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animal_fermenters.pdf
This document summarizes animal fermentation processes. It discusses how herbivorous animals rely on symbiotic microbes in their digestive tracts to break down cellulose from plant matter. There are two main types of fermentation - hindgut fermentation, which occurs in the cecum and large intestine of animals like horses, and foregut fermentation (rumination) which occurs in the multi-chambered stomachs of ruminants like cows. In both cases, dense microbial communities produce enzymes that digest cellulose and other plant fibers, allowing nutrients to be absorbed higher up in the animal's digestive system.
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The document discusses the digestive systems of ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Ruminants have four-compartment stomachs, with the largest being the rumen where food is partially broken down by microbes. Calves are not born with a functioning ruminant system and must develop it through proper nutrition. Non-ruminants have a single-chambered stomach and rely on digestive juices to break down food, while cecal fermenters like horses can digest roughage using bacteria in their cecum. The five processes of digestion are mechanical breakdown, peristalsis, chemical breakdown by enzymes, nutrient absorption, and metabolism of absorbed nutrients.
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The document discusses different types of nutrition in living organisms. It describes two main types - autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis like plants, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other sources. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic and insectivorous. The document also provides details about the nutrition process in animals, including ingestion, digestion in different organs like the stomach and intestines, absorption in the small intestine, and egestion of waste.
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The document discusses heterotrophic nutrition and the human digestive system. It describes how different organisms obtain nutrition from food sources in various ways like saprophytic and parasitic nutrition. It then explains the human digestive system in detail, including the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and digestive enzymes in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. The small intestine has villi and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Peristalsis helps move food through the digestive tract.
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The document discusses the digestive systems of various animal groups. It notes that herbivores have evolved modifications like foregut or hindgut fermentation to break down hard to digest plant materials. Ruminants in particular have a complex, multi-chambered stomach adapted for bacterial fermentation. Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts than herbivores as meat is more easily digested. The document also describes variations in dentition between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores related to their different diets.
Life processes "Part 1" " Class 10"
Science! Biology
PART - 1
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'LIFE PROCESSES'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Please give feedbacks and suggestions to get presentations on more interesting topics.
Do not repost or copy.
Digestive system
This document provides an overview of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs involved including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and liver. It explains the functions of these organs such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as absorption of nutrients. Key processes include chewing and saliva breakdown in the mouth, peristalsis through the esophagus, acid and enzyme breakdown in the stomach, further enzyme breakdown and absorption in the small intestine, water absorption and storage in the large intestine, and processing of nutrients by the liver.
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animal_fermenters.pdf
This document summarizes animal fermentation processes. It discusses how herbivorous animals rely on symbiotic microbes in their digestive tracts to break down cellulose from plant matter. There are two main types of fermentation - hindgut fermentation, which occurs in the cecum and large intestine of animals like horses, and foregut fermentation (rumination) which occurs in the multi-chambered stomachs of ruminants like cows. In both cases, dense microbial communities produce enzymes that digest cellulose and other plant fibers, allowing nutrients to be absorbed higher up in the animal's digestive system.
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Bacteria are among the smallest living things, consisting of just a single cell. While some bacteria can be harmful, others are useful - for example, bacteria are used to make yoghurt, cheese, and are important for digestion. A typical bacterium contains a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and sometimes flagella or a slime capsule.
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The document discusses the digestive systems of ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Ruminants have four-compartment stomachs, with the largest being the rumen where food is partially broken down by microbes. Calves are not born with a functioning ruminant system and must develop it through proper nutrition. Non-ruminants have a single-chambered stomach and rely on digestive juices to break down food, while cecal fermenters like horses can digest roughage using bacteria in their cecum. The five processes of digestion are mechanical breakdown, peristalsis, chemical breakdown by enzymes, nutrient absorption, and metabolism of absorbed nutrients.
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The document discusses different types of nutrition in living organisms. It describes two main types - autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis like plants, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other sources. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic and insectivorous. The document also provides details about the nutrition process in animals, including ingestion, digestion in different organs like the stomach and intestines, absorption in the small intestine, and egestion of waste.
