The document discusses network layer models and addresses. It describes the OSI model which has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function for network communication. It also discusses the TCP/IP model which has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers. There are different types of addresses used in networks - physical addresses which identify devices on a local network, logical addresses which identify devices on an internetwork, and port addresses which identify processes running on devices.
The document discusses network models and protocols. It describes the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. The layers in TCP/IP are physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses addressing in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and how it relates to the OSI model. Finally, it discusses the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and addresses. It describes the layered Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP protocol suite, which has five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document explains the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Data Communications and Networking ch02ssuserdf9c52
The document discusses network models and addressing. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Network communication involves different layers working together to deliver data from the physical level up to the application level.
The document discusses network models and addressing. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Network communication involves different layers working together to deliver data from the physical level up to the application level.
The document discusses network models and addressing in networking. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application). It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers, which correspond roughly to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networking, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and protocols. It describes the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. The layers in TCP/IP are physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses addressing in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and how it relates to the OSI model. Finally, it discusses the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and addresses. It describes the layered Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP protocol suite, which has five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document explains the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Data Communications and Networking ch02ssuserdf9c52
The document discusses network models and addressing. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Network communication involves different layers working together to deliver data from the physical level up to the application level.
The document discusses network models and addressing. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also describes the five-layer TCP/IP protocol suite and the four levels of addressing used in TCP/IP networks: physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Network communication involves different layers working together to deliver data from the physical level up to the application level.
The document discusses network models and addressing in networking. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application). It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers, which correspond roughly to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networking, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. TCP/IP uses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port and specific addresses to enable communication between devices on a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. It covers the different addressing methods used at each layer, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. TCP/IP uses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port and specific addresses to enable communication between devices on a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and protocols. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. It then describes the five layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite: physical, data link, network, transport and application. The document also discusses addressing in networks, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
ch2_Network Model , layered task, OSI modelruchisrgc
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. It covers the different addressing methods used at each layer, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Network addressing is covered including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an overview of network layer models, including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It discusses how each layer is responsible for different communication tasks, from physical bit transmission between nodes, to logical addressing, reliable data delivery between applications, and more. Key topics covered include the 7 layers of the OSI model, TCP/IP's 5 corresponding layers, addressing at different levels, and examples of how data moves through the layers and across a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, and the transport layer provides reliable transmission of messages between processes. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. It describes the different address types used in TCP/IP like physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Data Communication And Networking - Network ModelsAvijeet Negel
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses layered network communication models like the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes each layer of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer dealing with bit transmission to the application layer providing user services. It also maps the TCP/IP layers to the OSI layers and discusses the different address types used, such as physical, logical, and port addresses.
The document discusses network models and addressing. It describes the 7-layer OSI model and how each layer is responsible for different tasks in network communication. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite which has 5 layers that correspond to layers in the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. TCP/IP uses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port and specific addresses to enable communication between devices on a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. It covers the different addressing methods used at each layer, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. TCP/IP uses addressing at different layers including physical, logical, port and specific addresses to enable communication between devices on a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and protocols. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. It then describes the five layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite: physical, data link, network, transport and application. The document also discusses addressing in networks, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
ch2_Network Model , layered task, OSI modelruchisrgc
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. It covers the different addressing methods used at each layer, including physical, logical, port and specific addresses.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function and works together with other layers for communication. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Network addressing is covered including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an overview of network layer models, including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It discusses how each layer is responsible for different communication tasks, from physical bit transmission between nodes, to logical addressing, reliable data delivery between applications, and more. Key topics covered include the 7 layers of the OSI model, TCP/IP's 5 corresponding layers, addressing at different levels, and examples of how data moves through the layers and across a network.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, and the transport layer provides reliable transmission of messages between processes. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. It describes the different address types used in TCP/IP like physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Data Communication And Networking - Network ModelsAvijeet Negel
This document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, the network layer handles packet delivery from source to destination host, etc. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different addressing schemes used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses layered network communication models like the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes each layer of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer dealing with bit transmission to the application layer providing user services. It also maps the TCP/IP layers to the OSI layers and discusses the different address types used, such as physical, logical, and port addresses.
The document discusses network models and addressing. It describes the 7-layer OSI model and how each layer is responsible for different tasks in network communication. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite which has 5 layers that correspond to layers in the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
2. 2.2
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
Topics discussed in this section:
4. 2.4
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Topics discussed in this section:
9. 2.9
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
28. 2.28
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
30. 2.30
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Topics discussed in this section:
33. Physical Addresses
The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address
of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. It is included in the frame
used by the data link layer. It is the lowest-level address.
The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the
network. For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical
address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).
Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits)
is separated by a colon, as shown below.
2.33
34. 2.34
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.
Example 2.1
36. Continue..
In Figure below a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (a LAN).
At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header.
These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other
information needed at this level.
The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection.
The data link layer at the sender receives data from an upper layer. It encapsulates
the data in a frame, adding a header and a trailer.
The header, among other pieces of information, carries the receiver and the sender
physical (link) addresses.
Note that in most data link protocols, the destination address 87 in this case, comes
before the source address (10 in this case). The frame is propagated through the
LAN. Each station with a physical address other than 87 drops the frame because the
destination address in the frame does not match its own physical address. The
intended destination computer, however, finds a match between the destination
address in the frame and its own physical address. The frame is checked, the header
and trailer are dropped, and the data part is decapsulated and delivered to the upper
layer.
2.36
37. 2.37
As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks
use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
38. Unicast, Multicast, and
Broadcast Physical Addresses
Physical addresses can be either unicast (one single
recipient), multicast (a group of recipients), or broadcast
(to be received by all systems in the network).
Some networks support all three addresses. A source
address is always a unicast address—the frame comes
from only one station. The destination address, however,
can be unicast, multicast, or broadcast.
The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type
of address.
2.38
39. Q: Define the type of the following
destination addresses:
1. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A
2. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
3. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
2.39
40. 2.40
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
Example 2.3
42. 2.42
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
Example 2.4
44. 2.44
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
Note
45. 2.45
Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit
address represented by one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
46. 2.46
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
Note