This document outlines a course on Internet of Things (IoT). The course will introduce students to creating IoT systems using Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Packet Tracer. Over seven sessions, students will learn to build IoT circuits and programs, develop Python-based IoT solutions, and address IoT security and applications in healthcare, energy, manufacturing and smart cities. The first session defines IoT, its building blocks of sensors, actuators and controllers, and explores processes and feedback loops in controlled IoT systems.

1. Special Topics (0702577)
Fall Semester 2022/2023
Dr. Isam Ishaq

2. Special Topics
Classes: Thursdays 9:00 – 11:50
Office Hour: Mondays 9:00 – 10:00
Isam Ishaq
isam@alquds.edu

3. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Course: Internet of Things (IoT)

4. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Course: Internet of Things (IoT)
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Prerequisites: Basic knowledge in programing
Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students will be able to perform the following:
1. Create circuits and microcontroller programs with the Arduino and a
variety of components.
2. Create Python programs on the Raspberry Pi to provide IoT functionality.
3. Use Packet Tracer to model Python-based IoT systems.
4. Explain security aspects of IoT solutions.
5. Explain how the IoT can be used to provide solutions in healthcare, energy
and smart-city and manufacturing.

5. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Course: Internet of Things (IoT)
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Notes:
• This course is heavily based on the Cisco Networking
Academy course: IoT Fundamentals: Connecting Things
version 2.01. It is recommended to enroll in this course
to gain full access to online materials.
• Parts of this content is copyrighted by Cisco.
• Main changes from original course:
• Removed the business canvas model
• Added a project instead of the hackathon.

6. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things 6
Session Lecture Lab
Packet
tracer
1. What are Things? 2 5
2. What are Connections? 1 1
3. Sensors, Actuators, and Microcontrollers 2 7 1
4. Software is Everywhere 2 8
5. Fog Networks and Cloud Services 2 3
6. Industrial IoT Applications 1 2 2
7. Create an IoT Solution 1 5 1
Course: Internet of Things (IoT)

7. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Session 1
What are Things?
Course: Internet of Things (IoT)

8. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
• 1.1 The Internet of Things (IoT)
• 1.2 Building Blocks of an IoT System
• 1.3 Processes in Controlled Systems
• 1.4 Summary
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Session Outline
What are Things?

9. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
1.1 The Internet of Things
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• The Presence of IoT in Today's World
• The IoT is all around us.
• The IoT helps individuals to improve quality of life.
• The IoT also helps industries to become more efficient.
What are Things?

10. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
IoT Examples:
The Polo Tech Shirt
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What are Things?
The Internet of Things
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zipGvqaSJiE

11. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
IoT Examples:
Cisco Connected Transportation and Smart Cities
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What are Things?
The Internet of Things
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6WfZlETbx4

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IoT Examples:
Smart Connected Communities
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What are Things?
What are Things?
The Internet of Things
https://www.cisco.com/c/en_in/solutions/industries/smart-connected-communities.html

13. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
1.2 Building Blocks of an IoT System
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• Sensors
• Actuators
• Controllers
What are Things?

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Sensors
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• A sensor is a device that can be used to measure a
physical property by detecting some type of
information from the physical world.
• A sensor may be connected to a controller either
directly or remotely.
What are Things?
What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Actuators
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• An actuator is a basic motor that can be used to control
a system.
• Can be
• hydraulic (fluid pressure)
• electric
• pneumatic (compressed air)
• Can be responsible for
transforming an electrical
signal into physical output.
What are Things?
What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Controllers
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• Responsible for collecting data from sensors and
providing network connectivity.
• Controllers may have the ability to make immediate
decisions.
• May also send data to remote and more powerful
computer for analysis.
What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System

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What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
IoT Process Flow
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• A simple IoT system includes sensors connecting, through a
wireless or wired connection, to actuators or controllers.
• Some devices can have more than one function.
What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
1.3 Processes in Controlled Systems
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• Processes
• A process is a series of steps or actions taken to achieve a desired
result by the consumer of the process.
What are Things?
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Class Activity – Analyze a Process Objective
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What are Things?
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Feedback
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• Feedback is when the output of a process affects the
input.
• Feedback is often referred to as a feedback loop.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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• Feedback loops are used to provide real-time
information to its controller based on current
behavior.
• In a closed loop, feedback is continuously being
received by the controller from its sensors.
• The controller continuously analyzes and processes
information, and uses actuators to modify
conditions.
What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
Feedback Loops

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What are Things?
Building Blocks of an IoT System
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Feedback loops types
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• Feedback loops can be positive or negative.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Control Systems
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• Includes a controller that uses inputs and outputs to
manage and regulate the behavior of the system in an
attempt to achieve a desired state.
• The controlled portion of the system is often called the
plant.
• Choosing the adjustments to apply to a plant to achieve
a desired output is called control theory.
• Control theory is applied to many systems, including
driving a car.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems

26. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Open-Loop Control Systems
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• Open-loop control systems do not use feedback.
• The plant performs a predetermined action without any
verification of the desired results.
• Open-loop control systems are often used for simple
processes.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Lab – Open Loop Control Systems
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What are Things?

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Closed-Loop Control Systems
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• A closed-loop control system uses feedback to determine
whether collected output is the desired output.
• The result is then fed back into a controller to adjust the
plant for the next iteration of output, and the process
repeats.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Lab – Compare Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control
Systems
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What are Things?

30. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Types of Closed-loop Controllers
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• Proportional
controllers (P): based
on the difference
between the
measured output and
the desired output.
• Integral controllers
(PI): use historical data
to measure how long
the system has
deviated from the
desired output.
• Proportional, Integral
and Derivative
controllers (PID):
include data about
how quickly the
system is approaching
the desired output.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Closed-Loop Controllers (Cont.)
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• PID controller is an efficient way to implement
feedback control.
• The Arduino and Raspberry Pi devices can be used to
implement PID controllers.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems

32. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Interdependent Systems
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• Most systems have many interdependent pieces
contributing to and affecting the output.
What are Things?
Processes in Controlled Systems
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

33. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Activities
• Lab – Analyze a Process
• Lab – Open Loop Control Systems
• Lab – Compare Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control
Systems
• Lab – Draw a Process Diagram
• Lab – Diagram a Real-World Process
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What are Things?

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Lab – Draw a Process Diagram
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What are Things?

35. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Lab – Diagram a Real-World Process
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What are Things?

36. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Summary
- In this session we introduced
- the concept of the Internet of Things
- the building Blocks of an IoT System: Sensors, Actuators,
controllers.
- processes in controlled systems
- feedback loops and there types
- In the next session we will explore how things can
be connected to form the Internet of Things.
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What are Things?

37. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
References
1. Cisco Networking Academy course: IoT Fundamentals:
Connecting Things version 2.01, Chapter 1.
2. “Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks - Theory and
Practice”, Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer,
Wiley, 2010
3. “Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP – The Next
Internet”, J.-P. Vasseur and A. Dunkels, Morgan Kaufmann,
2010
4. “Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications,
protocols, and standards”, V. Güngör and G. Hancke, CRC
Press, 2013
5. “Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6 – The
Evolving World of M2M Communications”, Daniel Minoli,
Wiley, 2013
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What are Things?

38. eAcademy.ps Internet of Things
Thank you
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What are Things?