CH9 Urinary System Abbreviations
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This document defines and explains several key abbreviations related to the urinary system: ARF (acute renal failure), BUN (blood urea nitrogen), cath (catheterization), CRF (chronic renal failure), and H2O (water). It provides details on what each abbreviation stands for and describes associated medical conditions and diagnostic tests. The document serves as a reference for several important terms in nephrology.
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PENGENALAN KEPADA HEMODIALISIS
The document discusses hemodialysis as a treatment for kidney failure. It provides 3 key points:
1. Hemodialysis involves removing waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure using a dialysis machine and dialyzer. The blood is circulated outside of the body through the dialyzer via needles in an arteriovenous fistula or catheter.
2. During hemodialysis, toxins and water move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane into the dialysate fluid over 4 hours to clean the blood.
3. Hemodialysis is indicated for patients with end stage renal disease, acute kidney injury, or who have failed other renal replacement therapies like
Kidney failure
Kidneys are important for removing waste from the blood and regulating fluid and mineral balance. Kidney failure can result from high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, or injuries. Treatment options for kidney failure include kidney transplant, hemodialysis using a dialysis machine, or peritoneal dialysis using a bag and membranes. Hemodialysis involves pumping blood out of the body into a dialysis machine where waste diffuses out of the blood and it is returned cleaned to the body.
Dialysis
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to replicate kidney function for patients with kidney failure. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter waste from the blood outside of the body through a semipermeable membrane, while peritoneal dialysis introduces fluid into the abdomen to draw waste from the blood vessels within. Both aim to control fluid balance and remove toxins when the kidneys are unable to do so, helping to correct conditions like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Key differences between the two include that hemodialysis requires vascular access while peritoneal dialysis uses a permanent catheter, and that hemodialysis is done at a center several times a week
pesentation on haemodylysis
In Australia, approximately 75% of dialysis patients undergo haemodialysis, which involves circulating the patient's blood through an artificial kidney machine to cleanse it of wastes and excess fluid. Each treatment lasts 5-6 hours and is usually done 3 times per week. Overnight and more frequent dialysis at home is also possible if recommended. Dialysis cleanses the blood using a semi-permeable membrane that allows small particles through but retains large ones, filtering out excess water and waste products. There are two main dialysis methods: haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Renal dialysis
Renal dialysis is a process that artificially performs the functions of the kidneys for patients with kidney failure. There are two primary types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine to filter blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Dialysis removes waste and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels by processes of diffusion, ultrafiltration, and osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Dialysis
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including what it is, its goals, principles, types (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis), procedures, complications, diet restrictions, and recovery. Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the blood through diffusion or filtration for patients whose kidney function has declined to less than 15%. It maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Hemodialysis is done at a clinic and involves circulating blood outside the body through a dialyzer, while peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
Gfr
The document discusses glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the factors that determine it. GFR is determined by the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures across the glomerular capillary membrane as well as the capillary filtration coefficient. The average GFR in adults is about 125 mL/min. Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure will increase GFR, while increased colloid osmotic pressure or Bowman's capsule pressure will decrease GFR. GFR can be estimated by measuring creatinine or inulin clearance. Glomerular diseases can present as nephritic syndrome with hematuria and mild proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome with
Recommended
PENGENALAN KEPADA HEMODIALISIS
The document discusses hemodialysis as a treatment for kidney failure. It provides 3 key points:
1. Hemodialysis involves removing waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure using a dialysis machine and dialyzer. The blood is circulated outside of the body through the dialyzer via needles in an arteriovenous fistula or catheter.
2. During hemodialysis, toxins and water move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane into the dialysate fluid over 4 hours to clean the blood.
3. Hemodialysis is indicated for patients with end stage renal disease, acute kidney injury, or who have failed other renal replacement therapies like
Kidney failure
Kidneys are important for removing waste from the blood and regulating fluid and mineral balance. Kidney failure can result from high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, or injuries. Treatment options for kidney failure include kidney transplant, hemodialysis using a dialysis machine, or peritoneal dialysis using a bag and membranes. Hemodialysis involves pumping blood out of the body into a dialysis machine where waste diffuses out of the blood and it is returned cleaned to the body.
