Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV weakens the immune system by infecting vital cells like CD4+ T cells. This makes the body vulnerable to various infections and illnesses. The virus can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for HIV, but early diagnosis and treatment with antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can significantly improve life expectancy.
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily infects helper T cells in the immune system, which causes the immune system to fail over time. There are two types of HIV that infect humans - HIV-1, which is more prevalent and virulent, and HIV-2, which is less so. HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can effectively suppress the virus and allow those infected to live longer, healthier lives.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
This document provides an introduction to HIV/AIDS, including:
1) It describes the global and local impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting that over 40 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.
2) It explains the natural history and transmission of HIV, noting that HIV destroys immune cells over time, leading to opportunistic infections and AIDS if left untreated.
3) It discusses the main modes of HIV transmission as unprotected sex and mother-to-child transmission, and strategies to prevent transmission like safe sex practices and prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs.
This document provides an overview of pediatric HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including:
- HIV causes immune system depletion by destroying CD4 cells.
- Uganda has a high prevalence of HIV, especially among women ages 15-24.
- Children can show signs of infection like oral thrush or recurrent infections.
- Diagnosis involves viral testing for children under 18 months and antibody tests after.
- Clinical staging from asymptomatic to conditions like pneumonia or dermatitis is used.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. If untreated it can progress to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken as prescribed. Monitoring involves regular testing of CD4 count and viral load to determine treatment effectiveness.
Today is World AIDS Day, December 1st. Various government and non-government organizations in Nepal are organizing programs related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. HIV is a virus that attacks immune cells and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. Common ways of transmitting HIV include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. It is important to get tested, practice safe sex, and seek treatment to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily infects helper T cells in the immune system, which causes the immune system to fail over time. There are two types of HIV that infect humans - HIV-1, which is more prevalent and virulent, and HIV-2, which is less so. HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can effectively suppress the virus and allow those infected to live longer, healthier lives.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
This document provides an introduction to HIV/AIDS, including:
1) It describes the global and local impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting that over 40 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.
2) It explains the natural history and transmission of HIV, noting that HIV destroys immune cells over time, leading to opportunistic infections and AIDS if left untreated.
3) It discusses the main modes of HIV transmission as unprotected sex and mother-to-child transmission, and strategies to prevent transmission like safe sex practices and prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs.
This document provides an overview of pediatric HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including:
- HIV causes immune system depletion by destroying CD4 cells.
- Uganda has a high prevalence of HIV, especially among women ages 15-24.
- Children can show signs of infection like oral thrush or recurrent infections.
- Diagnosis involves viral testing for children under 18 months and antibody tests after.
- Clinical staging from asymptomatic to conditions like pneumonia or dermatitis is used.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. If untreated it can progress to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken as prescribed. Monitoring involves regular testing of CD4 count and viral load to determine treatment effectiveness.
Today is World AIDS Day, December 1st. Various government and non-government organizations in Nepal are organizing programs related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. HIV is a virus that attacks immune cells and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. Common ways of transmitting HIV include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. It is important to get tested, practice safe sex, and seek treatment to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including its causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and causes AIDS. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids including blood, semen and breastmilk.
- Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection, from flu-like symptoms during acute infection to opportunistic infections and cancers with late-stage AIDS.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent transmission. Combination drug therapy can control the virus and prolong healthy life.
- Prevention methods include safe sex practices, needle exchange for drug users, treatment of infected mothers and newborns,
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
This document summarizes HIV infection in pediatric patients. It describes the natural history of the disease, including three patterns of progression. It discusses clinical manifestations, opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis pneumonia, and respiratory diseases seen in HIV-infected children. It also outlines the WHO clinical staging criteria for pediatric HIV/AIDS.
