Chapter 1

KJC 353
BASIC WATER & WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING
PART 2 : WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang ©Caroline Marajan
KJC 353 Basic Water & Wastewater Engineering Semester January 2007 – April 2007
Semester January 2007 –

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO WATER
SUPPLY


Factors Affecting Water Uses
Factors Affecting Water Demand
Historical Development Of Water Supply
Environmental Issues in Planning For Water Supply
Agencies for Water Supply in Malaysia


WATER SUPPLY
INTRODUCTION
Importance of water supply system
Water Crisis - water supply can be disrupted
due to drought
Drought can lead to severely polluted water
sources beyond handling capacity of the
treatment plants
Poor monitoring and maintenance in the
distribution of water supply – large amount of
losses and waste in distribution system
KJC 353 Basic Water & Wastewater Engineering Semester July 2006 – November 2006
Semester July 2006 –

INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY
Factor Affecting Water Uses
Category Remarks
Household Water used for cooking, drinking, general
(Domestic) cleaning, sanitation and garden watering
Used in industries – process water which end
up in products or water used for cooling,
Industrial diluting, mixing, quenching, rinsing,
backwashing and scrubbing to control
emissions
Include water in shops, shopping centre,
Commercial hotels, recreational facilities such as theme
parks, restaurants and private offices.

Factor Affecting Water Uses

Category Remarks
Water used in public buildings such as gov.
Institutional offices, schools and universities, hospitals and
correctional facilities (jail, drugs, etc)
Water used for irrigation system for padi
Agricultural
planting, water used at livestock farm
Water used to water public parks, fire fighting,
general cleaning of public areas and municipal
Others
facilities and water losses due to leakages and
illegal tapings


Factor Affecting Water Demands

POPULATION SIZE

CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION

INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL ACT.

WEATHER & CLIMATE

MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF
WATER SUPPLY

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER DEMAND
Population Size
Water demand directly related to the
population size
Large city like KL – have higher water
demand
Permatang Pauh – smaller water demand
Population density affect the design of the
distribution system - the dictate the size of
storage tanks & mains size of distribution

Characteristics of Population
Composition of the population in terms of
economic well being will influence the daily
activities
Affluence (wealth) of the population and social
norm with regards to water uses also have
bearing on the amount of water used
High incomes households – demand higher –
uses of washing machines, dishwashers,
swimming pools, garden watering, car washing
Low income – only for cooking and washing
clothes and dishes

Industrial & Commercial Activities
Large number and high intensity of industrial
activities would demand more water compared
to cities which are residential and commercial
Shah Alam or Mak Mandin in Penang – exert
higher water demand compared to towns in Alor
Setar and Kapit, Sarawak
Water demand (industry) depend on the type of
industry, product, plant size and level of water
quality required

Industrial & Commercial Activities
Steel Manufacturing Plant
Exert large demand for water, used as cooling water
compared to electronic equipment assembling plant
Water Quality
Impact on the design of water treatment plants
Quality of cooling water in power generation plant
need not to be the same quality of water used in
domestic
Sultan Salahuddin power plant in Kapar – uses sea
water for cooling – not necessary for authorities to
consider this in the design of public water supply
system

Weather & Climate

Hot climate and dry season would induce
higher water demand for water
Domestic water use in tropical countries
more than cold temperate climate like UK,
Germany, Canada, etc


Monitoring & Maintenance Water Supply System
To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the system
Scheduled monitoring and regular inspection of
distribution system – can reduced water losses due to
pipe breaks and illegal tapping
Repair of broken pipes – help reduce amount of
unaccounted and non revenue water
Non revenue water – 45% of total water produced at
treatment plants
If the these losses – can be made available to consumers
Reduce the pressure of finding new sources or need to
adopt basin transfer in event of water shortage due to
prolonged drought

Early civilisation – rivers main water
supply
Cities are build near rivers
KL – communities evolved near rivers for
water
Population increases and river bank are
overcrowded, people start moving to larger
place
This creates the need or water to transfer
from source to users


