This document discusses the structure and composition of bacterial cell walls. It describes three main types of cell walls: gram positive, gram negative, and acid-fast. Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids. Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane, and lipopolysaccharides including lipid A and core polysaccharides in their outer membrane. Acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a cell wall with mycolic acids and waxes that makes them resistant to acid-fast staining. The cell wall structure contributes to differences in bacterial shape, sensitivity to antibiotics and dyes, and ability to cause disease.

1. Cell Biomembrane An
Its Function

3. CELL

4. CELL WALL
 Extremely porous
 Peptidoglycan
 Outer layer
 Techoic acid
 Outer membrane
 It contribute to the ability of some species to
cause diseases and is the site of action of some
antibiotics

5. COMPOSITION OF CELL WALL
 Protein
 Teichoic acid
 Lipoteichoic acid
 Peptidoglycan
 Cell membrane
 porin

6. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA CELL WALL

7. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA CELL WALL

8. ACID FAST BACTERIA CELL

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELL WALLS OF GRAM POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE AND ACID FAST BACTERIA
Characterisitics Gram positive Gram negative Acid fast
Peptidoglycan Thick layer Thin layer Relatively small amount
Teichoic acid Often present Absent Absent
Lipids Very little present Lipopolysaccharides Mycolic acid and other
waxes and glycolipids
Outer membrane Absent Present Absent
Periplasmic space Absent Present Absent
Cell shape Always rigid Rigid or flexible Rigid or flexible
Result of enzyme protoplast Sheroplast Difficult to digest
Sensetivity to dyes and
antibiotics
Most sensetive Most sensetive Least sensetive
Exapmles Staphylecoccus aureus Escherichia coli Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

10. PEPTIDOGLYCAN
 A rigid polyssacharides.
 It is composed of alternating reapets of two
modified glucose residues called N-
acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
along with a amino acids L-lanine, D-alanine, D-
glutamic acid, and either L-lysine or
diaminopimolic acid (DAP) (NAG) (NAM).
 Arranged in sheets individual sheets connected
by peptide cross link.
 Constituents are connected in an ordered way to
from the glycan tetrapeptide.

11. TEICHOIC ACIDS
 Additional molecules of cell walls of gram positive
organisms.
 compositions:-
glycerol
sugar alcohol (ribitol)
phosphate
length = upto 30
 It is covalently bonded to membrane lipids rather that
to peptidoglucan, and these are called lipoteictoic
acids.
 Extended beyond the rest of the cell wall, even
beyond the capsule in encapsulated bacteria.

12. FUNCTIONS OF TEICHOIC ACIDS
 Furnished attachment sites for bacteriophage.
 Probably serves as a passage way for movement of icons into and out of the cell.

13. OUTER MEMBRANE
 Found primarily in the gram negative bacteria
only a small amount of the toal cell consist of
peptidoglycan as most of thecell wall is
composed of the outer membrane.
 It is bilayer membrane.
 It is attached to the peptidoglycan by an almost
continous layer of small lipoprotein molecules.
 These large, complex molecules contain both
lipid and carbohydrates.

14. LIPID A
 Two glucosamine sugar derivatives
 Fatty acids A
 phosphate

15.  Core polysaccharide :-
- 10 sugar
 O side chain oro antigen :-
- polysaccharides chain
extending

16. FUNCTION
 It contribute to the negative charge on the bacterial surface because the core polysaccharides usually
contains charged sugar and phosphate.
 It hepls create a permeability barries.