s rating.

4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 FINGERPRINTS
Fingermarks has been widely used in identification of criminal in crime
scene. This is considered as the most prominent type of evidence in
forensic science world Marriot (2013). Neuman et al. (2012), stated that
there are approximately 330,000 crime scenes in UK, which lead to the
identification of approximately 32,000 suspects. However, most of the
fingermarks found in crime scene are not visible with naked eyes and its
referred as latent fingerprints Marriot (2013). D’Elia et al. (2015), said that
latent fingermarks refer to fingerprints that cannot be observed with naked
eyes. D’Elia et al. (2015), states that this type of fingermark was usually
found on objects commonly handled or accidently touched while the crime
occurs. Sweat pores of the papillary ridges leave a deposition of a
perspiration on surface which the finger has contact in it that eventually
formed a latent fingerprint (Sodhi & Kaur, 2015). Thus, human body
produces three types of gland which are eccrine, apocrine and sebaceous.
This secretion is later contributed to fingerprint deposit.

5
2.1.1 LATENT FINGERPRINTS
Fingerprints are divided into 3 types which is patent prints, plastic prints
and latent prints. Each of these has different characteristics. Patent prints
are visible prints that happen when an outside substance on the skin of a
finger interacts with the smooth surface of another item. These prints leave
a particular edge impression that is obvious with the bare eye without
mechanical upgrade of any sort. Meanwhile plastic prints are visible,
impressed prints that occur when a finger touches a soft, malleable surface
resulting in an indentation. For example when fingerprint are found on
those that are freshly painted or coated, or those that contain wax, gum,
blood or any other substance that will soften when hand held and then
retain the finger ridge impressions. However, scientists are more keen on
latent fingerprints for the as their convenience in criminal examinations
and the difficulties identified with the obtaining and handling of low
quality and profoundly misshaped pictures (Perez et al., 2016).
2.1.2 FINGERPRINTS DEPOSITED
Latent fingerprints can be found in either porous or non-porous surface.
Many researches have been done in developing fingerprints in various
porous and non porous surface. Based on research done by Marriot et al.
(2014), latent fingerprints can be enhanced by using various chemical
enhancement sequences to get better quality. Paper are commonly used as a
porous substrate to deposite latent fingerprints. Other porous substrate

6
should also be analyzed if either latent fingerprints will develop likewise
on the paper substrate.
2.2 CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT
Chemical enhancement is used to develop latent fingerprint that found in
crime scene. Goldstone et al. (2015), said that there are various fingerprint
enhancement techniques that have been developed over the year to
improve the enhancement fingerprints either in porous and non-porous
surface. Meanwhile, there are mny advance studies about fingerprints
development exposed on extreme condition and environment (Goldstone et
al., 2015). Despite on many chemical enhancements that exist today,
Ninhydrin remains as the most common chemical method for treatment of
paper substrates even there is significant research efforts pointed at
synthesis of Ninhydrin analogues (Marriot et al., 2014). Based on the
research done by Braasch et al. (2015), it is found that Ninhydrin reacted
with amino acid by Ruhemann in the 1910’s and later it is developed and
used for presumptive test for amino acids in biological samples. Braasch et
al. (2015), added that fingermark visualization becomes apparent after
being published by Oden and von Hosten in the 1950’s. Later on, many
reagents with similar reaction were investigated and lead of DFO that first
synthesis by Druey and Schmidt in the 1950’s and designed for fingermark
visualization in the 1980’s by Grigg and co-workers ( Braasch et al.,
2015).

7
2.2.1 CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT SEQUENCES
Marriot et al. (2014), suggested that appropriate sequences of chemical
development are important because the nature of fingermarks found are
vary depends on circumstance of the case that under investigation. These
chemicals from synthetic developments are important in order to get
higher efficiency visualization of latent fingermarks other than its increase
the fluorescence properties (Mangle et al., 2015). Even until today,
Ninhydrin is most common used in chemical enhancement of latent
fingermark. Until the alternative of Ninhydrin was introduced which is
1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) to replace it. However, rather than replacing
Ninhydrin, DFO is proved work more effective when used in sequences
with Ninhydrin to develop fingermarks (Marriot et al., 2014).
2.2.2 NINHYDRIN
Ninhydrin was first used as a method in developing fingerprints was by
Oden and von Hofsten in 1954 . Since that, it has become the most
common chemical used in developing latent fingerprints (Marriot et al.,
2014). Yang & Lian (2014), said that ninhydrin was used as a part of
fingerprint developing membrane that also include pressure-sensitive
emulsifier as exemplified chemicals. Thus, concentration of developing
agent, modifying ions and thickness of membrane were studied to get the
optimum developed latent fingerprints. Ninhydrin is an ideal reagent for
creating latent fingerprints on porous surfaces and has adequate

