1. CHAPTER 13
The Industrial Revolution
Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Section 2: The Factory System
Section 3: New Methods and Business
Organizations
Section 4: Living and Working Conditions
Section 5: Socialism
2. SECTION 2
The Factory System
13.2 Bell Ringer:
What are some characteristics
of the middle class and
working class in England?
Create a bubble map – see next
slide.
4. SECTION 2
The Factory System
How Machines Affected Work
• Made work easier
• Could be learned in a few days
• Hired women & children Why?
• What happened to older, skilled workers?
5. SECTION 2
The Factory System
The Wage System
• Domestic System • Factory System
– Unsupervised in own – Each performed only a
home small part of the entire
– Were paid for number job
of items completed – Dozens/hundreds
worked in same room
with supervisors
– Paid wages based on
hours worked or amt.
of goods produced
6. SECTION 2
The Factory System
What factors determine wages?
• Costs of production
• Number of workers
Wages of Factory Workers in 1833
• Wages of other jobs
• Higher for men
than for women
Why?
7. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Lives of Factory Workers
• Begin work at 5am until 7pm –
often worked 14 hours/day –
Six days per week
• ½ hour each for breakfast &
dinner – pay? $2 per week
• Must attend church
• Breaking any rule meant heavy
fines, pay cuts, or job loss
• No sanitary facilities
• No safety devices
• No compensation if hurt
Rules To Be Observed, Haslingden Mill, 1851
11. SECTION 2
The Factory System
1832 Sadler Committee Investigation
Lord Ashley's Mines Commission of 1842
Chadwick's report on sanitary problems
Girl pulling a coal tub in mine.
From official report of the parliamentary
commission.
Contaminated London drinking water
Result? Factory Act of 1833 containing various micro-organisms, refuse,
and the like.
12. Visual Source
The Factory System
Punch, Jul.-Dec. 1848
DIRTY FATHER THAMES
Filthy river, filthy river,
Foul from London to the Nore,
What art thou but one vast gutter,
One tremendous common shore?
All beside thy sludgy waters,
All beside thy reeking ooze,
Christian folks inhale mephitis,
Which thy bubbly bosom brews.
Punch 1850 – A DROP OF LONDON WATER
15. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Development of the Middle Class
Economic
& Political
POWER
Manufacturing!
agriculture
16. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Changes in society ….
New Social Class Structure
Upper Very rich industrial & business
Class: families. Old Noble class.
Upper
Business people & professionals
Middle
such as, lawyers & doctors.
Class:
Lower Other professionals such as, New roles were defined for middle class
Middle teachers, shop owners, and office men and women. Middle class men
Class: workers. went to work in business, while their
wives worked from home and cared for
Working the family. The higher standard of
Factory workers and small farmers.
Class: living for the middle class meant that
their children received some form of
formal education.
17. Visual Source
The Factory System
A Victorian slum.
A picture of the
Seven Dials district
of London in 1872
18. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819
Set the minimum working age to 9
Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day
Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833
Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on
child labor regulations and enforce the law
Ten Hours Bill 1847
Limited working hours to 10 per day for women
and children
21. SECTION 2
The Factory System
‘Doctor Evangeline: “By the bye,
Mr Sawyer, are you engaged
tomorrow afternoon? I have
rather a ticklish operation to
perform – an amputation, you
know.” Mr Sawyer: “I shall be
very happy to do it for you.”
Doctor Evangeline: “O, no, not
that! But will you kindly come
and administer the chloroform
for me?”’
(From Punch, 14 September 1872, p. 113)
28. SECTION 2
The Factory System
worked in factories for low wages
Working lived in tenements
Class
most children did not attend school
industrializing England
lifestyles and living conditions similar to lower middle class
were bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc.
Middle
Class
gained social influence and political power
rising social status well-educated