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The document discusses heterotrophic nutrition and the human digestive system. It describes how different organisms obtain nutrition from food sources in various ways like saprophytic and parasitic nutrition. It then explains the human digestive system in detail, including the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and digestive enzymes in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. The small intestine has villi and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Peristalsis helps move food through the digestive tract.
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The document discusses the digestive systems of various animal groups. It notes that herbivores have evolved modifications like foregut or hindgut fermentation to break down hard to digest plant materials. Ruminants in particular have a complex, multi-chambered stomach adapted for bacterial fermentation. Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts than herbivores as meat is more easily digested. The document also describes variations in dentition between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores related to their different diets.
Life processes "Part 1" " Class 10"
Science! Biology
PART - 1
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'LIFE PROCESSES'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Please give feedbacks and suggestions to get presentations on more interesting topics.
Do not repost or copy.
Digestive system
This document provides an overview of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs involved including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and liver. It explains the functions of these organs such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as absorption of nutrients. Key processes include chewing and saliva breakdown in the mouth, peristalsis through the esophagus, acid and enzyme breakdown in the stomach, further enzyme breakdown and absorption in the small intestine, water absorption and storage in the large intestine, and processing of nutrients by the liver.
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The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, and transport in living organisms. It provides details on the different types of nutrition like photosynthesis in plants, heterotrophic nutrition in animals and humans. The seven life processes - movement, respiration, sensitivity, nutrition, growth, excretion and reproduction are defined. Respiration occurs aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. The document also explains gas exchange and transport in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
ruminant animals
Ruminant animals have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant fibers through microbial fermentation. Food is initially chewed and swallowed, passing to the rumen and reticulum where microbes break down cellulose and other plant matter. Nutrients are absorbed and the remaining cud is regurgitated and rechewed before passing to the omasum and abomasum for further digestion and absorption. This unique digestive system relies on microbes in the rumen to break down plant fibers that the animal cannot digest on its own, extracting nutrients that the ruminant then absorbs in the lower stomach and intestines.
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Digestion presentation
This is the presentation that I gathered information from different sources for my biology class. If the original authers find this presentation, please understand that I do not make it for business. Thank you.
Digestion Presentation
1. Digestion is the process of breaking down food particles into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. There are two main types of digestion - intracellular where food is taken into cells, and extracellular where enzymes are secreted outside cells.
2. Different organisms have varying digestive systems depending on their food source. Examples include sponges that engulf food into cells, coelenterates with a gastrovascular cavity, and humans with a multi-chambered alimentary canal containing teeth, stomach, and intestines.
3. In humans, digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown. Food is broken down by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine, where
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- The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used to fuel body activities. It consists of a tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The mouth, esophagus, and stomach are involved in initial digestion through chewing, swallowing, and stomach acid. The small intestine further breaks down food with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and absorbs nutrients. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Digestive system i
- The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used to fuel body activities. It consists of a tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The mouth, esophagus, and stomach are involved in initial digestion through chewing, swallowing, and stomach acid. The small intestine further breaks down food with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and absorbs nutrients. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Avian Digestive System
The document discusses the avian digestive system. It describes the major digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and cloaca. It explains the functions of these organs and how they aid in digestion. Accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are also described. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation in the digestive system are briefly covered.
Life process class 10 cbse
Hello guys this is the notes of the chapter life processes in detail with all the diagrams of this chapter. I hope this PPT will help you to prepare for your examinations.
I hope you all are safe in your home
stay home, stay safe, stay connected
thank you.
Life process class 10
The document discusses the process of photosynthesis in plants. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants produce glucose and release oxygen using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight through the action of chlorophyll. It then describes the key components and stages of photosynthesis, including how raw materials are absorbed by the plant, the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and the role of stomata in gas exchange. It concludes by explaining the importance of photosynthesis in providing food and maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Dm ch. 2 digestive sys a
This document describes digestion in livestock animals. It discusses the non-ruminant, ruminant, and avian digestive systems. The key parts of the digestive tract are described, including how digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of feed. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine and nutrients are transported via blood and lymph systems.