Romans build aquaduct to bring water to
several location in cities
Collect water from these locations and carry
back to their homes
Supply individual homes – must have
invention of pipes
But water treatment did not go for any water
treatment



As population grows – amount of waste
increased
Leads to contamination of water supply
Earliest treatment – filtration and
sedimentation – improves the appearance
But not the disease carrier – water borne
diseases – cholera, typhoid, dysentry and
viral hepatitis



Found that cities with sand filters – less
susceptible to these diseases
Early 1900s – UK & USA – used sand
filters as part as their treatment
Sand filters removed most of MO from
water
Then chlorination was incorporated by
water authorities – remains until today

Water supply objectives not only to provide
sufficient amount of water
Water supply objectives also to ensure water
supplied follows the quality characteristics;
Clear & free from suspended matter
Palatable – colorless, odorless and free of unpleasant
taste
Safe & free from disease carriers or harmful
chemicals
Reasonably soft – no excessive concentration of
soap consuming mineral salts


Properly designed and managed water
supply schemes – tremendous benefits
Well engineered water supply schemes to
control of many diseases, increased
agricultural production and greatly
improved the quality of human lives


Dams & Reservoirs
Or/and
Wells

Water intake Points
Conduits
Pumping Plants

Treatment Plants
Storage Reservoirs

Distribution mains and fittings
Pumping Stations
User Storage

Environmental Issues in Planning for
Water Supply
Lack of space for Industrial areas
Located upstream of water intake points of water
treatment plants
Effluents treated and untreated found their way into
rivers
Effluent contains
Viruses
Bacteria
Dissolved minerals
Organic & Inorganics suspended solids


Water Supply

Shut down of WTP
Increase in pollution level in the river
Shut down due to spillage of diesel oil
originating from a quarry
On some plants were shut down because the
concentration of ammonia in river was too
high


Water Supply
Intensive agricultural activities – use chemical
fertilizers and poorly organized and managed
livestock farms – caused uncontrollable
pollution in rivers
Poor air quality
Result in contaminated rainfalls and runoffs to river
systems
Increase in green house gases due to emissions from
industries and vehicles has led to more heat trapped
in earth’s atmosphere – global warming

Water Supply

Deteriorating quality of raw water, much
more effort and capital need to be
invested into water treatment plant to
ensure that consumers receive water
complies to the Standard (WHO) and
Ministry of Health, M’sia



Agencies of Water Supply in Malaysia
Institutional & Organizational aspects of water
supply in Malaysia – complex with various
Government Agencies
State Water Authority carries the following
functions
Secure budget to finance new water supply projects
and to maintain the existing water supply works
Setting appropriate tariff for water supplied to
consumers
To comply with standards & monitor water quality
To study & authorize privatization of projects related

AGENCIES OF WATER SUPPLY

State Government Agencies

States Water Authority
Melaka, Pulau Pinang, Perak & Water Boards
Sarawak (Kuching & Sibu)
Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan, State Water Supply
Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, Departments
Johor & Terengganu
Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perlis & State Public Works
Sarawak Department
Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan Malaysian Public
Works Department


Federal Agencies
Federal Agency Role
Public Works Responsible for the technical development of
Department – Water water supply industry
Supply Section
Drainage & Irrigation Responsible for Urban Drainage, Agricultural
Department Irrigation and drainage, Coastal Protection, River
Engineering and monitoring of hydrological data.
Ministry of Health Responsible for monitoring potable water
quality, monitoring outbreak of water borne
diseases and the provision of safe drinking water
in remote rural areas



Federal Agencies

Federal Agency Role
Ministry of Human To ensure water supplies at estate plantation are
Resources adequate

Ministry of Land & Responsible for water provision to Felda
Cooperatives schemes and other regional development areas

Prime Ministers Responsible for medium and long term planning
Department – and controlling the allocations of fund for the
Economic Planning water supply sector
Unit


Chapter 1

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