8
affectability for genuine application. Be that as it may, there are a few
limitations to utilizing ninhydrin, for example, foundation tinge,
disintegration of the printing ink and its combustible attributes (Yang &
Lian, 2014). Marriot (2014), added that because of the accomplishment of
ninhydrin in identifying latent prints on porous surfaces, further research
into creating ninhydrin analogs with improved fluorescence properties
happened. The absolute most encouraging analogs found from this
exploration were the reagents 1,8-diazafluorene-9-one (DFO) and 1,2-
indanedione (IND).
Figure 2.1 : Ninhydrin chemical structure
2.2.3 1,8-diazafluorene-9-one (DFO)
DFO or 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one was initially synthesised by Druey and
Schmidt in 1950 yet was presented as a suitable reagent for the
development of latent prints on porous substrates by Grigg and Pounds in
1990 (Jelly et al., 2009). Marriot (2014), said that when the DFO reagent
comes in contact with fingermark deposits, it forms a pale pink-purple
product. DFO are now utilized as a part of the forensic science tools to

9
enhance latent fingerprints stored on porous surfaces because of the
arrangement of fluorescent items by responding with the amino acids
present in the papillary exudate (D’Elia et al., 2015). Thus, D’Elia et, al
added that the paper, like all the porous surfaces, absorbs very quickly the
hydrosoluble component of the sweat, while the liposoluble part remains
on the surface for 12–24 hours. Only a small amount of secretion remains
on the substrate for a longer period. Both 1,2-indanedione (1,2-IND) and
(DFO) react with the amino acids present in papillary exudate giving
fluorescent products, even if in some cases it is possible to observe the
enhanced fingerprint in the visible range too.
Figure 2.2 : Proposed reaction mechanism of DFO and an amino acid (Jelly
et al., 2009)

10
2.2.4 PHYSICAL DEVELOPER
According to Marriot et al. (2014), physical developer nature are
destructive and for that reason it often used last in chemical sequence in
developing fingermarks due to this nature. The physical developer
technique is a way to develop fingerprints on dry and wet, porous things,
including paper articles, dirt based items and cement tapes. The procedure
includes an oxidation–reduction couple whereby an answer of an iron salt
lessens fluid silver nitrate to finely isolated metallic silver (Sodhi & Kaur,
2015). Sodhi & Kaur (2015), added that the physical developer technique
for detection of latent fingerprints depends on the association amongst
lipids and unsaturated fat constituents of sweat buildup, with colloidal
silver particles. It had been realized that colloidal silver particulates have
fondness for such natural subsidiaries. Since these biomolecules are
essentially insoluble in water, the physical developer can detect latent
impressions on wet porous items as well. According to research done by
Marriot et al. (2014), working solution with physical developer has many
drawbacks, such as the preparation of the solution is relatively high cost,
involves numerous water washes and also it is very sensitive to
environmental conditions.

11
2.2.5 CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT VS BLACK POWDER
Using chemical and physical methods in developing latent fingerprints is
vital because latent prints can not be seen with naked eyes. In that case,
various chemical and physical methods have been developed in order to get
the best outcome depends on the sources of prints found (Errington et al.,
2016). According to Weston-Ford et al. (2016), the most commonly used,
cheap and oldest technique is using contrasting powders for development
of latent fingerprints. Compare with powder, detecting latent fingermarks
on porous surface by using chemical enhancement were rely upon the
detection of amino acid in human skin (Jelly, 2009). It can be said that
based on this previous research that chemical enhancement will provide
better development since it does react with amino acid and fatty acid in
human skin (Marriot, 2014).
2.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINGERMARKS
According to Saferstein et al. (2007), when a finger touches the surface,
sweat and along with oils that have been pickup by finger by touching the
hairy parts of the body, is exchanged onto the surface not withstanding
contaminants from the nature, accordingly leaving an impression of the
finger’s edge designs. Marriot (2014), said that the characteristic parts that
can be found in a fingermark are delivered by organs in the body. Of the
organs present in the body, the essential contributor to the fingermark store
are eccrine and sebaceous organs. Marriot (2014), added that eccrine