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
This document discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV. It begins with global epidemiology statistics, including that there are 35.3 million people living with HIV worldwide. It then provides more specific statistics on new infections, deaths, at-risk groups, and prevalence by region. Regarding pathogenesis, it explains that HIV primarily attaches to CD4 receptors on cells and integrates its genetic material, leading to infection. It also discusses the body's immune response and how HIV evades detection through high mutation rates. Prevention methods discussed include behavior change, condoms, testing, and antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS including what HIV/AIDS is, how it progresses, transmission routes, prevention methods, and treatment. It defines AIDS as occurring in people with HIV when the CD4 count is below 200 or they have an opportunistic infection. HIV progressively damages the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow its progression. The document outlines transmission routes like unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother to child; and prevention methods like condom use, circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and not sharing needles.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens a person's immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects cells in the human immune system. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, where opportunities infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system. The virus is most often transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent opportunities infections.
The AIDS epidemic in Africa is a major problem, with nearly 68% of the world's AIDS cases located in Africa, totaling around 22.2 million people. HIV attacks and breaks down the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Without treatment, most HIV-positive people will develop AIDS. As the virus destroys immune cells over many years, people may experience mild symptoms initially but eventually develop serious infections associated with late-stage AIDS. Raising awareness about the crisis and providing education and resources are important steps to address the epidemic.
The document discusses various sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infectious diseases. It covers bacterial STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STIs discussed include herpes and HPV. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection that can develop from untreated STIs. The document also addresses HIV/AIDS transmission and treatment. Prevention strategies mentioned are abstinence, monogamy, safer sex practices, and vaccinations.
This document discusses HIV and periodontal disease. It provides background on HIV, describing its identification in 1983 and the two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. It reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV as well as stages of infection. The relationship between periodontal disease and HIV is complex, with some studies finding higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV+ individuals compared to controls, while other studies found limited differences or no relationship when accounting for CD4 count and ART. Periodontal disease in HIV patients can include conditions like linear gingival erythema and necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
1
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Research Paper on HIV and AIDS
Kimberly H. Morgan
EDRC-533: Medical and Psychosocial Aspects
Dr. Michelle L. Priester
April 30, 2018
HIV/AIDS
Abstract
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. The term in full stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus has led to massive deaths globally with many more people being infected as well as being affected by the effects of the virus. In this paper, we shall describe the virus in depth, showing how it gets into a person's body, its causes and symptoms. We shall also discuss its prevalence and how it has affected people's lives. Most importantly, we shall discuss how a person can be treated after being infected with the virus. Finally, we shall study various preventative measures that can be used against the virus.
HIV Definition
The term HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is a virus that makes the immune system of a person weak through destruction of vital cells that fight infection and diseases. To date, there is no existence of a cure in the United States nor in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, it is easy to prevent HIV infection through varying control measures. . Depending on different factors, some people are more prone to getting infected than others. Such factors include risky sexual behaviors, sex partners and environment (CDC, 2018).HIV is to a large extent spread through unsafe sex, blood contamination, needles, breastfeeding, and delivery and from a mother to her child during pregnancy.
AIDS Definition
Unlike HIV that is a virus, AIDS is a full-blown disease caused by HIV virus. Once a person's immune system becomes extremely weak, then he\she is said to have AIDS. At this moment, a person's immune system is not able to fight diseases or infection. There are certain illnesses and symptoms that develop as a result of a person contracting AIDS. This can also be described as the last HIV stage since at this moment the infection is highly advanced. If the symptoms of this disease are not controlled or treated, a person ends up losing life (Avert, 2017).
How a Person Get Infected with HIV and HIV Life-cycle
HIV attacks T- helper cells which are also known as CD4 cells. This are some forms of white cells. A person is able to have a strong immune system through CD4 cells being healthy because it's the only way they can be able to fight infections and diseases. It is not possible for HIV to reproduce or grow without being in T-helper cells. HIV makes many copies or reproduces while inside these cells. As a result of the reproduction, the immune system gets damaged which causes it to weak a person's natural immune system. The overall health of a person is the main determinant of how the HIV virus grows. Other determinants of HIV growth is how constant a person takes treatment and how early a person gets diagonalzed. If the antiretroviral treatment is taken correctly, then the immune system remains healthy hence pr.
