The document summarizes several key international environmental agreements related to climate change, biodiversity, chemicals and waste management. It provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol and its commitment periods for emissions reductions. It also discusses the Paris Agreement, the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment, REDD+, the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols, IUCN and its conservation tools, CITES, CMS, and other major environmental agreements and institutions.

1. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL - 1997
• Binding emission reduction targets
• “common but differential responsibility”
• 2001 – Marrakesh accord
• 2005 – into force
• Commitment period :
I – 2008 – 2012
II – 2013 – 2020 ( Doha amendment )

3. • Annex I – Industrial countries, economies in
transition and European committee – pledged
to reduce
• Annex II – OECD members of annex I but not
EIT – help developing countries
• Non Annex – mostly developing

4. • Only binds developed countries
• Average of 5 % reduction in emission ( compared
to 1990)
• Green House Gases :
 CO2
 CH4
 N2O
 HFC
 PFC
 SF6

5. Kyoto agreement period II
• Target at least 18 % below pre industrial level
• New GHG – NF3
• India ratified
• 75 / 192 countries ratified
• 144 needed o become operational

6. Flexible Trading Mechanisms
• International Emission Trading - AAU
• Joint Implementation – ERU
• Clean Development Mechanism – CER

7. Funding Mechanisms
• Adaptation Fund (2001)– fund projects in
developing countries ( 2% from CER)
• World bank – trustee
• Green Climate Fund (2010) – support
developing countries to reduce GHG emission
and adapt to climate change.
• Invest in low emission and climate resilient
development

8. • 2009 – Copenhagen Accord
 Developing nations block – BASIC
 Pledge voluntary reduction targets
 Goal - $ 100 bi per yr by 2020
 Global warming should be limited to below 2
deg C
• 2014 – Lima
• 2015 - Paris

9. LIMA
• Goal – limit global rise in temperature below 2
deg C (pre industrial level) by 2030 - reducing
GHG emission.
• Lack of consensus
• Outcomes :
INDC ( pledge before Paris summit)
Developed countries agreed to finance developing

10. PARIS AGREEMENT
• Objective – legally binding agreement to be
signed in 2015
• Implemented by 2020
• Into force – 2016 Nov ( at least 55 parties
accounting to 55 % of GHG emission ratified )
• INDC was submitted
• 2018 – evaluate collective progress towards
achieving the goal.
• Global stock take every 5 years

11. INDC - INDIA
• Reduce intensity of GHG emission by 33 to 35
% by 2030. ( compared to 2005 levels)
• 40 % electricity production will be from non-
fossil fuel based energy source by 2030
• Create additional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5
to 3 billion tones of CO2 by 2030.

12. • Sustainable lifestyle
• Cleaner economic development
• Reduce emission intensity of GDP
• Increase the share of non fossil fuel based
electricity
• Enhancing carbon sink
• Adaptation
• Mobilizing finance
• Technology transfer and capacity building

13. COP 23 - BONN Climate Change
Conference
• Talanoa Dialogue
• Asses countries progress towards on climate
actions
• Framework rules to implement post 2020
Paris agreement
• Talks on pre 2020 commitments by developed
countries

14. Vienna Convention 1985
• Into force 1988
• 2009 universal ratification

15. Montreal Protocol 1987
• Reduce production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances
• Into force – 1989
• 6 amendments
• Ozone depleting substances
 CFC
 Halons
 CCl4
 Methyl chloroform
 HCFC
 HBFC
 Methyl bromide
 Bromochloro methane
 HFC

16. Kigali Amendment
• Aimed at including HFC
• GHG with a GWP
• Binding on countries from 2019
• Reduce HFC by 85 % of the baseline by 2045
• Target - 3 groups
• Rich and industrialized countries
Freeze production and consumption by 2018
85 % reduction in production and consumption of HFC
of 2012 level by 2036

17. • China, brazil, south Africa etc
Freeze HFC use by 2024
Reduce production and consumption by 80 % of
2021 levels by 2045
• India, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, etc
Freeze HFC production and consumption by 2028
Reduction in consumption and production by 85 %
of 2025 level by 2047.