12
organs are available on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet and
emit prevalently water and in addition an intricate blend of amino acids,
proteins and lactate and inorganic Na+
, K+
, Cl-
and follow with metal
particles. According to Ramotowski (2001), sebaceous glands then again
are situated on the mid-section, back and forehead (connected with hair
roots). These secretions are made essentially out of unsaturated fats,
glycerides, cholesterol, squalene and an assortment of lipid esters.
According to Marriot (2014), Once a fingermark has been placed on a
surface it experiences further changes and degradation as the chemicals in
the imprint keep on reacting with each other, the surface and nature. Sears
et al. (2012), stated that environmental factors like temperature, humidity,
air flow and light affect the way chemical in the fingermark behave.
2.4 FINGERPRINTS AS EVIDENCE
According to Ramotowski et al. (2016), fingermarks have been utilized for
over a century for distinguishing evidence purposes amid examinations
and as confirmation in court. While, the use of such marks for
recognizable proof by and large makes a solid connection between an area
or object and a individual, there are no approved logical strategies for
precisely deciding the time of contact between the imprint and the surface.
Fingerprints are most likely be found in documents or paper substrate
since human use hand to hold it. Based on research done by Fieldhouse
(2011), the presence of friction ridge skin imprints can be influenced by

13
variables identified with the physical activity of deposition. Such
components incorporate the force applied amid deposition, the length and
the point of friction ridge and surface contact. Over the year, fingerprints
evidence have been used to solve many crime cases since it have been
used to replace the Bertillon’s system (Saferstein, 2015).

14
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 COLLECTING SAMPLE
The sample was taken from five students which are each from them
donated thumbprints from dominant and non dominant hand. This is
because in real world scenarios, the culprit may randomly used dominant
or non dominant hand. The donors were taken from both genders which
are male and female because crime is not only committed by one type of
gender only. The sample were appropriately labeled according to donor
and time when the fingerprints were deposited. All samples were taken in
the same time interval since the fingerprints were analyzed for 0 hour, 24
hours and 48 hours. Fingerprints were depleted in A4 paper. Before
depleted on A4 paper each student was doing hands grooming in order to
get the best result of fingerprints. By doing hands grooming, the
fingerprints deposited should appear brighter than not doing hands
grooming. The samples were divided evenly between sequence one that
using Ninhydrin, DFO and Physical Developer and the other sequence that

15
use Ninhydrin and Physical Developer. Total fingerprints used for all time
interval and chemical sequence is 30 fingerprints.
Table 3.1 Donor List
Donor
Number
Gender Age Weight Height Occupation
1 Female 23 64 Kg 160cm Student
2 Male 23 48 Kg 172cm Student
5 Male 25 81 Kg 170cm Student
3.2 CHEMICAL AND EQUIPMENT
The chemical used is Ninhydrin, 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) and silver
nitrate act as physical developer. These chemicals were already available
in Forensic Lab, UiTM Shah Alam.
3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERPRINTS
3.3.1 APPLICATION OF FIRST REAGENT: NINHYDRIN
The samples were treated with Ninhydrin reagent in a fume hood. When
applying the Ninhydrin it must be sprayed at least 12-15cm from the

16
sample. The reagent is carefully applied to the sample by wearing gloves
because Ninhydrin can leaves stain on skin and it is flammable. After
wearing appropriate protective gears, Ninhydrin were sprayed until the
sample is damped. Then, the specimen was allow to air dry for a 5 minutes.
Some bluish or purplish ninhydrin stains may be faintly visible at this
point. Make a sandwich with two thicknesses of paper, followed by the
sample and then two more layers of paper. To accelerate the development
process, steam iron was used to heat the sample. Apply for about 10
minutes until the prints develop.
3.3.2 APPLICATION OF SECOND REAGENT: DFO
Application of 1,8-diazafluorene-9-one (DFO) were applied when after
Ninhydrin treated. The samples that needs to be treated with DFO were
separated other samples. DFO also need to work in fume hood. Since DFO
are sensitive to light, the room must be in dark to preserve the sample
when treated with DFO. DFO then were sprayed onto the surface of the
sample with 12-15cm in range from sample to source. After that, the
sample treated were left air dry for about 5 minutes. Then, the sample
were heated by iron for about 10-15minutes to speed up the reaction.
Always remember to keep all this process in dark since DFO is sensitive to
light. After the process of ironing the sample then it can be exposed to
light.

