Clones are formed through asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and does not require fertilization or the involvement of gametes. Some examples of asexual reproduction in eukaryotes include budding, transverse fission in Paramecium, and longitudinal fission in Euglena. Gonyaulax causes red tides and secretes the toxic saxitoxin. Vegetative propagules like suckers, tubers, offsets, and bulbs are important structures in vegetative propagation. Nodes on plants are also important for vegetative propagation by giving rise to new plants.

4. *Clones are formed
It is the fast process
Uniparental/ single parent is involved
Fertilisation /syngamy does not occurs
No involvement of the gametes
*clones are morphologically and
genetically similar individuals

5. When the offspring is produced by the single
parent with or without the involvement of the
gametes formation it is known as the asexual
reproduction.

6. It is unicellular
It is eukaryotic
Exogenous
budding

7. Transverse-paramoecium
Longitudional-euglena and leishmania
Oblique-gonyaloux
Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and
commonly causes red tides. It secretes a poisonous
toxin known as "saxitoxin" which causes paralysis in
humans.

9. Example -
chlamydomona

10. Sucker-mint
Tuber-potato
Offset-water hyacinth
Bulb-onion or garlic
These structure are called vegetative propagules

11. Water hyacinth
💦

12. NODES
which is the important
part in the vegetative
propagation that give
rise to the new plant

14. it involves the formation of
the male and female gametes
either by same individual or by
different of the opposite
sexes.

15. juvenile phase - it is known as
vegetative phase in plants
IT IS THE GROWTH PHASE

16. 1) (SAMELPAROUS-ONCE IN LIFE TIME )BAMBOO
SPECIES FLOWER ONLY ONCE IN LIFE TIME
GENERALLY AFTER 50-100 YRS
They produce the fruits in large no. and die
2)strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji)-once flower in 12 yrs-
this plant flowered during the september -october 2006-found in
Kerala ,Karnataka and Tamil nadu

17. strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji)

18. Apomixis and amphimixis
Apomixis -seed without
fertilization
Amphimixis-seed with fertilization

19. Oestrus cycle
mammalian Non-primates
Seasonal
Scant bleeding
Estrogen -maximum
Women can be made pregnant
Heat (estrus)

20. Menstrual cycle
Every month
BleeDING
Mammalian primates
(human ,monkey and apes)

21. What is hormones
Non-nutritive chemicals
Trace amount in blood
Events of sexual reproduction
Pre-Fertilisation event
Fertilisation
Post- Fertilisation events

22. pre-Fertilisation events
Gametogenesis-it is the formation of the male and ♂
female ♀ gametes
Formation of the male gametes is called
spermatogenesis
Formation of female gamete is called oogenesis
*male gamete - antherozoid or sperms
*female gamete- egg or ovum

23. Isogametes(homogametes)
Morphologically similar ♂ and ♀ gametes
Heterogametes
♂ and ♀ gametes dissimilar

24. plant key
Homothallic /monoecious
⚤ bisexual
Heterothallic /dioecious
Unisexual

25. animal key
Bisexual/hermaphrodites
Tania solium
Gamete transfer-it is also known as the insemination
Male gamete is motile but female gamete is stationery
*exception case- there are few fungi and algae in which both type
of the gametes is motile

26. Fertilisation
another name -syngamy
It is the process that result in the formation of the diploid
zygote
*in some of the organisms like rotifers, honey bees and
even in some birds and lizards(turkey)-parthenogenesis's
occurs

27. Parthenogenesis Is that form o f the reproduction in which
the egg can develop into the embryo without being
fertilized by the ♂ gamete
There are two types of Fertilisation
External-that occurs outside the body-example-algae and
fishes
Internal-that occurs inside the body-example-bryophytes
,pteridophytes ,gymnosperms and angiosperms

28. formation of zygote.
Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms
of one generation and the next. Every sexually reproducing organism,
including human beings, begin life as a single cell–the zygote.
• In the organisms, having external fertilisation, zygote is formed in external
medium (water) and those having internal fertilisation zygote is formed inside
the body of female.
• In algae and fungi, zygote develops a thick wall resistant to desiccation and
damage. This germinates after a period of rest.
• In the organisms having haplontic life cycle, zygote divides to form haploid
spores that germinate to form haploid individual.
POST-FERTILISATION EVENTS

29. Embryogenesis – the process of development of embryo
from the zygote. During this, zygote undergoes mitotic
division and cell differentiation. Cell division increase the
number and cell differentiation help information of new
group of cells and organs.

30. OviparouS
Development of zygote takes place outside the body of
organisms and lay fertilized of unfertilized eggs.
Ex – Reptiles and birds.

31. Viviparous
Development of zygote takes place inside the body of
organisms and produces young ones.
Ex- Human, dog, horse etc.