Dialysis
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to replicate kidney function for patients with kidney failure. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter waste from the blood outside of the body through a semipermeable membrane, while peritoneal dialysis introduces fluid into the abdomen to draw waste from the blood vessels within. Both aim to control fluid balance and remove toxins when the kidneys are unable to do so, helping to correct conditions like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Key differences between the two include that hemodialysis requires vascular access while peritoneal dialysis uses a permanent catheter, and that hemodialysis is done at a center several times a week
pesentation on haemodylysis
In Australia, approximately 75% of dialysis patients undergo haemodialysis, which involves circulating the patient's blood through an artificial kidney machine to cleanse it of wastes and excess fluid. Each treatment lasts 5-6 hours and is usually done 3 times per week. Overnight and more frequent dialysis at home is also possible if recommended. Dialysis cleanses the blood using a semi-permeable membrane that allows small particles through but retains large ones, filtering out excess water and waste products. There are two main dialysis methods: haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Renal dialysis
Renal dialysis is a process that artificially performs the functions of the kidneys for patients with kidney failure. There are two primary types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine to filter blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Dialysis removes waste and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels by processes of diffusion, ultrafiltration, and osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Dialysis
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including what it is, its goals, principles, types (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis), procedures, complications, diet restrictions, and recovery. Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the blood through diffusion or filtration for patients whose kidney function has declined to less than 15%. It maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Hemodialysis is done at a clinic and involves circulating blood outside the body through a dialyzer, while peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
Gfr
The document discusses glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the factors that determine it. GFR is determined by the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures across the glomerular capillary membrane as well as the capillary filtration coefficient. The average GFR in adults is about 125 mL/min. Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure will increase GFR, while increased colloid osmotic pressure or Bowman's capsule pressure will decrease GFR. GFR can be estimated by measuring creatinine or inulin clearance. Glomerular diseases can present as nephritic syndrome with hematuria and mild proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome with
Medicaltermch.9 3
The document defines and describes several medical terms and tests:
BUN and creatinine tests measure kidney function by detecting levels of waste products in the blood. A urinary catheter is a flexible tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine, and is often used when someone can't empty their bladder normally or has an obstruction. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder where blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged, allowing protein to leak from the blood into the urine and cause edema.
Continuous renal replacement therapy
This document provides information about continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). It begins by explaining that CRRT is a type of hemodialysis used for critically ill patients with acute or chronic kidney failure. CRRT circulates blood through a filter and slowly removes waste and excess fluid over an extended period, preventing rapid fluid shifts. The document then discusses the different modes of CRRT, including continuous venovenous hemofiltration, hemodialysis, and hemodiafiltration. It covers the principles, processes, equipment, and nursing management of CRRT.
artificial kidney
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Artificial kidneys, or dialysis machines, can perform some kidney functions for patients with kidney failure.
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Physiology of urine formation and kidney function test swati mam
The document discusses the physiology of urine formation and relevant kidney functions. It covers:
1. The kidneys filter plasma and remove substances at variable rates depending on body needs. Their main functions include waste excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.
2. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances back into blood, and tubular secretion of other substances into urine.
3. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best test to assess kidney function and is used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease. A normal GFR depends on renal blood flow and pressure.
Renal replacement therapy
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Haemodialysis and anaesthetic implications,
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Continuous renal replacement therapy in icu Crrt 2
This document discusses continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). It begins by defining CRRT and its purpose of substituting impaired renal function over an extended period of 24 hours per day. It then discusses the requirements, indications, principles, and modalities of CRRT. The principles section covers vascular access, semi-permeable membranes, transport mechanisms, and dialysate/replacement fluids. The modalities section explains slow continuous ultrafiltration, continuous venovenous hemofiltration, hemodialysis, and hemodiafiltration. The document also addresses dosing of CRRT, anticoagulation, and complications.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a procedure that removes waste and toxic substances from the body to restore normal fluid composition and volume for patients with severe kidney failure. It works by diffusion of solutes through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration areas. Dialysis is usually done thrice a week for about 6 hours each time using an artificial kidney machine consisting of a dialyzer, membranes, dialysate, and blood delivery system. Peritoneal dialysis infuses fluid into the peritoneal cavity for diffusion exchange while continuous renal replacement therapies are alternatives for acute or chronic kidney failure.
Oliguria n.sunderland
Oliguria is defined as urine output of less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour. It can be caused by pre-renal, renal, or post-renal acute kidney injury. Pre-renal causes include decreased blood flow from conditions like dehydration, heart failure, or blood loss. Renal causes involve direct kidney damage from acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, or infections. Post-renal causes result from urinary outflow obstruction. Evaluation of oliguria includes history, physical exam focusing on fluid status and signs of obstruction, urine and blood tests to identify the specific cause, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology but initially involves fluid resuscitation
Renal replacement therapy
This document discusses various modes of renal replacement therapy, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation. It provides details on how and when each therapy is used to treat both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Hemodialysis is the most common treatment for acute kidney injury and involves removing waste through a dialyzer via vascular access points. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the peritoneal membrane through a catheter and frequent infusions of dialysate. Renal transplantation provides the best outcomes but requires an organ donor and lifelong immunosuppression.