17
3.3.3 APPLICATION OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPER: SILVER NITRATE
Following the sample that have been treated with Ninhydrin and DFO, all
the samples then were treated with physical developer which is silver
nitrate. Samples are separated with sequence one and two to avoid
confusion which samples were treated with Ninhydrin only and samples
that were treated with Ninhydrin and DFO. Application of physical
developer is also the same with Ninhydrin and DFO. It needed to spray at
range 12-15cm to samples. After the samples were left air dry for about
5minutes, the sample were left under the sunlight to absorb the UV
radiation for about 5minutes. Do not exceed more than 5minutes because
the samples will become dark and the fingerprint will disappear.
3.4 ANALYSING FINGERPRINTS
All the treated samples of fingerprints than were analyzed it details of the
development by using UVITEC Dna Documentation and software
FireReader V4. The images developed is observed and captured by the
camera in scientific grade camera with electronically variable shutter
speed. The settings of the camera is set at manual and the exposure of UV
florescence .

18
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 FINGERPRINTS INVESTIGATION
4.1.1 Rating Procedure
From the given samples that based on time period from 0 hour to 48 hours,
the samples from 5 donors were processed by using sequence 1 and
compared it with sequence 2
Sequence 1 : Ninhydrin→DFO→Physical Developer
Sequence 2 : Ninhydrin→Physical Developer
After being applied with reagents, samples then photographed for later
assessment. Fingerprints were then given rating by using Bandey rating
that assessing the quality fingermark from the sample.

19
Table 4.1 : Absolute Bandey scale for donor trials
Rating Definition
0 No evidence of a fingermark
1
Weak development; evidence of contact but
no ridge detail
2
Limited development; about 1/3 of ridge
detail present but probably cannot be used for
identification purposes
3
Strong development; between 1/3 and 2/3 of
ridge detail present; identifiable fingermark
4
Very strong development; full ridge detail
present; identifiable fingermark
4.1.2 Applying scales to sample
Figures 4.1 and 4.2 below show the fingermark development from the
sample that aged from 0 hour based on both sequences. While, the tables
show that the sample is aging and the development of the fingermarks is
decreased as the time increased.

20
Figure 4.1 : Sample from 0 hour that taken from left hand based on the first
sequence.
Figure 4.2 : Sample from 0 hour that taken from left hand based on the
second sequence
Following the sample from the figures, there were significant different
from above sequence. The rating were given as below:

21
Bandey’s Scale
Sequence 1 : 3
Sequence 2 : 2
From the above ratings given, the sequence 1 which was treated with
Ninhydrin, DFO and the physical developer which is silver nitrate were
given 3 rating based on Bandey’s scale. This development indicates that
strong development present with 1/3 and 2/3 details were present and can
be used as identification. This is different with sequence 2 which are
Ninhydrin and physical developer only were treated on the sample
compared with sequence 1 that also have DFO as treated reagent. The
Bandey’s rating is given as 2 due to its limited development. The
development is only about 1/3 of ridge detail present but probably cannot
be used for identification purposes. In forensic world, the need of details
of evidence is very important to link the suspects into the crime scene.
(Saferstein et al., 2007).