This document discusses sexual health and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining sexual health and describing how STIs are spread primarily through sexual intercourse and can have long-term negative health consequences. It then explains that women are often more vulnerable to STIs due to social factors and biological risks. The document outlines the major STIs affecting millions of people annually and their prevalence worldwide. It also discusses populations at higher risk of STIs and how STIs can be transmitted from mother to child.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS epidemiology in the Philippines. It notes that the number of new HIV cases per day in the Philippines has risen sharply in recent years. While overall HIV prevalence remains below 1%, prevalence among high-risk groups has also increased. Several factors put the Philippines at risk of a broader epidemic, including increasing mobility, sex work, unsafe sex, and injecting drug use. The document also outlines how HIV attacks and weakens the immune system.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
HIV destroys T-cells and leads to AIDS if untreated. AIDS was first observed in 1981 and is diagnosed through antibody or PCR testing. The virus is transmitted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or from mother to child. While there is no cure, treatment can control the virus. World AIDS Day aims to raise awareness and support those living with HIV/AIDS. Prevention through safe practices and education is important.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including its causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and causes AIDS. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids including blood, semen and breastmilk.
- Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection, from flu-like symptoms during acute infection to opportunistic infections and cancers with late-stage AIDS.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent transmission. Combination drug therapy can control the virus and prolong healthy life.
- Prevention methods include safe sex practices, needle exchange for drug users, treatment of infected mothers and newborns,
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
This document summarizes HIV infection in pediatric patients. It describes the natural history of the disease, including three patterns of progression. It discusses clinical manifestations, opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis pneumonia, and respiratory diseases seen in HIV-infected children. It also outlines the WHO clinical staging criteria for pediatric HIV/AIDS.
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
This document discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV. It begins with global epidemiology statistics, including that there are 35.3 million people living with HIV worldwide. It then provides more specific statistics on new infections, deaths, at-risk groups, and prevalence by region. Regarding pathogenesis, it explains that HIV primarily attaches to CD4 receptors on cells and integrates its genetic material, leading to infection. It also discusses the body's immune response and how HIV evades detection through high mutation rates. Prevention methods discussed include behavior change, condoms, testing, and antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS including what HIV/AIDS is, how it progresses, transmission routes, prevention methods, and treatment. It defines AIDS as occurring in people with HIV when the CD4 count is below 200 or they have an opportunistic infection. HIV progressively damages the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow its progression. The document outlines transmission routes like unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother to child; and prevention methods like condom use, circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and not sharing needles.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens a person's immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects cells in the human immune system. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, where opportunities infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system. The virus is most often transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent opportunities infections.
The AIDS epidemic in Africa is a major problem, with nearly 68% of the world's AIDS cases located in Africa, totaling around 22.2 million people. HIV attacks and breaks down the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Without treatment, most HIV-positive people will develop AIDS. As the virus destroys immune cells over many years, people may experience mild symptoms initially but eventually develop serious infections associated with late-stage AIDS. Raising awareness about the crisis and providing education and resources are important steps to address the epidemic.
The document discusses various sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infectious diseases. It covers bacterial STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STIs discussed include herpes and HPV. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection that can develop from untreated STIs. The document also addresses HIV/AIDS transmission and treatment. Prevention strategies mentioned are abstinence, monogamy, safer sex practices, and vaccinations.
This document discusses HIV and periodontal disease. It provides background on HIV, describing its identification in 1983 and the two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. It reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV as well as stages of infection. The relationship between periodontal disease and HIV is complex, with some studies finding higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV+ individuals compared to controls, while other studies found limited differences or no relationship when accounting for CD4 count and ART. Periodontal disease in HIV patients can include conditions like linear gingival erythema and necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
1
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Research Paper on HIV and AIDS
Kimberly H. Morgan
EDRC-533: Medical and Psychosocial Aspects
Dr. Michelle L. Priester
April 30, 2018
HIV/AIDS
Abstract
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. The term in full stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus has led to massive deaths globally with many more people being infected as well as being affected by the effects of the virus. In this paper, we shall describe the virus in depth, showing how it gets into a person's body, its causes and symptoms. We shall also discuss its prevalence and how it has affected people's lives. Most importantly, we shall discuss how a person can be treated after being infected with the virus. Finally, we shall study various preventative measures that can be used against the virus.
