This document discusses renal function tests and kidney diseases. It begins by outlining the objectives and general considerations of kidney structure and function. It then describes various laboratory tests used to evaluate kidney function, including blood and urine tests. It also discusses tests that measure glomerular filtration rate and tubular function. The document concludes by describing different kidney diseases like nephritis, pyelonephritis, and kidney failure.

1. Renal Function Test
B. Voc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Semester – 3
MLT 7 – Bacteriology and Clinical Biochemistry - 2
Chapter – 1

2. Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify the basic structure of kidney organ.
Discuss the factors affecting the kidney functioning.
Identify the laboratory tests for kidney disorders.
Discuss the various kidney function tests.
Determine the osmolality of urine and serum.
Describe the different types of kidney diseases.

3. General Consideration
 Body metabolism
 Urine formation
 Preservation
 Regulation
 Balance
 Factors affecting:
◦ Urine formation
◦ Kidney function
◦ Renal and tubular conditions

4. General Consideration (Contd.)

5. General Consideration
Figure: Longitudinal section of right kidney Figure: Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

6. General Consideration
Figure: Anatomy of the nephron

7. General Consideration
A Journey Through the Nephron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c05mJaeIQuY

8. General Consideration
Urinary system – Human body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1wrTgE

9. Laboratory Tests Aiding in the Evaluation of Kidney Function
Tests for kidney impaired processes
Status of kidney function
Location of defects
Causes:
◦ Pre-renal
◦ Renal
◦ Post-renal

10. Kidney Function Tests
Group I tests:
◦ Blood urea nitrogen
◦ Serum creatinine
◦ Routine urine examination
Group II tests:
◦ Serum total protein, albumins and A/G ratio
◦ Quantitative determination of urinary proteins
◦ Electrophoretic fractionation of serum proteins
◦ Serum cholesterol

11. Kidney Function Tests
Group III tests:
◦ Tests measuring glomerular filtration
◦ Creatinine clearance test
◦ Urea clearance tests
Group IV tests:
◦ Tests measuring tubular function
◦ Determination of specific gravity, concentrating and diluting ability
◦ Determination of serum and urine osmolality
◦ Determination of urine ammonia
◦ Phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) test

12. Kidney Function Tests
Group V tests:
◦ Tests determining acid-base status
◦ Tests determining renal blood flow
Kidney profile tests:
◦ Blood urea nitrogen
◦ Serum total proteins
◦ Creatinine clearance test
◦ Routine urine examination
◦ Serum electrolytes
◦ Blood gases, pH, carbonates

13. Determination of Osmolarity of Urine and Serum
General consideration:
◦ Osmolarity
◦ Osmoreceptors
◦ Osmometer
Freezing point osmometers
◦ Principle
◦ Components
◦ Working

14. Determination of Osmolarity of Urine and Serum (Contd.)
 Specific gravity tests:
◦ Concentrating power of kidneys
◦ Dilution power of kidneys

15. Diseases of the Kidneys
Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Diabetic Nephropathy
Acute renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypertensive Nephropathy
Renal conditions caused by renal calculi

16. Diseases of the Kidneys
Fig 14.5 Kidney afflicted with pyelonephritis

17. Diseases of the Kidneys
Figure: Illustration for Nephritic vs Nephrotic syndrome comparison

18. Diseases of the Kidneys
Artificial Kidneys - Dialysis Machine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YmJUpb8G74

19. Summary
Now, you are able to:
Identify the basic structure of kidney organ.
Discuss the factors affecting the kidney functioning.
Identify the laboratory tests for kidney disorders.
Discuss the various kidney function tests.
Determine the osmolality of urine and serum.
Describe the different types of kidney diseases.

20. References
A Journey Through the Nephron (2013) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c05mJaeIQuY
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Anatomy of the nephron (2014) [Online] available from:
http://museummonger.com/kidney-nephron-anatomy/
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Artificial Kidneys - Dialysis Machine (2012) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YmJUpb8G74
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)

21. References
Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (2013) [Online] available from:
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-26-urinary-
system/deck/8901400
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Kidney anatomy (2014) [Online] available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilum#mediaviewer/File:Blausen_0592_Kidn
eyAnatomy_01.png
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Kidney afflicted with pyelonephritis (2001) [Online] available from:
http://www.smartdraw.com/examples/view/urology+-+pyelonephritis/
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)

22. References
Posterior view of the kidneys (2008) [Online] available from:
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Endocrine.html#top
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Urinary system – Human body (2012) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1wrTgE
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)