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The document provides information about the digestive systems of various animals. It begins by explaining what the digestive system is and its main organs and functions. It then describes and compares the digestive systems of birds, horses, insects, snakes, mollusks, and other animals. The key organs that process food in the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive system breaks down food, separates out nutrients and minerals, and eliminates waste to help the body derive energy and nutrients from what is consumed.
c.b.s.e grade 10 Life processes ppt.
The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Nutrition: Acquiring Nutrients from Foods.
How the Body Gets Nutrients from Foods: With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health" aka Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docx
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Importance of dietary fibers & ruminant digestion
Dietary fibers are types of carbohydrates found in plants that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. They come in water soluble and insoluble forms and provide various health benefits such as regulating digestion, aiding in weight loss, and reducing risk of chronic diseases. Ruminant animals like cattle have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down cellulose with the help of symbiotic microbes in their four-chambered stomachs. The largest chamber, the rumen, contains bacteria and protozoa that ferment plant fibers through belching and regurgitation. This unique digestion process enables ruminants to utilize nutrients from fibrous plants inedible to non-ruminants.
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Nitrogen is essential for ecosystems and life but it exists largely as unreactive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. The nitrogen cycle involves four key processes - nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification - that convert nitrogen between different chemical forms so it can be used by plants and other organisms. Nitrogen fixation involves bacteria and lightning converting nitrogen gas into forms plants can use. Ammonification and nitrification further transform nitrogen into ammonium and nitrates. Denitrification ultimately converts nitrogen back to its unreactive gas form through bacteria, balancing the nitrogen added through fixation.
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paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
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The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, and transport in living organisms. It provides details on the different types of nutrition like photosynthesis in plants, heterotrophic nutrition in animals and humans. The seven life processes - movement, respiration, sensitivity, nutrition, growth, excretion and reproduction are defined. Respiration occurs aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. The document also explains gas exchange and transport in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
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Ruminant animals have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant fibers through microbial fermentation. Food is initially chewed and swallowed, passing to the rumen and reticulum where microbes break down cellulose and other plant matter. Nutrients are absorbed and the remaining cud is regurgitated and rechewed before passing to the omasum and abomasum for further digestion and absorption. This unique digestive system relies on microbes in the rumen to break down plant fibers that the animal cannot digest on its own, extracting nutrients that the ruminant then absorbs in the lower stomach and intestines.
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The document discusses the process of nutrition in organisms. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs like plants can synthesize their own food using photosynthesis, requiring carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Heterotrophs obtain food from other sources and break it down using enzymes. The human digestive system breaks down ingested food through a multi-step process involving several organs like the mouth, stomach and small intestine to extract nutrients for absorption and use in the body.
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The document discusses various life processes in living organisms including nutrition, respiration, and excretion. It describes how autotrophs like plants perform photosynthesis to produce their own food, while heterotrophs obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. The stages of digestion and absorption in humans are summarized, including the roles of the mouth, saliva, teeth, and tongue in breaking down food for further digestion. Multicellular organisms have specialized tissues and organ systems to transport nutrients and waste throughout the body.
Digestion presentation
This is the presentation that I gathered information from different sources for my biology class. If the original authers find this presentation, please understand that I do not make it for business. Thank you.
Digestion Presentation
1. Digestion is the process of breaking down food particles into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. There are two main types of digestion - intracellular where food is taken into cells, and extracellular where enzymes are secreted outside cells.
2. Different organisms have varying digestive systems depending on their food source. Examples include sponges that engulf food into cells, coelenterates with a gastrovascular cavity, and humans with a multi-chambered alimentary canal containing teeth, stomach, and intestines.
3. In humans, digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown. Food is broken down by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine, where
Intro To Cells Final
Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms and have many functions necessary for life. They are classified as plant or animal. Plant and animal cells share some parts like the nucleus and organelles, but differ in key respects. Animal cells lack a cell wall and plant cells can perform photosynthesis using chloroplasts.
Digestive system i
- The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used to fuel body activities. It consists of a tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The mouth, esophagus, and stomach are involved in initial digestion through chewing, swallowing, and stomach acid. The small intestine further breaks down food with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and absorbs nutrients. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Digestive system i
- The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used to fuel body activities. It consists of a tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The mouth, esophagus, and stomach are involved in initial digestion through chewing, swallowing, and stomach acid. The small intestine further breaks down food with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and absorbs nutrients. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Avian Digestive System
The document discusses the avian digestive system. It describes the major digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and cloaca. It explains the functions of these organs and how they aid in digestion. Accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are also described. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation in the digestive system are briefly covered.