HIV Definition
The term HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is a virus that makes the immune system of a person weak through destruction of vital cells that fight infection and diseases. To date, there is no existence of a cure in the United States nor in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, it is easy to prevent HIV infection through varying control measures. . Depending on different factors, some people are more prone to getting infected than others. Such factors include risky sexual behaviors, sex partners and environment (CDC, 2018).HIV is to a large extent spread through unsafe sex, blood contamination, needles, breastfeeding, and delivery and from a mother to her child during pregnancy.
AIDS Definition
Unlike HIV that is a virus, AIDS is a full-blown disease caused by HIV virus. Once a person's immune system becomes extremely weak, then he\she is said to have AIDS. At this moment, a person's immune system is not able to fight diseases or infection. There are certain illnesses and symptoms that develop as a result of a person contracting AIDS. This can also be described as the last HIV stage since at this moment the infection is highly advanced. If the symptoms of this disease are not controlled or treated, a person ends up losing life (Avert, 2017).
How a Person Get Infected with HIV and HIV Life-cycle
HIV attacks T- helper cells which are also known as CD4 cells. This are some forms of white cells. A person is able to have a strong immune system through CD4 cells being healthy because it's the only way they can be able to fight infections and diseases. It is not possible for HIV to reproduce or grow without being in T-helper cells. HIV makes many copies or reproduces while inside these cells. As a result of the reproduction, the immune system gets damaged which causes it to weak a person's natural immune system. The overall health of a person is the main determinant of how the HIV virus grows. Other determinants of HIV growth is how constant a person takes treatment and how early a person gets diagonalzed. If the antiretroviral treatment is taken correctly, then the immune system remains healthy hence pr.
This document discusses sexual health and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining sexual health and describing how STIs are spread primarily through sexual intercourse and can have long-term negative health consequences. It then explains that women are often more vulnerable to STIs due to social factors and biological risks. The document outlines the major STIs affecting millions of people annually and their prevalence worldwide. It also discusses populations at higher risk of STIs and how STIs can be transmitted from mother to child.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS epidemiology in the Philippines. It notes that the number of new HIV cases per day in the Philippines has risen sharply in recent years. While overall HIV prevalence remains below 1%, prevalence among high-risk groups has also increased. Several factors put the Philippines at risk of a broader epidemic, including increasing mobility, sex work, unsafe sex, and injecting drug use. The document also outlines how HIV attacks and weakens the immune system.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
HIV destroys T-cells and leads to AIDS if untreated. AIDS was first observed in 1981 and is diagnosed through antibody or PCR testing. The virus is transmitted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or from mother to child. While there is no cure, treatment can control the virus. World AIDS Day aims to raise awareness and support those living with HIV/AIDS. Prevention through safe practices and education is important.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
Similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Kaya Kalp International Sex & Health Clinics.pdf (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Kaya Kalp International Sex & Health Clinics.pdf
1. Erectile Dysfunction Premature Ejaculation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus
family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in
humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening
opportunistic infections.
Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-
ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids.
The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles,
breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth
(vertical transmission).
HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health
Organization (WHO).
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2. From its discovery in 1981 to 2006, AIDS killed more than 25 million people. A
third of these deaths are occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic
growth and increasing poverty. According to current estimates, HIV is set to
infect 90 million people in Africa, resulting in a minimum estimate of 18 million
orphans.
HIV infects primarily vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T
cells (to be specific, CD4+ T cells.
HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers
decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body
becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Most untreated people infected with HIV-1 eventually develop AIDS. These
individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated
with the progressive failure of the immune system.
HIV progresses to AIDS at a variable rate affected by viral, host, and
environmental factors; most will progress to AIDS within 10 years of HIV
infection: some will have progressed much sooner, and some will take much
longer.Treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people
infected with HIV.
3. Three main transmission routes for HIV have been identified. HIV-2 is
transmitted much less frequently by the mother-to-child and sexual route than
HIV-1.
UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people
since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive
pandemics in recorded history. .
