Ch 2 sec 4 Confrontation with Islam
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Constantinople was a difficult city for Muslim armies to defeat due to its strategic location surrounded by water on two sides and rugged terrain making it easily defended, thick and extensive city walls, and their use of Greek fire, a chemical weapon that burned upon impact and spread when doused with water. The Battle of Tours halted Muslim expansion into Europe when Charles Martel, nicknamed "the Hammer", led European troops to victory over the Muslims.
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Ch. 2 Sec. 4 The Confrontation
Constantinople was able to withstand Muslim conquest for three key reasons: it was located on an easily defended point surrounded by water on two sides and rugged terrain; the city walls were thick and extensive; and they had Greek fire, a chemical weapon that burned upon impact and spread when doused with water. Charles Martel led European troops to stop Muslim advancement further into Europe at the Battle of Tours, earning him the name "the Hammer".
The crusades
Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control. The Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, but later Crusades failed to hold the city. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) saw Saladin defeat the Christian armies but allow pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. While the Crusades had mixed impacts, they increased trade and learning but also led to corruption in the Catholic Church.
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched between 1095 and 1291 CE in response to Pope Urban II's call for Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem for Christians in 1099 CE, though later crusades struggled, including the Second Crusade's failure and Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187 CE. The Third Crusade recaptured some territory but failed to retake Jerusalem, while the Fourth Crusade saw Christians regain control of the city.
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Ch. 2 Sec. 4 The Confrontation
Constantinople was able to withstand Muslim conquest for three key reasons: it was located on an easily defended point surrounded by water on two sides and rugged terrain; the city walls were thick and extensive; and they had Greek fire, a chemical weapon that burned upon impact and spread when doused with water. Charles Martel led European troops to stop Muslim advancement further into Europe at the Battle of Tours, earning him the name "the Hammer".
The crusades
Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control. The Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, but later Crusades failed to hold the city. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) saw Saladin defeat the Christian armies but allow pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. While the Crusades had mixed impacts, they increased trade and learning but also led to corruption in the Catholic Church.
Crusades
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2) Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962 AD, establishing the Ottonian Holy Roman Empire of Germany.
3) The Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD was a decisive Norman victory over the English army of King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
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Ch 4 Sec 3 "Mongolian Empire
1. The Mongol Empire was formed by nomadic Mongol tribes united under Chinggis Khan in the 13th century.
2. Chinggis Khan divided the Mongol tribes into military groups and established a law code, creating a powerful empire through conquest.
3. The Mongol Empire expanded across Asia and Eastern Europe under later rulers like Kublai Khan and Batu Khan, but internal conflicts and resistance in places like Japan and China eventually caused the empire to break up into smaller khanates.
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Ch 7 Sec 4 "Consequences of European Exploration"
European exploration had several consequences for indigenous populations. Catholic missionaries converted many Indians to Catholicism and sought to protect them. English colonists introduced tobacco, horses, pigs, and diseases like smallpox and measles, which devastated Indian communities by destroying food sources and killing many who lacked immunity.
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1. Europe experienced several major calamities in the 14th century including the Great Famine of 1315-1317, the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the Black Death plague which killed millions from 1347-1350.
2. The Great Famine was caused by heavy rains ruining crops for several years, leading to widespread starvation as people consumed their seed grains and farm animals. An estimated 25% of the population died from starvation or illness.
3. The Hundred Years' War began as a dispute over the French throne between the English King Edward III and French King Phillip VI. It involved many battles between the English and French for over a century
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The Reformation began in the 15th-16th centuries as reformers like John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Martin Luther spoke out against corruption and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Wycliffe produced the first English language Bible and taught that salvation could not be revoked. Luther wrote the 95 Theses arguing against indulgences and realized salvation comes through faith alone, not works. The Reformation spread across Europe through reformers like Zwingli and Calvin and led to common Protestant doctrines like sola scriptura and sola fide. In response, the Catholic Church launched the Counter Reformation to combat heresy through means like the Jesuits and Inquisition.
Ch 5 Sec 2 "Decline of Feudalism
As towns formed and trade grew, feudalism began to decline in Europe. Nobles established towns and granted charters to townspeople, allowing self-governance while collecting taxes. Strong centralized monarchies also developed, like those of William the Conqueror and Henry II in England and Hugh Capet and Phillip II in France, reducing the power of nobles. In England, common law was established under Henry II and limitations on the monarchy through documents like the Magna Carta and the rise of Parliament under Edward I.
Ch 11 Sec 3 "Safavid Empire"
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The document summarizes the colonization of Latin America by European powers like Portugal and Spain in the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses how Portugal and Spain divided control over the new lands through the Treaty of Tordesillas. It also describes the systems of authority each country used to rule their colonies from abroad, their treatment of indigenous populations, and their increasing reliance on African slave labor as the native populations declined.
Ch 12 Sec. 2 & 3 "Napoleon"
Napoleon took control of the French government, pushing aside the other two councils to become the dictator of France. He set about codifying French laws and conquering other nations, but was eventually defeated at Waterloo and sent into exile on St. Helena in the South Atlantic. Nationalism arose in the early 1800s as countries like Greece, Belgium, and Poland sought independence from empires like the Ottoman Empire, the Dutch Kingdom, and Russia.