AN OVERVIEW OF DIALYSIS
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including:
- Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the bloodstream for those with kidney failure through diffusion or ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane.
- The two primary types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialyzer, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum.
- Hemofiltration works via convection rather than diffusion to filter blood and remove larger solutes less cleared by hemodialysis.
renal replacement therapies
Renal replacement therapies like dialysis and continuous renal replacement therapies are used to replace kidney function in patients with kidney failure. Dialysis involves diffusion of toxins out of the bloodstream across a semipermeable membrane. The main types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the patient's peritoneum. Hemodialysis requires vascular access via an arteriovenous fistula or graft and occurs several times per week. Peritoneal dialysis involves infusing dialysate into the peritoneal cavity daily to remove waste through the peritoneum. Continuous renal replacement therapies continuously filter blood using convection and diffusion.
Diaysis john
The document discusses dialysis as a renal replacement therapy for patients with kidney failure or injury. It describes the process of diffusion and ultrafiltration that occurs during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis to remove waste and excess fluid. Complications related to each type of dialysis are also outlined. Nursing considerations are provided for pre-dialysis assessment, monitoring patients during treatment, and post-dialysis care.
Artificial kidney , dialysis and renal transplant By Pandian M
INDICATIONS OF DIALYSIS
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIALYSIS WITH AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNRY
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
INDICATIONS OF RENAL TRANSPLANTION
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of renal function that involves calculating the rate of filtration from the plasma clearance curve after injecting a radiopharmaceutical like Cr-51 EDTA. Multiple blood samples are taken over several hours. GFR is used to detect renal failure, assess kidney function before chemotherapy or transplantation, and evaluate single kidney function. It has indications like dose calculation for chemotherapy and contraindications like ascites or edema. The patient prepares by avoiding caffeine and high protein, and stopping some drugs. The radiotracer is injected and blood samples are taken and analyzed to calculate GFR and determine if results are normal or abnormal.
RENAL REPALCEMENT THERAPY
Renal replacement therapy replaces the normal filtering function of the kidneys using modalities like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane for diffusion and ultrafiltration of solutes and fluid, while hemodialysis uses an external dialyzer to filter the blood via diffusion and convection. Both therapies aim to control uremia, electrolyte abnormalities, and fluid balance. Continuous renal replacement therapy provides prolonged renal replacement for critically ill patients through continuous venovenous hemofiltration or hemodialysis.
Artificial kidney
This document provides an overview of kidney function and different types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. It outlines that the kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. When the kidneys fail, dialysis is needed to perform these functions externally or internally. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which filters blood outside the body using a machine, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen to filter blood inside the body. Both have benefits and limitations in treating kidney failure.
ppt kidney
This document is a student submission for a natural science course at Kerala University. It provides information about the structure and function of the kidneys. It identifies the key parts of the kidney including the cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal artery, renal vein, pelvis, and ureter. It also notes that kidneys filter blood and eliminate waste from the body in the form of urine.
CRRT
CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) involves using an extracorporeal circuit connected to the patient via catheters to slowly remove fluid and toxins over 24 hours, mimicking the function of the kidneys. It was developed for critically ill patients who cannot tolerate the fluid shifts of intermittent hemodialysis. CRRT uses a semipermeable membrane to filter fluids and small molecules from the blood based on hydrostatic pressure gradients. It provides more hemodynamic stability than intermittent hemodialysis and allows for better nutrition support by preventing fluid overload. CRRT is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate intermittent dialysis due to hemodynamic instability from their critical illness.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
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Medicaltermch.9 3
The document defines and describes several medical terms and tests:
BUN and creatinine tests measure kidney function by detecting levels of waste products in the blood. A urinary catheter is a flexible tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine, and is often used when someone can't empty their bladder normally or has an obstruction. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder where blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged, allowing protein to leak from the blood into the urine and cause edema.
Continuous renal replacement therapy
This document provides information about continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). It begins by explaining that CRRT is a type of hemodialysis used for critically ill patients with acute or chronic kidney failure. CRRT circulates blood through a filter and slowly removes waste and excess fluid over an extended period, preventing rapid fluid shifts. The document then discusses the different modes of CRRT, including continuous venovenous hemofiltration, hemodialysis, and hemodiafiltration. It covers the principles, processes, equipment, and nursing management of CRRT.
artificial kidney
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Artificial kidneys, or dialysis machines, can perform some kidney functions for patients with kidney failure.
