3. Literature Review Peer Reviewed
Empirical Studies Journal
White Paper
Journal Annotated
Bibliography
News Paper
4. Empirical Studies
An empirical study, is the use of statistics
obtained from observation, experiment and
experience “to make an indisputable point
[emphasis added] , rather than quote
experts” (n.d.).
" …make men thinkers of their own thoughts and not mere reflectors of
other men's thoughts…". (White, 1973 ,p. 18)
Table of Content
5. Empirical Studies
It looks at expected relationships
through “systematic study of
relationships between scores obtained
from cases on measures” (Schwab,
1999, p. 4).
6. Empirical Studies
Three key elements are used to
define empirical research. They are:
cases, measures and sores.
7. Empirical Research Components
•Cases are entities •Measures are instruments •Scores (or data) represent
investigated in research. used to obtain scores on the information obtained from
•For example, individuals cases studied. cases on the measures
•For example, items or employed.
interacting in
organizations questionnaires that •Researchers use these
individuals complete scores to identify whether
relationships exist as
expected.
Cases Measures Scores
8. Empirical Studies
Empirical studies also use three
activities which are necessary to
conduct empirical research. These
activities are: measurement, design
and analysis (Schwab, 1994, pp. 4-
8).
9. Research Activities
Measurement
• Obtains scores on measures that correspond
to the concepts studied.
Analysis Design
• Describe scores on single •Establishes procedures to
measures to identify obtain cases for study and to
relationships that may exist determine how scores will be
between scores across different
obtained from those cases.
measures.
10. Literature Review
A literature review “Surveys scholarly
articles, books and other sources…
relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a
description, summary, and critical
evaluation of each work” (n.d.).
11. Literature Review
Although it can be written in the
form of an annotated bibliography it
“Is more than an Annotated
Bibliography” (2011).
12. Literature Review
According to Dena Taylor (n.d), “More
often it is part of the introduction to
an essay, research report, or thesis.
Literature review helps one develop
“Information seeking” and “Critical
appraisal skills (n.d.).
13. A Good Literature
Review must:
“Be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research
question you are developing
Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known
Identify areas of controversy in the literature
Formulate questions that need further research” (Taylor n.d.).
Ask how does this literature promote the principles of true education?
14. Journals
Journals are regular periodic
publications, usually dedicated to a
specific profession or discipline.
15. Peer-reviewed
Journals
According to : “Peer-reviewed journals (also
called refereed journals) are scholarly journals
that only publish articles that have passed
through this review process”. These reviewers
(scholars, experts, or academics), must agree
that the article represents properly conducted
original research or writing before it can be
published. (Cornell University Library)
16. Peer Review Journal
Peer-reviewed is a process that journals
use to ensure the articles they publish
represent the best scholarship currently
available. “The review process helps
ensure that the published articles reflect
solid scholarship in their fields” Robert
E. Kennedy Library (2011).
17. Peer Review Journal
When an article is submitted to a peer
reviewed journal, the editors send it out to
other scholars in the same field (the author's
peers) to get their opinion on the quality of the
scholarship, its relevance to the field, its
appropriateness for the journal, etc
18. The Peer-reviewed
Process
If standards are
met, the article
Comment and is then
suggestions are published.
The scholars made and are
review the article sent back for
for scholarly adaptation if
Articles are writing, original
needed.
submitted to research, proper
several other representation of
scholars, the content in the
field, ethical
experts, or issues, biases,
academics relevance, validity,
(peers) in the etc.
field for review
and comment.
19. Peer-reviewed
Journal
For example Harvard Law Review has a 7 day
window to receives submissions from that starts in
April, where scholarly legal arguments are
reviewed and published (Harvard 2011). these
journals must be no more than 25, 000 words
(articles more than 30, 000 are not reviewed) many
submissions are received but after rigorous
examination only a few are published.
20. Elements of a Peer-
reviewed Journal
1
• Scholarly journal articles often have an abstract, a descriptive
summary of the article contents, before the main text of the
article.
2
• Scholarly journals generally have a sober, serious look. They often
contain many graphs and charts but few glossy pages or exciting
pictures.
21. Elements
3
•Scholarly journals always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies.
These bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings.
4
•Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done research in the
field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at the bottom of the first page or at
the end of the article--universities, research institutions, think tanks, and the like.
5
•The language of scholarly journals is that of the discipline covered. It assumes some
technical background on the part of the reader.
22. Elements
6
• The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original
research or experimentation in order to make such information
available to the rest of the scholarly world.
7
• Many scholarly journals, though by no means all, are published
by a specific professional organization.
23. White Paper
Description and Purpose
“A white paper is a certain type of report that is distinctive in terms of purpose, audience,
and organization.” Sakamuro & Stolley 2010
Use of White Paper
“Originally, the term white paper was used as shorthand to refer to an official
government report, indicating that the document is authoritative and informative in nature.
