Ch-02-Lstppp-E4.pptx

4th Edition
Leisure, Sport and
Tourism, Politics,
Policy and Planning
A. J. Veal
COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING
MATERIALS
C A B I T O U R I S M T E X T S

CHAPTER 2
Political Ideologies
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition
The nature of ideology
Feminism
Social democracy, 3rd Way, communitarian
Introduction
Liberalism/neo-liberalism, libertarianism
Marxism
Parties Leisure, sport and tourism
Democratic socialism
Principles
Environmentalism
Theocracy
Conservatism
Anti-globalism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

The nature of ideology
• Ideology: ‘A system of ideas concerning phenomena,
especially those of social life; the manner of thinking
of a class or an individual’ (Shorter OED)
• Internally consistent sets of ideas about how society
should be run
• N.B. Sometimes negative connotations

Relevance? Understanding our place in history
• Pre-modern societies:
– spiritual values, goals and regulation
– hereditary class and status systems
– aristocracy and monarchy + theocracy
• Modern societies:
– 18th century onwards
– humanitarian values and ideals
– human progress towards a better society
– political ideologies (socialism, liberalism etc.) =‘grand narratives’
• Postmodern societies:
– demise of ‘grand narratives’
– N.B. collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union etc.
– loss of confidence in ideology by ‘the left’ in the West

Relevance 2: current politics
• Current western politics:
– parties need to capture the ‘floating voter’
– movement to the ‘centre’
– policies guided by opinion polls rather than ideology
• Current political discourse still uses ideological terms:
– references to ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘socialism’, ‘neo-liberalism’
etc.
• Anti-globalization, rise of populism

Political spectrum (Fig. 2.1)
Anarchism Fascism
LEFT RIGHT
Feminism
Environmentalism
Anti-globalism
Populism  Theocracy

UK: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1)
Ideology Party Gov’t/PM Dates
Conservatism Conservative Party Churchill/Eden/Macmillan/
Douglas-Home/Heath
1951-64,
1970-74
Liberalism/
neo-liberalism
Conservative Party Thatcher/Major
Cameron/May
1979-97
2010-
Marxism/
communism
Communist Party Not in government -
Democratic socialism Labour Party Attlee 1945-51
Social democracy Labour Party
Liberal Democrats
Wilson/Callaghan
Clegg (in coalition)
1964-70, 74-79
2010-
Third Way Labour Party Blair/Brown 1997-2010
Environmentalism
Anti-globalism/
populism
UKIP Not in government -
Theocracy - - -

Australia: parties, governments, ideologies
(Table 2.1 cont’d)
Ideology Party Gov’t/PM Dates
Conservatism Liberal Party
National Party
Menzies/Holt/McEwen/
Gorton/McMahon
In coalition
1949-72
1975-83
Liberalism/
neo-liberalism
Liberal Party Howard 1996-2007
Marxism/communism Communist Party Not in government
Democratic socialism Australian Labor Party Whitlam 1972-75
Social democracy Aust. Labor Party
Aust. Democrats
Hawke/Keating 1983-96
Third Way Aust. Labor Party Rudd/Gillard 1997-2010
Environmentalism Greens
Aust. Democrats
Not in government -
Anti-globalism/populism
Theocracy - - -

Conservatism
• Origins:
– 19th century landed/upper class
• Principles:
– stability and tradition rather than change
– acceptance of inequality as natural
– respect for ‘traditional’ institutions/values
(e.g. monarchy, family)
– pragmatic re. role of government
– support for voluntarism

Conservative parties
• UK: Conservative Party
• Australia: National Party + Liberal Party (pre-
1996)
• USA: Republican Party (but also encompasses
neo-liberalism)

Conservative principles and Leisure, Sport
and Tourism
• Government support for elite activity and
‘excellence’
• Support for voluntarism
• Government aid to traditional and rural
industries (e.g. agriculture, regional tourism)

(Neo-)Liberalism
• Origins:
– Liberalism arose in the 19th century
– desire for freedom – of individual, trade – as reaction against
privilege
– later: free-market principles – hence use of neo-liberalism to
indicate right-wing orientation
• Principles:
– freedom of the individual
– belief in the efficacy of competition
– minimization of government interference in markets
– small government
– reduced taxes
– privatization of state assets

Liberal/neo-liberal parties
• UK: Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher,
Cameron
• Australia: Liberals under John Howard, Tony
Abbott, Turnbull
• USA: Republicans under Ronald Reagan,
George Bush and George W. Bush

Liberalism/neo-liberalism and Leisure,
Sport and Tourism
• Leisure, sport and tourism viewed as business
sectors
• User-pays principle
• Privatization of operation of leisure/sport/
tourism facilities
• Support for voluntarism
• Freedom of individual choice (e.g. some have
advocated de-criminalization of drug use)

Marxism/neo-Marxism
Origins:
• Marxism: the 19th century writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• Neo-Marxism: 20th century writings adapting Marxism to later
developments in Marxism
Principles:
• fundamental feature of society is economic relationships
• capitalist society characterized by clash of interests between
– bourgeoisie (capitalists) who own the means of production
(capital)
– proletariat (workers) who own only their labour power
• capitalists seek to maximize profits by exploiting workers
• predicted that eventually capitalism will collapse – this should be
hastened by workers’ revolutionary action to overthrow capitalist
system and take control of the means of production

