This document discusses scientific research methods in business. It defines scientific research as a logical, organized, and rigorous process of identifying problems, gathering data, analyzing it, and drawing valid conclusions. Scientific research aims to solve problems in a purposive and objective manner that allows findings to be replicated and generalized. The hypothetico-deductive method is presented as a seven-step process of identifying a problem, developing hypotheses, determining measures, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are used in research. Positivism, constructionism, critical realism, and pragmatism are discussed as alternative perspectives on what constitutes good research.

1. Introduction
to Research
Ch 1 Metodologi Penelitian

4. Ide-Ide Penelitian

6. Penelitian
• Penelitian  proses ilmiah yang mencakup sifat formal
dan intensif
• Penelitian adalah penyelidikan dari suatu bidang ilmu
pengetahuan yang dijalankan untuk memperoleh
fakta-fakta/prinsip-prinsip dengan sabar, hati-hati serta
sistematis (J Suprapto MA)
• Penelitian adalah pemikiran yang sistematis mengenai
berbagai jenis masalah yang pemecahannya
memerlukan pengumpulan dan penafsiran fakta-fakta
(David H. Penny)

7. Penelitian
• Penelitian (menurut Kerlinger, 1986) : proses penemuan
yang mempunyai karakteristik sistematis, terkontrol,
empiris dan mendasarkan pada teori dan hipotesis.
• Penelitian adalah usaha seseorang yg dilakukan secara
sistematis mengikuti aturan-aturan metodologi.
• Penelitian  Art and science guna mencari jawaban
terhadap suatu permasalahan (Yoseph dan Yoseph,
1979)
• Penelitian: cara pengamatan/inkuiri dan mempunyai
tujuan untuk mencari jawaban permasalahan atau
proses penemuan, baik discovery maupun invention.

8. Metode Penelitian
Metode penelitian pada
dasarnya merupakan cara
ilmiah untuk mendapatkan
data dengan tujuan dan
kegunaan tertentu.

9. Business Research
• Business research: an organized and systematic inquiry
or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken
with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.
• The role of theory and information in research
• Research and manager
Research Methods for Business
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 9

10. Applied versus Basic Research
Research Methods for Business
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
10
• Generates a body of knowledge
by trying to comprehend how
certain problems that occur in
organizations can be solved.
Basic research
• Solves a current problem faced
by the manager in the work
setting, demanding a timely
solution.
Applied research

11. More Examples of Research Areas in Business
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Absenteeism
Communication
Motivation
Consumer decision making
Customer satisfaction
Budget allocations
Accounting procedures

12. Example – area of Research on Accounting
• Accounting Standard
Implementation
• Local Government
Financial Reporting
• E-Reporting
• Disclosure of FR
• Accounting System
• Internal Control
• Audit of financial statement
• Tax Policy
– Tax Amnesty
– Tax Revaluation
– Tax Compliance
• Tax and Financial Reporting
• Tax and Good Governance
• Local Government Budgeting
• E-Budgeting
• Implementation of Performance
Budget
• Procurement
• Planning Process
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13. Why managers should know about research
• Being knowledgeable about research and research
methods helps professional managers to:
• Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work
setting.
• Know how to discriminate good from bad research.
• Appreciate the multiple influences and effects of factors
impinging on a situation.
• Take calculated risks in decision making.
• Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their
influence in a situation.
• Relate to hired researchers and consultants more effectively.
• Combine experience with scientific knowledge while making
decisions.
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14. The Manager–Researcher
Relationship
• Each should know his/her role
• Trust levels
• Value system
• Acceptance of findings and implementation
• Issues of inside versus outside researchers/consultants
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15. Internal Researchers
Advantages:
• Better acceptance from staff
• Knowledge about organization
• Would be an integral part of
implementation and evaluation of
the research recommendations.
Disadvantages
• Less fresh ideas
• Power politics could prevail
• Possibly not valued as “expert” by
staff
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16. Eksternal Researchers
Advantages
• Divergent and convergent
thinking
• Experience from several
situations in different
organizations
• Better technical training,
usually
Disadvantages
• Takes time to know and
understand the
organization
• Rapport and cooperation
from staff not easy
• Not available for evaluation
and implementation
• Costs
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17. Research Knowledge and Ethics
• Knowledge about research and managerial effectiveness:
• Managers are responsible for the final outcome by making the
right decision.
• Research may use big data, sophisticated methodology, newly
theory.
• Consider changing the turbulent environment
• Ethics and business research
• Code of conduct while conducting research – organization,
process, sponsor
• Ethical on each step
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18. Scientific
Investigation
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research
18

19. Objective
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research
• Some obstacles to conducting scientific research in the
management area
• The building blocks of science in research
• The hypothetico deductive method
• Other types of research

20. Definition of
Scientific
Research
• Scientific Research focusing on solving
problems and pursues a step by step logical,
organized and rigorous method to identify
the problems, gather data, analyze them
and draw valid conclusions there from.

21. Why Scientific Research?
• This research is not based on hunches, experience, and intuition.
• It is purposive and rigorous.
• Enables all those who are interested in researching and knowing
about the same or similar issues to come up with comparable
findings when data are analyzed.
• Findings are accurate and confident.
• Apply solutions to similar problems – generalization.
• It is more objective.
• Highlights the most critical factors at the workplace that need
specific attention to solve or minimize problems.
• Scientific Investigation and Managerial Decision Making are an
integral parts of effective problem-solving.
• It can be applied to both basic and applied research.

22. Berpikir
Ilmiah
• Skeptik : selalu menanyakan bukti & fakta
yg mendukung pertanyaan
• Analitik : selalu menganalisis setiap
pertanyaan atau persoalan
• Kritik : selalu mendasarkan pikiran atau
pendapat pada logika & mampu
menimbang berbagai hal secara obyektif
berdasarkan data, dan analisis akal sehat

23. Metode Ilmiah
1.Berdasarkan
Fakta
Bebas Dari
Prasangka
Menggunakan
Prinsip Analisis
Menggunakan
Hipotesis.
Menggunakan Ukuran
Obyektif
Menggunakan Teknik
Kuantifikasi

24. Hallmarks of scientific research:
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Purposiveness
Rigor
Testability
Replicability
Precision and
Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony

25. Hypothetico-Deductive Research
• The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive
Method
25
Identify a broad
problem area
Define the
problem
statement
Develop
hypotheses
Determine
measures
Data
collection
Data analysis
Interpretation
of data

26. Deduction and Induction
• Hypothesis testing
Deductive reasoning: application of a general theory to a specific case.
• Counting white swans
Inductive reasoning: a process where we observe specific phenomena
on this basis arrive at general conclusions.
Both inductive and deductive processes are often used in research.
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27. Alternative approaches to what
makes good research
Positivism Constructionism
The middle ground:
• Critical realism
• Pragmatism
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28. Positivism
• Scientific research is the way to get to the truth
• Rigour and replicability, reliability, and
generalizability
• Key approach: experiment
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29. Critical realism
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There is an external reality, but we cannot always objectively
measure this external reality
The critical realist is critical of our ability to understand the
world with certainty

30. Constructionism
The world as we know it is fundamentally mental
Aim to understand the rules people use to make sense of the
world
Research methods are often qualitative in nature
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31. Pragmatism
Do not take a particular position on what makes good research
Research on both objective and subjective phenomena can produce useful
knowledge
Relationship between theory and practice
Purpose of theory is to inform practice
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32. Terima Kasih
Andi Iswoyo
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