The document outlines the significance and types of infrastructure in supporting economic and social systems, emphasizing the need for improvements in both areas for overall development. It highlights challenges faced in the energy and health sectors, including insufficient capacity and the unequal distribution of healthcare services. It also points out the growing role of the private sector in infrastructure and healthcare delivery while acknowledging the importance of public health and community participation.

1. BIJU P M PGT ECONOMICS KV 2 KOCHI
INFRASTRUCTURE
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2. What is infrastructure
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Infrastructure refers to the basic supporting structure which is
built to provide different kinds of services in an economy –
Example Roads,railways,ports airports,dams,power stations,
oil and gas pipelines, telecommunication facilities, educational
systems etc.
Infrastructure facilities provide the support system on which
the efficient working of a modern industrial and agricultural
economy trade and commerce depends.

3. Relevance of Infrastructure
Related to infrastructure – such as – Agriculture produce – depends on Industries
Transports, pesticides, seeds etc.
Inadequate infrastructure can have multiple adverse effects on health.
Improvements in water supply and sanitation have large impact by reducing morbidity
(proneness to fall ill) from major water borne diseases.
Types of Infrastructure
1. Economic infrastructure
2. Social infrastructure
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6. 6

7. Types of Infrastructure
1. Economic infrastructure
Directly support the economic system
– Example – Energy, transport and
communication.
Expenditure on it will raise the
stock of physical capital.
It will raise the process of economic
growth.
2. Social infrastructure
Indirectly support the economic system
– Example – health, education and
housing.
Expenditure on it will raise the stock
of human capital.
It will raise the process of human
development.
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8. Importance of
Infrastructure
Raises
productivity :
Provides
employment :
Raises ability
to work :
Facilitates
outsourcing :
Raises size
of the
market:
Raises
economic
development
:
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9. Traditionally, the government has been responsible for developing the country’s
infrastructure.
Now the private sector by itself and also in joint partnership with the public sector
has started playing a very important role in infrastructure development. Rural
infrastructure is still poor.
country Investme
nt in
Infrastruc
ture %
GDP
Access of
safe
Drinking
water(%)
Access to
improved
sanitation
(%)
Mobile
Users
(1000)
people
Phone
lines 1000
people
Power
generatio
n KW
(1000)
China 20 75 38 66 113 230
Hong-
Kong
4 100 100 817 560 1630
India 5 84 28 4 33 107
Pakistan 2 90 62 2 20 109
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10. Two Kinds of Infrastructure
1.Energy
2.Health
Energy :
Why do we need Energy ?
Uses – in
Industries,agriculture,production
,transportations other equipments
Can you think of producing a
commodity or service
without using energy ?
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11. There are commercial and non-commercial sources of energy :
1.Commercial sources – coal
petroleum and electricity- They are
generally exhaustible
2.Non - commercial sources-
firewood, agricultural waste
and dried dung. They are
renewable
50% sources
consumed in
India
More than 60%
of Indian
households
depends on
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12. Conventional Non - Conventional sources of energy
Conventional
Sources of energy :
Includes both
commercial & non
commercial sources
of energy.
Example – Natural
gas,coal,petroleum.
Non – Conventional
sources of energy :
renewable sources
of energy
solar energy, wind
energy, tidal energy
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14. Emerging challenges in the power
sector
1.India’s installed
capacity to
generate
electricity is not
sufficient :
(increase the MW
capacity)
2. State electricity
Boards which
distribute
electricity
incur losses :
3.Uncertain role of
private sector:
4.Public unrest :
There is general
public unrest due to
high tariffs and
prolonged power
Cuts in different
parts of the country.
5.Shortage of Raw
material :
(in thermal power
plants –coal is
required)
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15. Some challenges in the
power sector
 i. Insufficient installed capacity
 ii. Under Utilisation of capacity
 iii. Losses incurred by SEBS
 iv. Uncertain role of private sector
 v. Public unrest
 vi. Shortage of raw materials
 vii. Transmission and distribution losses.
 viii. Operational inefficiency
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16. Measures to cope-up with challenges facing the
power sector
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17. 8.6 Health
Health is the holistic process related to the overall growth and development of
the nation.
Public health refers to the health status of all people of the country.
Health infrastructure –includes – hospitals,doctors,nurses and other
paramedical professionals,eqipment required in hospitals, and well
developed pharmaceutical Industry.
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18. State of health infrastructure:
 There has been significant expansion in physical provision of
health services and improvements in health indicators since
independence, but it is insufficient for rapidly increasing
population in India.
 b. Public health system and facilities are not sufficient for bulk
of the population.
 d. Woman’s health across the country has become a matter of
great concern with reports of increasing cases of female
foeticide and mortality.
 e. Regulated private sector health services can improve the
situation and at the same time, NGOs and community
participation is very important in providing health care facilities
and reading health awareness.
 f. Indian system of medicine (ISDM) AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga
and naturopathy, unani, siddha, homoeopathy needs to be
explored. 18

19. State of Health Infrastructure in India
Health infrastructure of India in 2005 was as follows :
• 28000
No. of hospitals and dispensaries
• 9.1 million
No. of hospital beds
• 8.7 lakhs
Nursing personnel
• 5.2 lakhs
Allopathic Doctors
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22. Effects of Good Health Infrastructure
Eradication of
small pox :
Decline in death
rate to 8 per
thousand in 2001 :
Reduction in infant
mortality rate to 7 per
thousand in 2001 :
Rise in life
expectancy to 64
years in 2001 :
Control of diseases
like cholera, small
pox,malaria,tuberc
ulosis,polio and
leprosy
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23. Development of health Services in
India:-
• Decline in Death Rate
• (ii) Rise in expectancy of life
• (iii) Decline in Infant Mortality Rate
• (iv) Control over Deadly Diseases.
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24. Health as an Emerging Challenge:-
• Unequal distribution of health care
services.
• (ii) Increasing privatisation of health
services.
• (iii) Poor sanitation Level
• (iv) Poor upkeep and maintenance of
govt. health centres and poor
management.
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25. Role of Private sector
Private sector has been playing a dominant role in medical education and
training.
More than 70% of the hospitals in India are run
by the private sector, employing 22 Lakh people.
Indian systems of medicine (ISM)
The six systems of Indian medicine are –
Ayurveda,Yoga and Naturopathy,Unani,Siddha and Homoeopathy
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27. Emerging challenges in the Health Infrastructure
Poor state of
primary Health
centre's – 38% PHCs
have required
number of doctors
Regional Bias :
(Urban & Rural divide)
Gender Bias :
poor health of
women
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28. Government + Private sector role
PHCs – Make more efficient.
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