Dialysis and Urolithiasis and its dietary management
Dialysis : principle, types, working ,dietary management its drawbacks and prevention
Urolithiasis :types , causes, most prone regions, diets for recovery and further prevention and treatment.
Physiology of urine formation and kidney function test swati mam
The document discusses the physiology of urine formation and relevant kidney functions. It covers:
1. The kidneys filter plasma and remove substances at variable rates depending on body needs. Their main functions include waste excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.
2. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances back into blood, and tubular secretion of other substances into urine.
3. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best test to assess kidney function and is used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease. A normal GFR depends on renal blood flow and pressure.
Renal replacement therapy
Renal replacement therapy,
Haemodialysis and anaesthetic implications,
Different haemodialysis modalities,
SLEDD,
Complications,
Vascular access for renal replacement therapy
Continuous renal replacement therapy in icu Crrt 2
This document discusses continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). It begins by defining CRRT and its purpose of substituting impaired renal function over an extended period of 24 hours per day. It then discusses the requirements, indications, principles, and modalities of CRRT. The principles section covers vascular access, semi-permeable membranes, transport mechanisms, and dialysate/replacement fluids. The modalities section explains slow continuous ultrafiltration, continuous venovenous hemofiltration, hemodialysis, and hemodiafiltration. The document also addresses dosing of CRRT, anticoagulation, and complications.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a procedure that removes waste and toxic substances from the body to restore normal fluid composition and volume for patients with severe kidney failure. It works by diffusion of solutes through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration areas. Dialysis is usually done thrice a week for about 6 hours each time using an artificial kidney machine consisting of a dialyzer, membranes, dialysate, and blood delivery system. Peritoneal dialysis infuses fluid into the peritoneal cavity for diffusion exchange while continuous renal replacement therapies are alternatives for acute or chronic kidney failure.
Oliguria n.sunderland
Oliguria is defined as urine output of less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour. It can be caused by pre-renal, renal, or post-renal acute kidney injury. Pre-renal causes include decreased blood flow from conditions like dehydration, heart failure, or blood loss. Renal causes involve direct kidney damage from acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, or infections. Post-renal causes result from urinary outflow obstruction. Evaluation of oliguria includes history, physical exam focusing on fluid status and signs of obstruction, urine and blood tests to identify the specific cause, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology but initially involves fluid resuscitation
Renal replacement therapy
This document discusses various modes of renal replacement therapy, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation. It provides details on how and when each therapy is used to treat both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Hemodialysis is the most common treatment for acute kidney injury and involves removing waste through a dialyzer via vascular access points. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the peritoneal membrane through a catheter and frequent infusions of dialysate. Renal transplantation provides the best outcomes but requires an organ donor and lifelong immunosuppression.
AN OVERVIEW OF DIALYSIS
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including:
- Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the bloodstream for those with kidney failure through diffusion or ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane.
- The two primary types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialyzer, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum.
- Hemofiltration works via convection rather than diffusion to filter blood and remove larger solutes less cleared by hemodialysis.
renal replacement therapies
Renal replacement therapies like dialysis and continuous renal replacement therapies are used to replace kidney function in patients with kidney failure. Dialysis involves diffusion of toxins out of the bloodstream across a semipermeable membrane. The main types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the patient's peritoneum. Hemodialysis requires vascular access via an arteriovenous fistula or graft and occurs several times per week. Peritoneal dialysis involves infusing dialysate into the peritoneal cavity daily to remove waste through the peritoneum. Continuous renal replacement therapies continuously filter blood using convection and diffusion.
Diaysis john
The document discusses dialysis as a renal replacement therapy for patients with kidney failure or injury. It describes the process of diffusion and ultrafiltration that occurs during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis to remove waste and excess fluid. Complications related to each type of dialysis are also outlined. Nursing considerations are provided for pre-dialysis assessment, monitoring patients during treatment, and post-dialysis care.
Artificial kidney , dialysis and renal transplant By Pandian M
INDICATIONS OF DIALYSIS
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIALYSIS WITH AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNRY
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
INDICATIONS OF RENAL TRANSPLANTION
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of renal function that involves calculating the rate of filtration from the plasma clearance curve after injecting a radiopharmaceutical like Cr-51 EDTA. Multiple blood samples are taken over several hours. GFR is used to detect renal failure, assess kidney function before chemotherapy or transplantation, and evaluate single kidney function. It has indications like dose calculation for chemotherapy and contraindications like ascites or edema. The patient prepares by avoiding caffeine and high protein, and stopping some drugs. The radiotracer is injected and blood samples are taken and analyzed to calculate GFR and determine if results are normal or abnormal.