Sub-Saharan Africa remains by far the worst-affected region, with an estimated
21.6 to 27.4 million people currently living with HIV.
South & South East Asia are second-worst affected with 15% of the total. AIDS
accounts for the deaths of 500,000 children in this region. South Africa has the
largest number of HIV patients in the world followed by Nigeria.
Countries such as Uganda are attempting to curb the epidemic by offering VCT
(voluntary counselling and testing), PMTCT (prevention of mother-to-child
transmission) and ANC (ante-natal care) services, which include the distribution
of antiretroviral therapy.
Classification
There are two species of HIV known to exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus
that was initially discovered. It is more virulent, more infective, and is the cause
of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 relatively
poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.
COMPARISON OF HIV
SPECIES
Species Virulence Infectivity Prevalence Inferred Origin
HIV –
1
High High Global Common
Chimpanzee
4. COMPARISON OF HIV
SPECIES
HIV - 2 Lower Low West
Africa
Sooty Mangabey
Signs & Symptoms
Infection with HIV-1 is associated with a progressive decrease of the CD4+ T cell
count and an increase in viral load. The stage of infection can be determined by
measuring the patient’s CD4+ T cell count, and the level of HIV in the blood.
HIV infection has basically four stages : 1) Incubation period, 2) Acute infection,
3) Latency stage and 4) AIDS.
The initial incubation period upon infection is asymptomatic and usually lasts
between two and four weeks. The second stage, acute infection, lasts an
average of 28 days and can include symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy
(swollen lymph nodes), pharyngitis (sore throat), rash, myalgia (muscle pain),
malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores.
The Latency stage, which occurs third, shows few or no symptoms and can last
anywhere from two weeks to twenty years and beyond. AIDS, the fourth and
final stage of HIV infection shows as symptoms of various opportunistic
infections.
Main symptoms of acute HIV infection.
5. The initial infection with HIV generally occurs after transfer of body fluids from
an infected person to an uninfected one. The first stage of infection, the primary,
or acute infection, is a period of rapid viral replication that immediately follows
the individual’s exposure to HIV leading to an abundance of virus in the
peripheral blood with levels of HIV commonly approaching several million viruses
per mL.
This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating
CD4+ T cells. This acute viremia is associated in virtually all patients with the
activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV-infected cells.
The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels,
which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts rebound. A good CD8+ T
cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better
prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.
During this period (usually 2–4 weeks post-exposure) most individuals (80 to
90%) develop an influenza, the most common symptoms of which may include
fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myalgia, malaise, mouth and
esophageal sores, and may also include, but less commonly, headache, nausea
and vomiting, enlarged liver/spleen, weight loss, thrush, and neurological
symptoms. Infected individuals may experience all, some, or none of these
symptoms. The duration of symptoms varies, averaging 28 days and usually
lasting at least a week.
Because of the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, they are often not
recognized as signs of HIV infection. Even if patients go to their doctors or a
hospital, they will often be misdiagnosed as having one of the more common
infectious diseases with the same symptoms. As a consequence, these primary
symptoms are not used to diagnose HIV infection, as they do not develop in all
cases and because many are caused by other more common diseases. However,
recognizing the syndrome can be important because the patient is much more
infectious during this period.
6. Latency stage
A strong immune defense reduces the number of viral particles in the blood
stream, marking the start of the infection’s clinical latency stage. Clinical latency
can vary between two weeks and 20 years. During this early phase of infection,
HIV is active within lymphoid organs, where large amounts of virus become
trapped in the follicular dendritic cells (FDC) network.
The surrounding tissues that are rich in CD4+ T cells may also become infected,
and viral particles accumulate both in infected cells and as free virus. Individuals
who are in this phase are still infectious. During this time, CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells
carry most of the proviral load.
AIDS
When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level of 200 cells per µL, cell-
mediated immunity is lost, and infections with a variety of opportunistic
microbes appear.
The first symptoms often include moderate and unexplained weight loss,
recurring respiratory tract infections (such as sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media,
pharyngitis), prostatitis, skin rashes, and oral ulcerations.
