Chapter 12 Implementation: Strategies and Associated Concerns Defining ImplementationThe act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action through administrative structure, management activities, policies, procedures, and regulations, and organizational actions of new programs” (Timmreck, 1997, p. 328) Setting up, managing, and executing a project (Keyser et al., 1997) Program diffusion - adoption, implementation, sustainability (Bartholomew et al., 2006) ImplementationPlanners need to be flexible when implementing a program Phases of implementation Adoption of the program - a part of marketing (chapter 11) Identifying and prioritizing the tasks to be completed Establishing a system of management Putting the plans into action Ending or sustaining a program Phase 2 - Identifying & prioritizing the tasks to be completedMany tasks need to be completed when implementing a program (e.g., reserving space, ordering equipment, etc.) Tasks need to be identified and prioritized Planning timetables and timelines can help with this process Types of timetables and timelines: key activity charts (McDermott & Sarvela, 1999), Task Development Timelines (Anspaugh et al., 2000), Gantt Charts, PERT charts, & CPM Task Development Timeline Gantt Chart Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) 00 10 20 23 25 27 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 wk 1 wk 5 wks 1 wk 1 wk 3 wks 0.5 wk 2 wks 1 wk 1 wk 3 wks 8 wks 3 wks Time estimated 3 ways: optimistic (minimum possible time), pessimistic (maximum possible time), & probabilistic (best estimate time) 00. Start planning 10. Develop rationale 20. Needs assessment 23. Create instrument 25. Select sample 27. Collect & analyze data 30. Create goals/objectives 40. Create intervention 50. Pilot test 60. Identify & allocate resources 70. Marketing 80. Implement program 90. Evaluate (process, impact, & outcome) Critical Path Method (CPM) or PERT/CPM A C G D E F H J M I K L B Items on critical path cannot be delayed without delaying the program; time is important estimates are made for earliest & latest start & finish times for each activity A. Start planning B. Develop rationale C. Needs assessment D. Create instrument E. Select sample F. Collect & analyze data G. Create goals/objectives H. Create intervention I. Pilot test J. Implement program K. Identify & allocate resources L. Marketing M. Evaluate (process, impact, & outcome) Phase 3 - Establishing a system of managementManagement – “the process of achieving results through controlling human, financial, and technical resources” (Johnson & Breckon, 2007, p. 293) “the efficient, satisfactory management of a health promotion program is vital to its long-term success” (Anspaugh et al., 2000, p. 124) Phase 4 - Putting Plans into ActionMajor ways of putting plans into action (Parkinson & colleagues, 1982)Inverted triangle represents number of people involved Pilot testing – trying the program out with a small group from the priority populatio.