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Hello guys this is the notes of the chapter life processes in detail with all the diagrams of this chapter. I hope this PPT will help you to prepare for your examinations.
I hope you all are safe in your home
stay home, stay safe, stay connected
thank you.
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The document discusses the process of photosynthesis in plants. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants produce glucose and release oxygen using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight through the action of chlorophyll. It then describes the key components and stages of photosynthesis, including how raw materials are absorbed by the plant, the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and the role of stomata in gas exchange. It concludes by explaining the importance of photosynthesis in providing food and maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
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This document describes digestion in livestock animals. It discusses the non-ruminant, ruminant, and avian digestive systems. The key parts of the digestive tract are described, including how digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of feed. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine and nutrients are transported via blood and lymph systems.
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The document provides information about the digestive systems of various animals. It begins by explaining what the digestive system is and its main organs and functions. It then describes and compares the digestive systems of birds, horses, insects, snakes, mollusks, and other animals. The key organs that process food in the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive system breaks down food, separates out nutrients and minerals, and eliminates waste to help the body derive energy and nutrients from what is consumed.
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The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
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After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docx
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Importance of dietary fibers & ruminant digestion
Dietary fibers are types of carbohydrates found in plants that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. They come in water soluble and insoluble forms and provide various health benefits such as regulating digestion, aiding in weight loss, and reducing risk of chronic diseases. Ruminant animals like cattle have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down cellulose with the help of symbiotic microbes in their four-chambered stomachs. The largest chamber, the rumen, contains bacteria and protozoa that ferment plant fibers through belching and regurgitation. This unique digestion process enables ruminants to utilize nutrients from fibrous plants inedible to non-ruminants.
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3. Most orchids maintain their relationship with mycorrhizal fungi throughout their lives. The fungi provide nutrients extracted from the environment, while the photosynthetic orchid may provide
mucor.pdf
Mucor is a type of fungus found worldwide that can cause the disease mucormycosis through infections in mucous membranes, lungs, eyes, and skin. It lives in organic soil and decaying plant matter. Mucor has filamentous hyphae that form a mycelial network and absorbs nutrients. It reproduces through fragmentation, and sexually through the fusion of gametangia from opposite strains to form zygospores, which can remain dormant before germinating to form a new mycelial network. Mucor completes its lifecycle through vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction and can cause infections that impact health.
Microbes_and_enzymes_production.pdf
Microbial enzymes play a crucial role as metabolic catalysts and are used widely in various industries. Microbes are preferred sources of enzymes compared to plants and animals because they are cheaper to produce and their enzyme contents are more predictable and controllable. Common microbial sources of industrial enzymes include bacteria, fungi, yeast and actinomycetes. The production of microbial enzymes involves selecting an optimal microorganism, formulating the culture medium, carrying out fermentation via submerged or solid-state methods, and recovering and purifying the enzymes. Some key industrial enzymes produced this way include amylases, proteases, lipases, cellulases and pectinases.
viral_replication.pdf
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble them into new virus particles. There are seven basic stages of viral replication: 1) adsorption, 2) entry, 3) uncoating, 4) transcription, 5) synthesis of viral components, 6) assembly, and 7) release. Bacteriophages follow a similar process in bacterial cells, using either a lytic cycle that kills the host or a lysogenic cycle that allows long-term infection. Plant viruses enter through wounds or vectors and replicate using virus-specific RNA polymerases. Animal viruses recognize receptors to enter cells and then use the host to produce new virions.
BIOLOGICAL_CONTROL.pdf
Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pest populations. There are three main types: conservation of existing natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces new natural enemies, and augmentation which supplements existing natural enemies. Biological control provides a progressive alternative to chemicals and can provide permanent control with low costs. However, some introductions have harmed non-target species. Biopesticides include microbial, plant-incorporated, and biochemical pesticides derived from natural materials and tend to pose less risk than conventional pesticides while effectively controlling pests when used as part of integrated pest management.