18. REDD ( Reducing Emissions From
Deforestation And Forest Degradation)
• FAO + UNDP + UNEP
• Bali action plan of UNFCCC 2007 – REDD +
Reducing emissions from deforestation
Reducing emissions from forest degradation
Conservation of forest carbon stock
Sustainable management of forests
Enhancement of forest carbon stock

19. 3 phases of implementation
• Development of National strategies or action
plans, policies ,measures and capacity
building.
• Implementation of National policies, National
strategies or action plans.
• Result based action that should fully be
measured, reported and verified.

20. In India
• Green India Mission - National Action Plan On
Climate Change
• REDD sustainable management of forest and
afforestation & reforestation
• REDD + coordinating agency

21. CBD – CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
• Into force 1993
• Conservation of biological diversity
• Sustainable use of the components of
biological diversity
• Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of utilization of genetic resources

22. CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
• Adopted in 2000
• Into force 2003
• Governing the movement of living modified
organisms ( LMO )
• Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA)
• Biosafety Clearing House
• Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur supplementary protocol
Response measures in case of damage to biodiversity
by LMO

23. NAGOYA PROTOCOL
• Adopted 2010
• Into force 2014
• Access to genetic resources and the fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from their
utilization (ABS)
• Conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity – includes traditional knowledge
• ABS clearing house

24. AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS
2011-2020
• 5 Strategic goals and 20 Targets
• Goal A : Address the underlying causes of
biodiversity loss by mainstreaming
biodiversity across government and society
• Goal B : Reduce direct pressure on biodiversity
and promote sustainable use
• Goal C : To improve the status of biodiversity
by safeguarding ecosystems, species and
genetic diversity

25. • Goal D : Enhance the benefits to all from
biodiversity and ecosystem services
• Goal E : Enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge
management and capacity building

26. IUCN- A just world that values and
conserves nature
• Global authority on the status of the natural
world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUPN – 1948
• IUCN – 1956
• World Conservation Union - 1990
• Observer status at UN
• IUCN world conservation congress – meets once
in 4 years

27. Conservation Tools
• IUCN red list of threatened species
• IUCN red list of ecosystems
• World database on key Biodiversity areas –
Birdlife International & IUCN
• Protected planet – UNEP & IUCN
• ECOLEX – FAO , UNEP & IUCN

28. CITES
• Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• Resolution under IUCN in 1963
• 1975- Washington convention
• Legally binding ( does not take the place of
national law)
• Under UNEP

29. Appendices
• I – species threatened with extinction. Trade
in specimens of these species is permitted
only in exceptional circumstances.
• II – species not necessarily threatened with
extinction , may become so without trade
restrictions.
• III – species that are protected in at least one
country, which has asked other CITES parties
for assistance in controlling the trade.

30. TRAFFIC
• Wildlife trade monitoring network
• IUCN & WWF
• Fauna and flora
• Red stream : Wildlife crime and illegal trade
• Green stream : Sustainable, legal wildlife trade

31. CMS – Convention of Migratory
Species
• Under UNEP - 1983
• Internationally coordinated conservation
measure throughout the migratory range.
• Appendix I – Migratory species threatened
with extinction
• Appendix II – Migratory species that need or
would significantly benefit from international
cooperation.

32. GLOBAL TIGER FORUM
• Delhi declaration -1993
• Consists of
Tiger range countries
Non tiger range countries
International organizations
Honorary individual members
National NGOs
Associated members

33. • Members – India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, UK
• Report by IUCN & GTF
• 22 % increase in tiger population around the
world (base 2010)

34. • 1972 – UN Conference on Human
Environment – UNEP
• 1988 – UNEP & WMO – IPCC
• 1992 – GEF
UNFCCC
UNCBD
UNCCD
Stockholm convention on PoP
Minamata convention on mercury

35. • Basel convention – 1989
• Rotterdam convention – 1998
• Stockholm convention on PoP - 2004