Marxism/Neo-Marxism: parties
• Communist parties in power:
– 1917–89: Russia/Soviet Union
– 1945–89: Eastern Europe
– Now: China (highly modified), Vietnam, Cuba, North
Korea, some Indian states
• Decline of communism in Russia and Eastern
Europe shook faith of Marxist/Neo-Marxist
western social scientists
• Rejection of all ‘grand narratives’
• Marxist/Neo-Marxist theory remains a strong
analysis/critique of capitalism

Marxist/Neo-Marxist principles and Leisure, Sport
and Tourism
• Generation of ‘false needs’, by advertising, to create
profits
• Leisure as ‘resistance’ to capitalism (e.g. youth sub-
cultures, subversive art)
• Divisiveness, elitism and competitiveness of leisure
institutions
• Public provision provides a ‘human face’ for an
oppressive system

Democratic Socialism
Origins:
– Marxism and 19th century unions but also many earlier workers’
movements
Principles:
• equality and fraternity
• defence of working class interests vs middle/ruling classes
• state control of capitalism through ownership/control of
key industries
• state creation of more equality and ‘welfare state’ through
progressive taxation
• change through democratic methods, not by violence
• capitalism can be ‘tamed’ – gradually replaced by socialism

Democratic Socialism: parties
• Labour parties in UK, Australia, Europe up to
about the 1960s
• Now mostly developed into social democratic
parties
Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Democratic Socialism and Leisure, Sport and
Tourism
• Support for state provision of leisure, sport
and tourism facilities/services
• Free/highly subsidized provision, especially for
disadvantaged groups

Social democracy and the Third Way
• Origins:
– compromise between socialism and conservatism
– Third Way developed in the 1990s to reshape social
democracy
• Principles:
– seeks more equality, supports state role/welfare state,
but,
– accepts capitalism will survive
– does not envisage a socialist system
– Third Way: adds ‘obligations’ to welfare ‘rights’

Social democracy/Third Way: parties
• UK:
– debates in the 1960s/70s moved Labour Party from
socialism to social democracy
– Third Way: associated with Tony Blair, Labour Party leader,
Prime Minister (1997–2007)
• Australia:
– Australian Labor Party followed the pattern of Labour in UK
• USA:
– left wing of Democratic Party often seen as Social
Democratic
– Third Way associated with President Bill Clinton

Social democracy/Third Way and Leisure,
Sport and Tourism
• Belief in state provision
• Recreational sport as a social service: Sport for All
• Access for all at minimum cost, preferably free,
to the user
• Community arts alternative to professional, elite
arts, democratization of the arts + cultural
democracy
• Support for tourism industry but also social
tourism – subsidized holidays for deprived groups

Feminism
• Origins:
– 19th/20th century campaigns for political rights: votes for
women
• Principles:
– ideology or ‘movement’?
– concept of patriarchy: men organize/control society in their
own interests – excludes and disadvantages women
– reformist: reform the system (equal pay, equal opportunity,
childcare services, etc.)
– radical/Marxist: change the capitalist system fundamentally
• Parties:
– generally no specific political parties for feminism

Feminism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Women generally have less leisure time than men
• Tradition/culture/media limit ‘acceptable’ leisure
activities for women
• Institutions/infrastructure of leisure traditionally
dominated by men
• Leisure can be a means of resistance against
patriarchy
• Reformist programmes: transport access, safety,
childcare facilities at leisure sites

Environmentalism
• Origins:
– 1960s/70s: concerns about human impacts on flora, fauna and
ecosystems
• Principles:
– questioning of pursuit of economic growth at the expense of the
environment
– emphasis on sustainability
– reformist: legislate to prevent negative impacts
– radical: destructive capitalist system must be changed
fundamentally
• Parties:
– ‘green’ parties exist in many countries
– have held/shared power in some European countries

Environmentalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Leisure, sport and tourism as offenders in the
consumerist/materialist society?
• Leisure, sport and tourism are major users of natural
environments:
– requiring the concept of sustainable development/
use

Anti-globalism/Populism
• Anti-globalism origins:
– 1990s concern with:
• western capitalism generally
• activities of multi-national enterprises (MNEs) in particular
– Globalization: antecedents in empires and 19th century trade
• Principles:
– opposed to MNE impacts on:
• developing countries
• the environment
• Parties:
– no specific parties, but some green parties aligned

Anti-globalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Many MNEs involved in leisure
• Major impact on sport, media and tourism
• Homogenization/Americanization of culture?

Populism
• Origins:
– nationalist/right-wing parties in Europe/Australia, UKIP
in UK
– recent examples:
• exit from EU (‘Brexit’) vote in UK
• election of Donald Trump in USA
• Principles:
– opposition to immigration
– concern with loss of traditional industries
– desire to disrupt ‘elites’ controlling traditional parties
• Implications for Leisure, Sport and Tourism:
– few: LST does not feature in programmes

Summary
• See Table 2.2

Ch-02-Lstppp-E4.pptx

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