Ch 5 Sec 3 "Expansion of Europe"
The document summarizes the Crusades and their impact. It discusses that the Crusades were launched by the Pope in 1095 in response to Muslim control over Jerusalem. The first Crusade succeeded in gaining control over some land but it was lost. Later Crusades failed and instead attacked Muslims and others with differing religious doctrines. The Crusades benefited the Roman Church through expanded influence, nobles through wealth and land gains, and merchants through profitable supply deliveries. The Crusades resulted in many deaths but also spread knowledge and technology from Muslims to Europe and increased trade and development of new social classes in places like England.
Ch 11 Sec 2 "Ottoman Empire"
Under the rule of Mehmet II, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, renaming the city Istanbul and making it the permanent capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans developed one of the most advanced fighting forces in the world using new weapons like small cannons and muskets as well as cavalry tactics. They established a stable government through a simple taxation system and use of qualified officials regardless of background. Trade passing through the empire to the East was essential to Ottoman success.
Ch 5 Sec 1 "Medieval Europe"
During the medieval period in Europe:
- Germanic tribes migrated into the weakened Roman Empire and became the foundation of medieval European kingdoms. The Merovingian dynasty ruled but lost influence, and the mayor of the palace became the real power. The Carolingian dynasty then rose to power, with Charlemagne being crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800.
Under Charlemagne, education spread and feudalism developed as a system where land was divided from king to nobles to serfs in exchange for loyalty. The Roman Catholic Church also gradually gained political power and influence over medieval European society. However, medieval Christianity differed significantly from biblical Christianity and many people were ignorant of basic biblical teachings.
Ch 2 sec 1 "The Origins of Islam"
Muhammad founded the religion of Islam in the 7th century CE after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. He taught that there is only one God, Allah, and recorded his revelations in the Qur'an. Muhammad fled persecution in Mecca by moving to Medina in an event known as the Hegira. After Muhammad's death, leadership of the Muslim community passed to Abu Bakr and later Ali, splitting Muslims into the Sunni and Shiite sects. The core beliefs of Islam are outlined in the Five Pillars: the shahadah creed, daily prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
Ch 10 Sec 2 "Explorers - Spanish & Dutch"
Alvaro de Mendana was a Spanish explorer who sailed west from Spain and named the island chain he found the Solomon Islands after King Solomon from the Bible. During Mendana's second voyage with Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, they miscalculated their route to the Solomon Islands and instead discovered new islands which they named the Marquesas Islands after the viceroy of Peru. Many of their crew, including Mendana, died from fever on the next island they discovered, which Quiros named Santa Cruz after taking command of the expedition. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman subsequently discovered Tasmania, New Zealand, and parts of Australia.
Ch 10 Sec 4 "Australia"
The document provides information about the history and culture of indigenous Australians and the colonization of Australia by Europeans. It notes that Aboriginals were the original inhabitants of Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers. It describes traditional Aboriginal instruments like the didgeridoo and games like Marn Grook. It then outlines the colonization of Australia, with Captain Cook claiming New South Wales and establishing the first penal colony led by Arthur Phillip in Sydney Cove. The colonists struggled at first until supplies arrived and settlers learned to live off the land. Explorers like Gregory Blaxland helped open up the interior of Australia to new colonies. By the late 1800s, Australia had become a federation of six states under the rule of England
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Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth In Trade
The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
Ch. 2 Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam
The document discusses how Islam spread from the 7th century. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires had weakened after 200 years of conflict, leaving societies tired of heavy taxation and diverse populations with little unity. This allowed Arab Muslims to establish control over vast lands. Initially, Muslims tolerated other religions if they paid a tax, though this changed after the Crusades and adopting the rule that converting from Islam was punishable by death.
Ch. 1 Sec. 1 The Beginnings
The document summarizes the origins of the human race according to Genesis. It describes how God created the world in 6 days and created man in his image to rule over the earth. It discusses how Adam and Eve were the first humans, but they sinned by eating the forbidden fruit which twisted human civilization. It then covers major biblical figures and events like Cain and Abel, the Great Flood in Noah's time, the Tower of Babel, and the resulting formation of nations and languages.
Ch. 1 Sec. 2 The History of Israel
The document summarizes the history of Israel, beginning with Abraham and his descendants. It outlines the major covenants God made with Abraham, the Israelites at Mount Sinai, David, and the new covenant. The Abrahamic Covenant promised that Abraham's descendants would become a great nation, possess the land of Canaan, bless all nations, and that his seed would bring blessing. The Mosaic Covenant established the Israelites as God's special nation if they obeyed his laws and demanded monotheism. The Davidic Covenant promised David's dynasty would last forever through a future ideal king or Messiah.
Ch. 1 Sec. 3 The Coming
This document summarizes the key events and figures in the origins and spread of Christianity from Jesus to the 5th century AD. It describes Jesus and his teachings, the establishment of the New Covenant, the spread of Christianity by the apostles and Paul, Roman persecutions of Christians under Nero and Diocletian, the conversion and policies of Emperor Constantine which legalized Christianity, and the writings of Augustine asserting that God's kingdom is eternal unlike earthly empires.
