CBSE class X Computer Applications ch 1 INTERNET

1. X
CBSE
Ch 1
Internet Basics

2. History of Internet
1960, ARPANET

3. WWW
commonly known as the Web, is an information system where documents
and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs,
such as https://example.com/ ), which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and
are accessible over the Internet.

4. Functioning

5. INTERNET TERMINOLOGY

6. Client and Server

7. Webpage
A web page (or webpage) is a specific collection of content
provided by a website and displayed to a user in a web browser

8. Website
A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified
by a common domain name and published on at least one web server.

9. Webportal
A web portal is a specially designed website that brings information from diverse
sources, like emails, online forums and search engines, together in a uniform way
● Patient Portals.
● Government Portals.
● Intranets/Extranets/Workplace Portals.
● Knowledge Management Portals.
● Student Portals.
● Vendor Portals.

10. Web Browser
an application used to access and view websites
Web - Browser Types
● Internet Explorer.
● Google Chrome.
● Mozilla Firefox.
● Safari.
● Opera.
● Konqueror.
● Lynx.

11. Web client
The client side (user side) of the Web. A Web client typically
refers to the Web browser in the user's machine or mobile
device.

12. WEB SERVER
● A web server is a computer that runs websites.
● It's a computer program that distributes web pages as they are
requisitioned.
● The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver
web pages to the users.
● This intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
● Apache, IIS and Nginx are the most used web servers on the World Wide Web

14. URL
Web address

15. Blog
Online personal journal

16. Blogger
Author of blog

17. Blogging
Action of writing blog

18. Newsgroup
A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular subject consisting of notes written
to a central Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a worldwide network of
news discussion groups
An example of a newsgroup is a "computer help"

19. Email
Electronic mail, messages distribution

20. Email

21. Email address
Unique web identity

22. arora.sumita@gmail.com
● User
● @
● Host of domain name
An email domain is the web address that comes after the @ symbol in an email
address.

23. A BOT
● Known as Internet bot
● A program that runs automated tasks over the Internet.
● scripts and programs that enables their user to do things quickly

24. Search bots
Googlebot –
● Google’s web crawling bot
● Spider
● Uses an algorithmic process
● Computer programs determine which sites to crawl, how often, and how many
pages to fetch from each site.
● Google process begins with a list of web page URLs.
● As Googlebot visits each of these websites it detects links (SRC and HREF) on
each page and adds them to its list of pages to crawl.

26. Web - Server Types
● Apache HTTP Server. This is the most popular web server in the
world developed by the Apache Software Foundation. ...
● Internet Information Services. The Internet Information Server (IIS) is
a high performance Web Server from Microsoft. ...

27. Data center -Physical premises of company
● Physical location of servers data.
● Effects website speed
● Servers are located in data centers
● More than 9 million data centers in the world

28. Who Has the Most Web Servers?
● Microsoft has more than 1 million servers, according to CEO Steve Ballmer (July,
2013)
● Facebook has "hundreds of thousands of servers" (Facebook's Najam Ahmad, June
2013)

30. Server
A Server is a central place where information and programs are
stored and accessed by applications over the network.

31. Web Server
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made
over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display
website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages to
users

32. Fact Time!
Who invented first server?
Tim Berners-Lee
By the end of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee had the first Web server and browser up and running at CERN,
demonstrating his ideas. He developed the code for his Web server on a NeXT computer.

33. Visual conceptualisation
? process
? who requests
? who serves

34. Services provided by a Server
1
3 4
2

36. Services provided by Web Servers
Serving Web Pages
Running gateway program and
returning outputrus bibendum luctus.
Controlling access to the server
Monitoring and logging all access
Server side scripting

37. Fact Time!
How can I publish my website?
Go on sites.google.com, where you can easily create a website and publish it to the
internet

38. 1.6 Website
Group of related web pages hosted on a web
server.

39. 1.6.1 Components of a Website
● Webhost
● Address
● Homepage
● Design
● Content

40. Webhost
● Hosting means physical location of website.
● A website considers only when hosted by any web server.
Pge no 7

41. Website address
● URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
● Address on web browsers address bar

42. Homepage
● First web page of a website

43. Website Design
● Navigation menus and links
● Graphics
● Layout
● Placement of content

44. Website Content
All the webpages contained in website

45. Website navigation structure
Order of hyperlinks and webpages

47. Top Websites
Website Monthly Visitors
Google.com 92.5B
Youtube.com 34.6B
Facebook.com 25.5B
Twitter.com 6.6B

48. Top Web Portals
Types of portals:
● Marketplace portals.
● Search portals.
● Media Portals.
● Access Portal.
● Geographical
Portals.