22
4.2 SAMPLE AT 0 HOUR
The samples at 0 hour were used as standard to others sample.
Theoretically, sample at 0 hour should develop the most of fingerprints
from donor sample. This is because the sample were yet to aged and it
should develop well.
Sequence 1
Table 4.2 : Sequence 1 fingerprints rating based on donor samples
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 3 3 3
2 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3
5 2 2 2
Average
Total Rating
2.4

23
Sequence 2
Table 4.2.1 : Sequence 2 fingerprints rating based on donor samples
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 2 3 2.5
2 1 1 1
3 2 1 1.5
4 3 3 3
5 1 1 1
Average
Total Rating
1.8
Based on the Table 4.2 which is from sequence 1, it shows the fingerprints
rating based on Bandey’s rating. The rating of average is 2.4, this indicate
the average rating of the fingerprints. Islam et al. (2015), said that from
recent findings in small scale experiments indicate fatty acids tend to be
present in higher concentrations in male donors, such as saturated C15,
C16 and C17 acids although wide variations in composition were
observed due to the sampling protocol. This can be the reason why the
average rating is not high. The samples were taken from 3 female and 2
male. Even though the number 2 samples were taken from male donor, it
indicates low Bandey’s rating. This might be because of the deposition of
fingerprints techniques was not right and differ with other donors.
Meanwhile, the results from sequence 2 in Table 4.2.1 showed that lower

24
development from the samples. The average rating is 1.8 which is 0.6
lower than from the sequence 1. From these data, it can be said that the
sequence 1 that use 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) have significant value
in developing fingerprints. DFO reacts with ninhydrin and silver nitrate to
gives better development.
4.3 SAMPLE AGED AT 24 HOURS
Samples at this stage is expected start aging and the development were
expected to be less than the sample from 0 hour.
Sequence 1
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 3 3 3
2 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3
5 0 1 1
Average
Total Rating
2.2

25
Sequence 2
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 2 2 2
2 1 0 1
3 2 1 1.5
4 3 3 3
5 1 1 1
Average
Total Rating
1.7
Based on the sample that aged at 24 hours, both of development
techniques using sequence 1 and sequence 2 were used in order to develop
the most of fingerprints from the samples. There were no significant
different data value based on the. The differences were too low compared
with sample at 0 hour. This is because the samples are preserved well in
normal condition so that the aging process was slowed down. However,
the sample from donor no 5 is no observed when using DFO based on the
data in Table 4.3, other than that other samples were well developed than
sequence 2. Based on this result, it can be said that this is happened
because the wrong techniques of deposition fingerprints on substrate. This
is the common problems in forensic world, there were always fingerprints
found at the crime scene but not every each of them can be used as
identification based on the ridges and minutiae.

26
4.4 SAMPLE AGED AT 48 HOURS
At 48 hours, the sample expected to be aging fully. This is because the
oxidation process between fingerprints and substrate paper have occur.
Over time the volatile components of a fingerprint evaporate out of he
residue. (Islam et al., 2015). Islam et al. (2015), added that finding
suggested that the ridges turned out to be progressively weak and
geologically unpredictable, through expanded defenselessness to physical
disintegration from contact and air streams that cross the unique mark
surface.
Sequence 1
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 0 1 1
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
Average
Total Rating
0.2

27
4.4.1 Sequence 2
Sample
Rating for left
hand
Rating for right
hand
Average rating
1 1 2 1.5
2 0 0 0
3 1 1 1
4 2 2 2
5 2 2 1
Average
Total Rating
1.1
As expected from the previous research, the fingerprints will aged as the
time increased. However, based on the data tabulated in the Table 4.4 and
Table 4.4.1 it showed that the Bandey’s rating at sequence 2 which is no
DFO reagent were used in the chemical sequence to developed
fingermarks were developing more details fingermarks compared with
sequence 1. From this data, it is very different with the samples at 0 hour
and 24 hours that both showed that sequence 1 is better in developing
fingerprints by using Ninhydrin, DFO and silver nitrate as physical
developer compared with Ninhydrin and physical developer only. Marriot
et al. (2014), said that this phenomenon suggests that the sebaceous
fraction targeted by this lipid stain had been removed earlier in the
detection sequences, possibly due to the solvents used in the amino acid
reagents or the heat treatment required for the Ninhydrin and DFO

28
development. Heat treatment was used as a catalyst to speed up the
reaction between fingerprints sample and reagents such Ninhydrin and
DFO.
4.5 OVERALL RESULT
Table 4.5 : Overall result based on both sequence
Bandey’s Rating
Aged Group Sequence 1 Sequence 2
0 Hour 2.4 1.8
24 Hours 2.2 1.7
48 Hours 0.2 1.1
Combined
Average
1.6 1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 Hour 24 Hours 48 Hours
Graph of Bandey's Rating Over Time
Time
Bandey'sRating
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Figure 4.3: Graph of comparison based on Bandey’s rating over time.