Ch. 19 Sec. 1 Following WWII
After WWII, Europe and Asia underwent significant changes - Germany and Berlin were divided between the Western allies and Soviet Union, while the US took sole responsibility for rebuilding Japan and establishing a new constitution with Douglas MacArthur's supervision. The Cold War emerged between the capitalist West led by the US and the communist East led by the Soviet Union, which was expanding its sphere of influence and led countries to live under the Iron Curtain. When the Soviet Union blocked land access to West Berlin, the US airlifted food and supplies for over 300 days, and later the Korean War broke out as North Korea invaded South Korea, drawing in the US under Douglas MacArthur's command until a ceasefire was reached along the 38th Parallel dividing line.
Ch. 19 Sec 2 Democracy vs Communism
The US became involved in Vietnam due to fears that if South Vietnam fell to communism, other Southeast Asian countries would follow suit under the "domino theory." While initially sending advisors, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed the US to take military action. However, the US struggled against opponents in Vietnam due to jungle terrain and lack of clear targets, as well as growing dissent at home. The Tet Offensive of 1968 was a major surprise attack that turned US public opinion against the war, leading to the Vietnamization policy of gradually withdrawing troops while continuing support for South Vietnam.
Ch 18 Sec 1 World War II
The key causes of WWII were the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan. Germany's economy was ruined after harsh treatment following WWI, including huge reparation payments. Countries were increasingly aggressive in expanding their borders, which the weak League of Nations struggled to address. Germany openly disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and remilitarized the Rhineland. Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the official start of WWII in Europe, while Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the U.S. into the war in 1941.
Ch 18 Sec 2 European Theater
Germany attacked France and cornered Allied forces at Dunkirk, but bad weather allowed the British navy to rescue troops across the English Channel. Germany then bombed Britain for over 3 months but failed to break the Royal Air Force. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union to seize its resources but faced scorched earth tactics, and later turned his attention to the Pacific by attacking islands like the Philippines. Several key events turned the tide of war, including Germany fighting on two fronts after invading the USSR, the US entering the war after Japan's attack, Italy surrendering following the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Allied D-Day invasion of France leading ultimately to Germany's defeat on V-E Day in 1945, after which the US dropped atomic
Ch. 17 Sec. 1 Prelude to WWI
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and a system of rival alliances between European powers. Countries had built up large militaries and still sought to expand their territories abroad. This caused tensions that were further exacerbated by networks of alliances like the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The immediate trigger of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, leading Germany to declare war on Russia and the outbreak of fighting among most European nations.
Ch. 17 Sec. 2 WWI
Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium backfired when Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war in support of the Allies. This led to stalemate as massive casualties mounted on both sides without major gains, resulting in trench warfare with both sides developing new weapons like tanks, poison gas, zeppelins and airplanes. The war became a total war effort by all countries as it dragged on for years until the US entry in 1917 and a German-supported Bolshevik revolution in Russia reduced enemies for Germany, leading to the Treaty of Versailles ending the war that blamed and punished Germany.
Ch. 17 Sec. 3 and 4 After the War
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes Russian history from Catherine the Great's rule in the late 18th century through the reign of Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It describes Russia's harsh climate and serf-based agricultural system. It notes key events like Catherine expanding Russia's territory, Alexander II abolishing serfdom but not providing land for freed serfs, and Alexander III and Nicholas II cracking down on dissent through censorship, persecution, and pogroms against threatening groups. Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia is also summarized, where the Russian winter and scorched earth tactics helped defeat the French armies.
Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Ch. 14 Sec. 2 "Changes in Culture and Education"
Romanticism emphasized emotion over reason and often depicted peaceful rural scenes, while Realism sought to portray life realistically, including the negative aspects of industrialization in works by Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. Education reforms occurred across Europe in the 1800s, with Britain establishing Sunday schools and building public schools, Germany requiring primary education for all children, and France's Jules Ferry forming a system mandating attendance until age 15 under one of Europe's finest systems.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation and development of pasteurization, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 15 Vocabulary
This document lists 12 key terms related to European colonialism and imperialism in Africa in the 19th century. It includes names of important explorers like David Livingstone and missionaries like Robert Moffat, as well as political events like the Berlin Conference that divided Africa among European powers and technological factors like the Maxim gun that enabled European military domination.
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Ch 2 sec 4 Confrontation with Islam
- 2. Muslim armies could not overpower Constantinople • Constantinople was the capital of Byzantine Empire
- 3. 3 reasons Constantinople could not be defeated 1. It was located on easily defended point It was surrounded by water on two sides and rugged terrain on the other
- 5. 2. City walls were thick and extensive
- 6. 3. Had Greek fire, which was chemical mixture that burned on impact and spread when doused with water
- 7. Battle of Tours • Stopped the advancement of the Muslims in Europe • European troops were led by Charles Martel • He is called “the Hammer”
Editor's Notes
- merciless way he hammered his enemies.