TB is an infectious disease that can spread through coughing, sneezing, or singing. A TB patient can infect 10-15 people per year. TB most commonly infects the lungs, where it can be contained and healed in 90-95% of cases with proper immunity and treatment. In 5-10% of cases, TB can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body as extra-pulmonary TB. Myanmar has high rates of TB and drug-resistant TB, making it one of 22 high burden and 27 high MDR countries globally. The national TB control strategy focuses on improving case detection through the DOTS program of directly observed treatment with short courses of medication.
Soloman Shah, MD, concentrates his gastroenterology practice on diseases of the liver. Dr. Soloman Shah draws on extensive experience in treating the various forms of hepatitis.
What is Herpes and how to know if you have Genital HerpesJames Adigler
What is Herpes and how to know if you have Genital Herpes
Herpes, an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, is estimated to be present in 50 to 80 percent of the American adult population.
Soloman Shah, MD, concentrates his gastroenterology practice on diseases of the liver. Dr. Soloman Shah draws on extensive experience in treating the various forms of hepatitis.
What is Herpes and how to know if you have Genital HerpesJames Adigler
What is Herpes and how to know if you have Genital Herpes
Herpes, an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, is estimated to be present in 50 to 80 percent of the American adult population.
Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by one of the five hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E . While all of these viruses cause liver disease, they vary significantly in terms of epidemiology, natural history, prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Influenza a emergency prepardness for healthcare facilitiesMoustapha Ramadan
The data presented are per 4th of March 2017 and subject to changes.
The presentation aims to provide the basic infection control requirement for healthcare facilities during large influenza epidemic or pandemic
The Importance of Asymptomatic Coronavirus Disease-19 Patients: Never Trust a...asclepiuspdfs
The asymptomatic infectious case is a “silent client,” one of the most complex and damaging types of client: It is someone who does not provide information; of which we have no information. The silent client, as in the asymptomatic infection, can undermine the business by apparently not being able to address the problem. So how do you manage silent clients, asymptomatic cases? Identifying the points where asymptomatic (silent) cases occur and addressing the situation from a comprehensive perspective. This includes: (1) Preventing contagion and interrupting the transmission process immediately after contact with the virus: Test system, trace, and public health measures: Polymerase chain reaction testing on as many people as possible who have been in contact with infected people which allows the isolation of infected and the tracking and quarantine of their contacts; (2) universal public health measures: Wear a mask in public, wash your hands regularly, stay home when sick, keep a physical distance, and avoid meeting people outside of your home; (3) being so strict with negative cases as with positive ones: The consequences of high rates of false negatives are serious because they allow asymptomatic – and symptomatic – people to transmit diseases; follow-up is recommended, from a clinical point of view – epidemiological, as strict to negative cases as to positive ones; (4) trace back the contacts of the positive cases: search the source of a new case, together with the contacts of that person; and (5) massive and opportunistic tests for the detection of general and specific populations: Rapid response tests for coronavirus disease-19 available to everyone, especially those without symptoms, carried out as mass population screening, to certain groups such as health workers and students, as detection opportunistic in the general practitioner’s consultation, and even self-administered by anyone.
The presentation covers known Variants Covid -19 of medical importance and the second wave Covid - 19 that hit in India. The factors that led to the abrupt raised number of cases in a short time.
Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by one of the five hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E . While all of these viruses cause liver disease, they vary significantly in terms of epidemiology, natural history, prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Influenza a emergency prepardness for healthcare facilitiesMoustapha Ramadan
The data presented are per 4th of March 2017 and subject to changes.
The presentation aims to provide the basic infection control requirement for healthcare facilities during large influenza epidemic or pandemic
The Importance of Asymptomatic Coronavirus Disease-19 Patients: Never Trust a...asclepiuspdfs
The asymptomatic infectious case is a “silent client,” one of the most complex and damaging types of client: It is someone who does not provide information; of which we have no information. The silent client, as in the asymptomatic infection, can undermine the business by apparently not being able to address the problem. So how do you manage silent clients, asymptomatic cases? Identifying the points where asymptomatic (silent) cases occur and addressing the situation from a comprehensive perspective. This includes: (1) Preventing contagion and interrupting the transmission process immediately after contact with the virus: Test system, trace, and public health measures: Polymerase chain reaction testing on as many people as possible who have been in contact with infected people which allows the isolation of infected and the tracking and quarantine of their contacts; (2) universal public health measures: Wear a mask in public, wash your hands regularly, stay home when sick, keep a physical distance, and avoid meeting people outside of your home; (3) being so strict with negative cases as with positive ones: The consequences of high rates of false negatives are serious because they allow asymptomatic – and symptomatic – people to transmit diseases; follow-up is recommended, from a clinical point of view – epidemiological, as strict to negative cases as to positive ones; (4) trace back the contacts of the positive cases: search the source of a new case, together with the contacts of that person; and (5) massive and opportunistic tests for the detection of general and specific populations: Rapid response tests for coronavirus disease-19 available to everyone, especially those without symptoms, carried out as mass population screening, to certain groups such as health workers and students, as detection opportunistic in the general practitioner’s consultation, and even self-administered by anyone.
The presentation covers known Variants Covid -19 of medical importance and the second wave Covid - 19 that hit in India. The factors that led to the abrupt raised number of cases in a short time.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Kaya Kalp International Sex & Health Clin...Steve Wozniax
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV weakens the immune system by infecting vital cells like CD4+ T cells. This makes the body vulnerable to various infections and illnesses. The virus can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for HIV, but early diagnosis and treatment with antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can significantly improve life expectancy.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
11. Can TB be cured? Why can’t we control TB infection?
12. Although TB is infectious and lethal, it can be cured and controlled.
13. TB situation in Myanmar One of 22 high TB burden countries One of 27 high MDR countries One of 41 high TB-HIV burden countries All TB: 612/100,000 Infectious: 240/100,000 80% Urban>Rural National Prevalence study, 2009/10 Global TB control, 2010
14. National TB Control Strategy Case detection D O T S DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short Course
15. How people seek for their health? To relieve their illness, where people go to? Who are the private health services providers? (both formal and informal) ? ? ?
16. How do private health care providers take part in TB control?