MICROBES_AS_CELL_FACTORIES.pdf
This document discusses microbial cell factories and metabolic engineering. It defines microbial cell factories as microbial cells engineered as production facilities through metabolic engineering, which alters metabolic pathways for chemical production. Metabolic engineering draws from various disciplines to engineer metabolic pathways to increase productivity of antibiotics, polymers, and more. The document also discusses primary and secondary metabolites, with primary metabolites essential for growth and secondary metabolites having various industrial uses like antibiotics. Strategies for overproducing both types of metabolites include genetic engineering of pathways and eliciting microbial responses through stress factors or quorum sensing.
evolution,phylogeny_and_metabolic_diversity.pdf
1. Early life on Earth likely originated from self-replicating RNA molecules between 3.8-4.3 billion years ago near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor where conditions were stable. These RNAs may have eventually led to the first cells with lipid membranes and simple metabolic pathways using hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
2. Around 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved oxygenic photosynthesis, leading to accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere over hundreds of millions of years and allowing aerobic respiration to evolve. This drove diversification of metabolism and the rise of eukaryotes.
3. Eukaryotic cells likely arose through endosymbiotic events where ancient bacteria capable of aerobic
Microbial_Pathogenicity.pdf
Pathogenic microbes cause disease through their ability to invade tissues (invasiveness) and produce toxins (toxigenesis). The degree of pathogenicity depends on factors related to the host, microbe, and environment. For a microbe to cause disease, it must gain access to and adhere to the host, penetrate host defenses, and damage tissues directly or through microbial waste products. Bacterial pathogens contribute to diseases like pneumonia and foodborne illness through various virulence factors that help them colonize, avoid host defenses, and damage host cells and tissues.
food_poisoning_.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Coronavirus.pdf
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause respiratory illnesses in humans ranging from mild to lethal. COVID-19 is a new coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Coronaviruses are spherical particles with spikes protruding from their surface. They contain a positive-sense RNA genome and replicate within the host cell by translating their polyproteins and using a replicase-transcriptase complex. New viruses are assembled and released via exocytosis. COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person via respiratory droplets, contact with contaminated surfaces, and possibly aerosols. Its symptoms include cough, fever and shortness of breath. While most cases are mild, it can sometimes lead to severe illness requiring
sewage_treatment.pdf
Sewage is comprised of about 99.9% water and 0.1% solid or dissolved wastes from households, industries, and stormwater runoff. Sewage undergoes physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater safe for release. Pretreatment screens and filters remove large solid objects, while primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove about half the total solids. Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter using trickling filters, activated sludge systems, filter beds, or rotating biological contactors. Membrane bioreactors can also be used for secondary treatment and achieve higher removal rates than conventional activated sludge. The byproduct of sewage treatment is sewage sludge
Food_spoilage.pdf
Food spoilage can occur through natural decay processes like enzymatic degradation or microbial contamination. The main causes of food spoilage are bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Bacterial contamination is particularly dangerous as spoiled food may not appear abnormal but still contain toxins. Different types of foods are spoiled by different microorganisms depending on the food's characteristics like pH, moisture level, and nutrients. Spoilage can cause changes in texture, odor, color, and visual appearance of foods. Proper food handling and storage is important to prevent or slow down spoilage.
Dermatophyte,_candida_and_aspergillosis.pdf
Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that commonly cause skin infections, known as ringworm, in humans and animals. There are three main genera - Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte isolated from humans. Dermatophyte infections include athlete's foot, ringworm of the body/limbs, scalp, face, and hands. Symptoms vary by location but include scaly rashes and skin/hair/nail abnormalities. Transmission occurs via direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Treatment involves antifungal creams, ointments or oral medications.
biogeochemical_cycle.pdf
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through producers, consumers, and decomposers. Carbon dioxide enters producers through photosynthesis and is consumed by consumers when eating other organisms. Decomposers and respiration return carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The oceans and rocks store large amounts of carbon but exchange it slowly.