Writers typically use this genre when they argue a specific position or propose a solution to a
problem, addressing the audience outside of their organization.” Sakamuro & Stolley 2010
History and Synthesis of White Paper
This term has historically been used to describe a report that states the social or
political position of an organization. In recent years, however, the IT industry has adopted
the term to describe articles that explain a certain technology or product. For example, a
company may release a white paper to the public in order to educate consumers about one of
their products.
24. Types of White Paper
Solutions White Paper: The solution-oriented White Paper is aimed
mostly at higher management and business leaders. It describes the
advantages of
implementing certain solutions.
Technical White Paper: The technical White Paper is aimed mainly at
engineers and technicians. It describes products, technologies or
processes down to the last detail.
Strategic White Paper: The strategic White Paper serves the purpose
of introducing new technologies, processes or research fields to
decision makers so that they are well-informed about the respective
advantages and disadvantages.
25. White Paper
Government White Paper
This is an example of a
white paper for Europe, a
policy on the
transportation system
(YouTube, 2011)
26. News Paper
What is it? It is a scheduled publication containing news
of current events, informative articles, diverse features
and advertising.
It Purpose: The newspaper has played an important role
in keeping the public informed on current events. It
gleans information from many sources, some public, such
as police records, and others private, such as a
government and reports it to the public.
27. Newspaper
Editorial Pages: Editorials pages are found within
the news paper. They do not contain news, but
rather reasoned opinion based on facts.
Newspapers Should be Judged not by the amount of sensational articles they produce,
but by how strict they are in the promotion of truth.
28. Annotated Bibliography
“An annotated bibliography is a list of
citations to books, articles, and
documents. Each citation is followed by a
brief (usually about 150 words)
descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation.”
29. It Purpose
The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of
the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources
cited” (Cornell University Library, 2011).
30. Books and Peer-
reviewed Journal
Why Books and Peer Review Journals
Books and Peer review Journals are great sources of
scholarship.
One “can find a list of extremely useful books on
research, scientific ethics, writing, dissertations, and
scientific careers” (Honavar, 201).
In Journals, one can find an incredible source of
valuable information for scholarly research.
31. Roles and Responsibilities of
Group Members
Members Roles and Responsibilities Assumed
1. Ian D. Morris academic journal, peer-reviewed
journal/article
2. Derrick Thompson white paper, newspaper
3. Keisha Shantel Williams book review, and annotated
bibliography.
4. Leonard Northe empirical study, literature review
32. References
Cornell University Library (2011).,Distinguishing Scholarly Journals from Other Periodicals.
Retrieved September 04 2011 from
http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill20.html
White, E.G. (1973), Education, 55 W. Oak Ridge Drive Hagerstown, Maryland. Review and Herald
Publishing Association 1861.
Honavar, V. (2011). Graduate research Writing and careers in computer science, Retrieved September 16
2011 from, http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/grad-advice.html
Library Services (2011),Finding Peer-reviewed or Refereed Journals, San Luis Obispo, CA.
Schwab, D. P. (1999). Research Methods for Organizational Studies. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associate, Publishers. Retrieved September 03, 2011, from
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk_19423_AN?sid=ce3cf 93e-
ecb0-4be2-97b5-a1266642d8d5@sessionmgr104&vid=2&ppid=pp_10
Staffwriter (2011) .Submission, Cambridge, MA. Harvard Law Review. Massachusetts Ave
Cambridge, MA.
33. References
Stelzner, M. (2006). Writing White Papers: How to capture readers
and keep them engaged. Poway, California:
WhitePaperSource Publishing. pp. 214.
ISBN 9780977716937
Sakamuro S. & Stolley K., White Paper: Purpose and Audience,
Retrieved September 18, 2011, from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/546/1/
Taylor, D. (n.d.). The Literature Review: A Few Tips on
Conducting it. Retrieved September 03, 011,from
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specifi c-
types-of-writing/literature-review.
34. References
Rispens S. I., Three Types of White Papers – An Overview, Retrieved
September 03, 2011, from,
http://www.knowledgeatwork.eu/library/file/whitepapertypes.pdf
Write a literature review. (n.d.). Retrieved September 03,
2011, from http://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-
literature-review.
Writing a Literature Review. (2011, August). Patrick Power
Library. Retrieved September 03, 2011, from
http://www.smu.ca/administration/library/litrev.html.
35. References
Wallace S. (2009)., A Dictionary Education, Brisbane,
Australia. Australia University
What is an Empirical Study. (n.d.). Retrieved September
03, 2011, from
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid
=20081209132529AA4WXZi.
YouTube. (2011). White paper on the future of the European
transit policy. Retrieved September 16, 2011 from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnH84_DTP28
