understanding culture politics and society

1. Cellular Abnormalities and
Disease
Cancer, Diabetes, and Genetic
Disorders

2. Cancer: Genomic Instability
• • Genome instability includes chromosomal
breaks, mutations, and DNA repair errors.
• • Mutations in caretaker and gatekeeper
genes drive malignant transformation.
• • Accumulation of mutations leads to
uncontrolled cell growth.

3. Diabetes: Oxidative Cellular
Damage
• • Hyperglycemia triggers oxidative stress via
reactive oxygen species (ROS).
• • Damaging pathways: AGE, PKC, PARP, polyol,
hexosamine.
• • Inflammatory signaling in pancreatic islets
causes β-cell dysfunction and death.
• • Mitochondrial damage contributes to
complications.

4. Diabetes: Vascular & Cellular
Damage
• • Endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric
oxide signaling.
• • Microangiopathy and macroangiopathy lead
to complications.
• • Linked to atherosclerosis and diabetic
vasculopathy.

5. Genetic/Metabolic Disorders &
Cancer Metabolism
• • Mutations in metabolic enzymes cause
inherited metabolic disorders.
• • Cancer cells often shift to aerobic glycolysis
(Warburg effect).
• • Leads to rapid biomass production and
altered energy pathways.

6. Integrative Table: Abnormalities vs
Outcomes
• Cancer: Genomic instability → Mutations →
Uncontrolled proliferation.
• Diabetes: Oxidative stress, β-cell death →
Insulin deficiency, vascular damage.
• Genetic disorders: Enzyme defects → Energy
imbalance, proliferation advantages.

7. Therapeutic Insights
• • Target oxidative stress and cell death
pathways.
• • Hyperglycemia-induced genomic instability
may be targeted with DNA repair inhibitors.
• • Use of antioxidants, metabolic modulators,
and anti-inflammatory agents.

8. Conclusion
• • Cellular dysfunction is at the root of many
diseases.
• • DNA damage in cancer, metabolic
inflammation in diabetes, and enzyme defects
in genetic disorders share common cellular
themes.
• • Understanding these mechanisms is key to
prevention and treatment.