The nitrogen cycle involves transformation of nitrogen between organic and inorganic forms by microbes and other organisms. Nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by lightning, industrial processes, and microbial activity. Plants and microbes assimilate nitrogen from the soil and it is returned through ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
bacterial_adhesion.pdf
Bacterial adhesion is essential for colonization and infection. Bacteria use adhesins, which are surface proteins or structures, to attach specifically to host tissues through complementary receptor-ligand interactions. Adhesins allow bacteria to overcome environmental forces and target particular surfaces. Specific adhesion involves irreversible binding between bacterial adhesins and host receptors. Different bacterial species and strains utilize diverse adhesin structures like capsules, S layers, or fimbriae containing tip proteins that determine receptor binding specificity and tissue tropism.
More from MidhatSarfraz (20)
Recently uploaded
Analysis of Polygenic Traits (GPB-602)
Quantitative genetics – study of inheritance of quantitative characters or polygenic characters in experimental populations.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mites,Slug,Snail_Infesting agricultural crops.pdf
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Explainable Deepfake Image/Video Detection
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet - An Esteemed Professor
Dr. Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet is an innovator in Middle Eastern Studies and approaches her work, particularly focused on Iran, with a depth and commitment that has resulted in multiple book publications. She is notable for her work with the University of Pennsylvania, where she serves as the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History.
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Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
CELLULOSE_DIGESTION_.docx
- 1. Cellulose Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers consisting of tens to hundreds to several thousand monosaccharide units. All of the common polysaccharides contain glucose as the monosaccharide unit. Polysaccharides are synthesized by plants, animals, and humans to be stored for food, structural support, or metabolized for energy. Cellulose: The major component in the rigid cell walls in plants is cellulose. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units. The acetal linkage is beta which makes it different from starch. This peculiar difference in acetal linkages results in a major difference in digestibility in humans. Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages are lacking. (More on enzyme digestion in a later chapter.) Undigestible cellulose is the fiber which aids in the smooth working of the intestinal tract. Animals such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, and termites have symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract. These symbiotic bacteria possess the necessary enzymes to digest cellulose in the GI tract. They have the required enzymes for the breakdown or hydrolysis of the cellulose; the animals do not, not even termites, have the correct enzymes. No vertebrate can digest cellulose directly. Even though we cannot digest cellulose, we find many uses for it including: Wood for building; paper products; cotton, linen, and rayon for clothes; nitrocellulose for explosives; cellulose acetate for films. The structure of cellulose consists of long polymer chains of glucose units connected by a beta acetal linkage. The graphic on the left shows a very small portion of a cellulose chain. All of the monomer units are beta-D-glucose, and all the beta acetal links connect C # 1 of one glucose to C # 4 of the next glucose CELLULOSE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS CELLULOSE DIGESTION Cellulose make up the plant cell wall. Animals which depend on material e.g. leaves, wood have to digest cellulose in order to release the cell contents required for the nutrition of the animals. The enzyme which digest cellulose is called cellulase and it is not produced by most animals. Some micro organisms take bacteria and protozoans can produce cellulase. However animals which digest cellulose contain micro organisms in their gut which produce cellulose enzyme. This is a symbiotic relationship. CELLULOSE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS Ruminants are animals which chew the cud. Cud is un chewed grass taken into the rumen which is returned to the mouth for chewing (regurgitation). Examples include Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Antelopes and Buffalos. They have a complicated stomach consisting of four chambers.
- 2. Mouth. There is no enzyme secretion in the mouth so only mastication and Softening of food occurs. Movement of food in the oesophagus is by Peristalsis. Rumen. This is the largest component of the stomach where food is stored temporarily before returning to the mouth for chewing. The food is return to the mouth by anti peristalsis. The ruminant then lies down quietly and chews the cud. When the food is sufficiently chewed it is swallowed and passed into the reticulum. Reticulum. Bacteria action continues. It also separates finely ground material from course ones and then retains and hard pieces of wood. Omasum. Consists of parallel leaf like compartments with rough surfaces. The food is ground finely. Absorption of water takes place at this region Abomasum. Also called the true stomach. Enzymatic action of proteins takes place here. Beyond this point digestion takes place like in man. Other animals like termites eat wood, dry leaves etc which also contain cellulose. The digestion of cellulose in termites is also done by cellulase enzyme produced by protozoans which live symbiotically with the termites. The products of cellulose digestion may be glucose or acetic acid in other animals.