Common opportunistic infections and tumors, most of which are normally
controlled by robust CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity then start to affect the
patient. Typically, resistance is lost early on to oral Candida species and to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which leads to an increased susceptibility to oral
candidiasis (thrush) and tuberculosis.
Later, reactivation of latent herpes viruses may cause worsening recurrences of
herpes simplex eruptions.
Pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii is common and often
fatal. In the final stages of AIDS, infection with cytomegalovirus (another herpes
virus) or Mycobacterium avium complex is more prominent. Not all patients with
7. AIDS get all these infections or tumors, and there are other tumors and
infections that are less prominent but still significant.
The majority of HIV infections are acquired through unprotected sexual relations.
Sexual transmission can occur when infected sexual secretions of one partner
come into contact with the genital, oral, or rectal mucous membranes of
another.
The correct and consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of sexual
transmission of HIV by about 85%.
In general, if infected blood comes into contact with any open wound, HIV may
be transmitted. This transmission route can account for infections in intravenous
drug users.
Since transmission of HIV by blood became known medical personnel are
required to protect themselves from contact with blood by the use of universal
precautions. People who give and receive tattoos, piercings, and scarification
procedures can also be at risk of infection.
HIV has been found at low concentrations in the saliva, tears and urine of
infected individuals, but there are no recorded cases of infection by these
secretions and the potential risk of transmission is negligible.. It is not possible
for mosquitoes to transmit HIV.
Mother-to-child
The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur in utero
(during pregnancy), intrapartum (at childbirth), or via breast feeding. In the
absence of treatment, the transmission rate up to birth between the mother and
child is around 25%.[31] However, where combination antiretroviral drug
treatment and Cesarian section are available, this risk can be reduced to as low
as one percent.
Postnatal mother-to-child transmission may be largely prevented by complete
8. avoidance of breast feeding.
Diagnosis
Many HIV-positive people are unaware that they are infected with the virus.
HIV-1 testing consists of initial screening with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1.
Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested. If retest is reactive, the
specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing
with a more specific supplemental test (e.g., Western blot. Specimens that are
repeatedly reactive by ELISA and reactive by Western blot are considered HIV-
positive and indicative of HIV infection.
Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate.
Treatment
There is currently no publicly available vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. However,
a vaccine that is a combination of two previously unsuccessful vaccine
candidates was reported in September 2009 to have resulted in a 30% reduction
in infections in a trial conducted in Thailand. Additionally, a course of
antiretroviral treatment administered immediately after exposure, referred to as
post-exposure prophylaxis, is believed to reduce the risk of infection if begun as
quickly as possible.
Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral
therapy, or HAART. This has been highly beneficial to many HIV-infected
individuals since its introduction in 1996, when the protease inhibitor-based
HAART initially became available.
Current HAART options are combinations (or “cocktails”) consisting of at least
three drugs belonging to at least two types, or “classes,” of antiretroviral agents.
In developed countries where HAART is available, doctors assess their patients
9. thoroughly: measuring the viral load, how fast CD4 declines, and patient
readiness. They then decide when to recommend starting treatment.
HAART neither cures the patient nor does it uniformly remove all symptoms;
high levels of HIV-1, often HAART resistant, return if treatment is stopped.
Moreover, it would take more than a lifetime for HIV infection to be cleared using
HAART.
Despite this, many HIV-infected individuals have experienced remarkable
improvements in their general health and quality of life.
The development of HAART as effective therapy for HIV infection has
substantially reduced the death rate from this disease in those areas where
these drugs are widely available.
Prognosis
Without treatment, the net median survival time after infection with HIV is
estimated to be 9 to 11 years.
In areas where it is widely available, the development of HAART as effective
therapy for HIV infection and AIDS reduced the death rate from this disease by
80%, and raised the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed HIV-infected person to
20–50 years.
Male Sexual Problems
Masturbation – हस्तमैथुन
Nightfall – स्वप्नदोष
Spermatorrhoea – Dhaat Syndrome – धातु रोग
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)- नपुंसकता
Impotency
Premature Ejaculation – शीध्रपतन
Penis Size Enlargement
Abnormal shape of Penis
Erectile Dysfunction & Alcohol