RENAL REPALCEMENT THERAPY
Renal replacement therapy replaces the normal filtering function of the kidneys using modalities like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane for diffusion and ultrafiltration of solutes and fluid, while hemodialysis uses an external dialyzer to filter the blood via diffusion and convection. Both therapies aim to control uremia, electrolyte abnormalities, and fluid balance. Continuous renal replacement therapy provides prolonged renal replacement for critically ill patients through continuous venovenous hemofiltration or hemodialysis.
Artificial kidney
This document provides an overview of kidney function and different types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. It outlines that the kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. When the kidneys fail, dialysis is needed to perform these functions externally or internally. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which filters blood outside the body using a machine, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen to filter blood inside the body. Both have benefits and limitations in treating kidney failure.
ppt kidney
This document is a student submission for a natural science course at Kerala University. It provides information about the structure and function of the kidneys. It identifies the key parts of the kidney including the cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal artery, renal vein, pelvis, and ureter. It also notes that kidneys filter blood and eliminate waste from the body in the form of urine.
CRRT
CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) involves using an extracorporeal circuit connected to the patient via catheters to slowly remove fluid and toxins over 24 hours, mimicking the function of the kidneys. It was developed for critically ill patients who cannot tolerate the fluid shifts of intermittent hemodialysis. CRRT uses a semipermeable membrane to filter fluids and small molecules from the blood based on hydrostatic pressure gradients. It provides more hemodynamic stability than intermittent hemodialysis and allows for better nutrition support by preventing fluid overload. CRRT is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate intermittent dialysis due to hemodynamic instability from their critical illness.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
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- 1. Urinary System Abbreviations Chapter 9 Presentation Peter Mavrikos
- 2. Abbreviations Covered ● ARF – Acute Renal Failure ● BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen ● cath – Catheterization ● CRF – Chronic Renal Failure ● H2O – Water
- 3. ARF – Acute Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure is the sudden onset of the inability of the kidneys to filter waste, often recognized by a lack of urination (oliguria). Causes can include physical trauma to the kidneys or chemical injury in the case of an overdose of medications. In general, some form of interruption causes the loss of function in the kidneys. While some form of support is needed, possibly in the form of dialysis, while the kidneys are recovering from injury, a patient is often able to recover from acute renal failure.
- 4. BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen The BUN test is a blood test used to help assess kidney function. Specifically the test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood where it is found as urea. Since kidneys filter out urea, an elevated BUN level denotes that there is some problem with their normal function. Often run in tandem with the creatinine clearance test, the levels of BUN and creatinine (another waste product filtered out by the kidneys) are compared to help diagnose problems. The test is administered by a standard blood draw from a vein and analyzed in the laboratory along with any other tests ordered.
- 5. cath – Catheterization Catheterization in general is the process by which some form of tubing is inserted in the body for the purpose of removing or adding fluids. There are many types of catheters that can be used in the various bodily systems such as the heart, the cranium, or the bladder. In the case of the urinary system, catheterization generally refers to inserting a tube into the urethra to allow urine to drain freely from the bladder. Often, a type of catheter called a Foley Catheter is used. This type of catheter has a small balloon near the tip which is inflated to allow the catheter to remain in place. Urethral catheterization is indicated for urinary retention, certain diagnostic tests, monitoring of urine output, and situations in which a patient is not able to move freely.
- 6. CRF – Chronic Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure is the loss of kidney function over time due to various causes such as disease or other chronic conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. CRF is measured in five stages, corresponding to the efficiency of filtration in the kidneys, with 5 being the least efficient. At stage 5, the patient needs regular dialysis to remove the waste products from the blood and could potentially be a candidate for kidney transplant. Various tests are used to diagnoze CRF including tests for metabolic products in the blood, kidney tissue biopsy, and imaging of the urinary system components to asses the condition of the kidneys.
- 7. H20 – Water H2O is the common abbreviation for water. It also represents the molecular formula of water, which consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom covalently bonded. Water is one of the most important molecules in the body. Our blood consists of roughly 50% plasma and 50% blood cells. Of this plasma, the majority is pure water. Water is used to transport substances in the body and in our cells, assist us in cooling, help us excrete toxins and metabolic byproducts, and many other necessary functions.
- 8. References ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure ● http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-urea-nitrogen ● http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter ● http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000471.htm ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease