1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 12:
Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium.
Sensory organs or Special senses:
The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe.
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival).
Skin:
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception.
The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
Structure of the skin:
The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer
Dermis layer
Subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye.
Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation.
It does not contain blood vessels
The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity.
It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers.
is much thicker than the epidermis
The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts).
The main functions of the dermis are:
Protection
Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury;
Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is also called hypodermis.
This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue.
It is the thickest l
physiology practical for PharM-D studentsSaika Lashari
this file is collection of all practical procedures included in the physiology taught to pharm-D graduates. all the material included in this file is taken from various internet sites.
Neuroplasticity Introduction and fundamentals
Change Challenge is a program based on neuroplasticity,priming and machine learning to assist in adaption to change
Katerine De La CruzMind And BodyMarch 20, 2020STRESS REAJospehStull43
Katerine De La Cruz
Mind And Body
March 20, 2020
STRESS REACTION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Historical Perspective
Stress reaction refers to the emotional aftershocks that occur after the experience of a traumatic event.
Historically, the society largely ignored the import of stress reactions on the physiological and mental health of patients.
For instance, there were limited programs to help returning veterans, new mothers, and accident survivors.
The
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Modern Perspective
Extensive and elaborate research on stress reactions has revolutinalised perspectives on stress reactions.
Health experts argue that traumatic experiences have a long standing impact on the emotional and psychological welfare of people (Pakos‐Zebrucka, 2016).
Consequently, society has taken drastic efforts to help individuals who have experienced traumatic events and other stressful events
The
INSPIRATION OF THE RESEARCH
Rationale for the Study
The reason I purposed to focus on stress reaction is because of personal curiosity and experience.
As a student and young adult, I am intrigued by the relationship between emotional and physical health.
Research indicates that quality emotional health contributes to quality physical health and vice versa.
Moreover, I am interested in the topic due to personal reasons since become extremely stressed when preparing for an important class presentation.
The
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Stress connection occurs when a physical event triggers a subconscious psychological response.
The topic illustrates a strong mind-body connection by outlining how the body reacts to stress.
Stress reaction is more focused on the mind than the mind (Stapleton, 2019).
Scientifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the production and circulation of hormones under stressful conditions.
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Stress connection occurs when a physical event triggers a subconscious psychological response.
The topic illustrates a strong mind-body connection by outlining how the body reacts to stress.
Stress reaction is more focused on the mind than the mind (Seaward, 2017).
Scientifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the production and circulation of hormones under stressful conditions.
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Cases of excessive or prolonged stress, or perturbations in the function or regulation of the HPA axis may result in abnormal changes in hormones circulating through both the periphery and the central nervous system.
The HPA axis is the primary circuit that mediates the physiological response to stress (Stapleton, 2019).
The HPA axis also regulates the level of circulating glucocorticoid hormones in the central nervous system.
LESSONS AND APPLICATION
During the research, I was surprised to find that feeling anxious before a big appointment has nothing to do with fear.
Apparently, this is part of the mind-body connec ...
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 12:
Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium.
Sensory organs or Special senses:
The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe.
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival).
Skin:
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception.
The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
Structure of the skin:
The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer
Dermis layer
Subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye.
Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation.
It does not contain blood vessels
The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity.
It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers.
is much thicker than the epidermis
The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts).
The main functions of the dermis are:
Protection
Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury;
Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is also called hypodermis.
This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue.
It is the thickest l
physiology practical for PharM-D studentsSaika Lashari
this file is collection of all practical procedures included in the physiology taught to pharm-D graduates. all the material included in this file is taken from various internet sites.
Neuroplasticity Introduction and fundamentals
Change Challenge is a program based on neuroplasticity,priming and machine learning to assist in adaption to change
Katerine De La CruzMind And BodyMarch 20, 2020STRESS REAJospehStull43
Katerine De La Cruz
Mind And Body
March 20, 2020
STRESS REACTION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Historical Perspective
Stress reaction refers to the emotional aftershocks that occur after the experience of a traumatic event.
Historically, the society largely ignored the import of stress reactions on the physiological and mental health of patients.
For instance, there were limited programs to help returning veterans, new mothers, and accident survivors.
The
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Modern Perspective
Extensive and elaborate research on stress reactions has revolutinalised perspectives on stress reactions.
Health experts argue that traumatic experiences have a long standing impact on the emotional and psychological welfare of people (Pakos‐Zebrucka, 2016).
Consequently, society has taken drastic efforts to help individuals who have experienced traumatic events and other stressful events
The
INSPIRATION OF THE RESEARCH
Rationale for the Study
The reason I purposed to focus on stress reaction is because of personal curiosity and experience.
As a student and young adult, I am intrigued by the relationship between emotional and physical health.
Research indicates that quality emotional health contributes to quality physical health and vice versa.
Moreover, I am interested in the topic due to personal reasons since become extremely stressed when preparing for an important class presentation.
The
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Stress connection occurs when a physical event triggers a subconscious psychological response.
The topic illustrates a strong mind-body connection by outlining how the body reacts to stress.
Stress reaction is more focused on the mind than the mind (Stapleton, 2019).
Scientifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the production and circulation of hormones under stressful conditions.
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Stress connection occurs when a physical event triggers a subconscious psychological response.
The topic illustrates a strong mind-body connection by outlining how the body reacts to stress.
Stress reaction is more focused on the mind than the mind (Seaward, 2017).
Scientifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the production and circulation of hormones under stressful conditions.
MIND-BODY CONNECTION
Cases of excessive or prolonged stress, or perturbations in the function or regulation of the HPA axis may result in abnormal changes in hormones circulating through both the periphery and the central nervous system.
The HPA axis is the primary circuit that mediates the physiological response to stress (Stapleton, 2019).
The HPA axis also regulates the level of circulating glucocorticoid hormones in the central nervous system.
LESSONS AND APPLICATION
During the research, I was surprised to find that feeling anxious before a big appointment has nothing to do with fear.
Apparently, this is part of the mind-body connec ...
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874