29
Based on the data tabulate on the Table 4.5 it shows that both of the
chemical sequences have significant value at 0 hour and 24 hours.
Chemical sequence 1 have better development compared with sequence 2.
However, when the fingerprints aged for 48 hours it showed that the
sequence 2 have better development compared with sequence 1. An
overall rating based on 0 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours the value were not
very significant on both sequence.

30
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
Following the laboratory investigation done in this study, there is no great
significant value of fingerprint development based on sequence 1 and
sequence 2. The significant value is measured if the value of the
fingerprints showed a great value of different. In this study, the margin
difference is only 0.1 on average based on Bandey’s rating. This can be
concluded that both of the sequence can be used in real life situation in
crime cases. However, by applying Ninhydrin itself has developed a good
development, but it is advisable that Ninhydrin is treated with DFO on
aged sample such as sample at 24 hours. Therefore, it is recommended that
if Ninhydrin is being used for the development of latent fingermarks on
porous substrates then DFO should still be employed. But if Ninhydrin is
being used with silver nitrate in the development process it will be less
effective, but still can be used in serious casework. Fingerprints also

31
appear better in person who has more weight because the lipid contain in
body is greater than person who has less weight Yang (2014).
5.2 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
For further research in development of fingermarks on porous surface, it
should cover in area of new developing reagents that can be used to
develop absolute fingerprints without needed to be used with other
reagents. New research should also cover in developing fingerprints on
wood and clothes as these material also a porous surface. Thus, sample
taken should be the whole palm of hands to get better data.

32
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35
APPENDICES
Sample taken from left thumb that aged for 24 hours using Sequence 1
Sample taken from right thumb thhat aged for 24 hours using Sequence 1

36
Sample taken from left thmb that aged for 24 hours using Sequence 2
Sample taken from right thumb that aged for 24 hours using sequence 2

37
Sample taken from right thumb that aged for 48 hours using Sequence 1

38
Sample taken from right thumb that aged for 48 hours using Sequence 2

39
CURRICULUM VITAE
MOHAMAD YUSRIE BIN CHE MOHAMAD YAHAYA
C-135 Taman Perumahan Gong Badak, 21300 Kuala Terengganu
mohamadyusrie@gmail.com
011-33087708
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2013-Present University of Technology (UiTM), Shah Alam.
Bachelor Of Science (HONS.) Chemistry (Forensic
Analysis)(CGPA 2.33)
Kolej UNIKOP (Usahasama UiTM)
Diploma in Science (CGPA:2.86)
2005-2009 SM Teknik Terengganu
Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Pure Science)
SPM (3A 3B 2C 2D)
WORKING EXPERIENCE
1. Optometris Fakrul Sdn.Bhd.(2010)
- Customer Service and conduct
preliminary eyesight examination
2. Baskin Robbins (2013)
- Customer service and inventory
3. Blink Book (2014)
- In charge for sales and facilitator
in writing camp for student
4. Data Entry (2015)
- Key in data with given document
5. Pos Malaysia (2015)
- Sorting document and mails
witihin Malaysia Region
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITES
Year 2011-2014
Participation in SUKOP, Kolej UNIKOP
Participation in field work program for Biology at Cameron Highlands
Managing course dinner for Science Club
2015-Current

40
Participation in Football Piala Pembangunan Pelajar (Third place NR United)
Managing dinner for Forensic Club UiTM Shah Alam
Managing Program Titian Kasih for orphanage house
Participation in Program Satu Desa Sejuta Warna with Law Faculty in Baling
Kedah
Managing induction program for new students (intake March 2015 and March
2016)
Particiation in Football Piala Timbalan Naib Canselor (Grouping NR United)
SKILLS AND STRENGTH
Malay (Excellent)
English (Good)
Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Publisher,
MovieMaker (Good)
SELF DESCRIPTION
 A fast learner and enthusiastic in works.
 Independent that able to work under less supervision and encounter problem
in a daily basis.
 Able to cooperate with superiors and subordinates and do a good work in a
team.
 Able to practice good ethics in work and have an interesting personality.
REFERENCE
Ezlan Elias Lecturer (Chemistry)
Faculty Of Applied Science
Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor.
ezlan.elias@gmail.com
012-6320656

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