49. Some educational web portals
● EDX.org
● Academicearth.org
● Bigthink.org
● Coursera.org
● archive.org
● Khanacademy.org
● Futureskills.com
● Swayam.org

51. Fact Time ! How people visit websites
❏ Text attracts more attention than pictures. ...
❏ People start viewing your website from the top left corner. ...
❏ Readers ignore banners. ...
❏ People only scan the lower parts of your website. ...
❏ Short paragraphs work better than long ones. ...
❏ Fancy fonts are ignored.

52. Webpage
Content wise Structure wise
Page no 9
Digital Document, accessible through web browser, contain text,color,graphics,animation,video,
and audio.

53. Content wise
Webpage
Page no 9

54. Webpage
Structure wise
Page no 9

55. Webpage Contents
● Text
● Graphics
● Sound
● Images
● Video
● Hyperlink
Page no 9
Raw
Content
HTML Web Page

56. Web page content wise interlinking
Page no 9
Hypertext Hyperlinks

57. Web page content wise interlinking
Page no 9

58. Web Page Structure
● Page title
● Header
● Body of the webpage
● Navigational Links
● Footer
Page no 10

59. Web Page Creation
● Page title
● Header
● Body of the webpage
● Navigational Links
● Footer
Page no 10

60. How does webpage works
Webpage
Creation
Retrieval
Uploading and
Publishing web
page
Page no 11

61. Difference between a Webpage and Website
Page no 11

62. Difference between a Webpage and Website
Page no 11

63. Web Browsers
Page no 12
An application software that lets us access content from internet and visit different sites.

64. Web Browsers
Page no 12

65. Fact Time!
Android 12 Beta version out for selected devices
● Google mobile OS
● 2008, first version 1.0 to 1.1
● Till 9th versions all names upon eatables
● 2019, android 10
● 2020, android 11

66. Web server not found!
Page no 12

67. Types of Web Browser
Page no 12
Graphics Text Only

68. Types of Web Browser
Page no 12
Graphics Web
Browser
➔ Displays Text
➔ Images
➔ Video
➔ Audio
● Mozilla Firefox
● Google Chrome
● Microsoft
Internet Explorer
● Apple Safari
● Opera

69. Types of Web Browser
Page no 12
Text Only Web
Browser
➔ Displays Text
➔ Useful in small
bandwidth
➔ Fast rendering
● Mozilla Firefox
● Google Chrome
● Microsoft
Internet Explorer
● Apple Safari
● Opera

70. How to browse in text-only mode in chrome
1. Open Google Chrome browser on your computer.
2. Click the three-dotted icon and select Settings.
3. Go to the Privacy and security tab.
4. Click on Site Settings > Images.
5. Toggle the Show all button.
6. Toggle the Allow button.
7. Start browsing the internet in text-only mode.

71. Features of edge browser as graphic and text
support
● Vertical Tabs
● Immersive reader- loud,grammar,reading
● Collection-+
● Web capture-...
● PDF reader
● Dark mode-settings>
EDGE to explore

72. Blogs
Page no 13

73. Blog-Digital Diary
Page no 13

74. Blog

75. Advantages & Disadvantages
Enables you to write down your thoughts
on anything that interests you.
Whatever you publish is available for everyone to see. If
you write a post in anger you might regret it later.
Very quick and easy to set up, don't need
much technical knowledge
Personal blogs may be biased or contain inaccurate
information
Easy and quick to update or add new
posts
Blogs can be time consuming. Finding time to write
regular updates can become a chore.
People can leave comments on your blog People may leave rude or inappropriate comments
If you want to read other people's blogs
there are literally millions to choose from
There are many very dull blogs around. You may have
to look at many before you find some worth reading
Blog

76. Web Address(URL)
❖ Contains information about location of the web
page.
❖ URL- Uniform Resource Locator
❖ Organized address of a particular web page.
Page 14

77. 1. Type of server or protocol
2. Name or address of the server
3. Path
Note- colon(:) and forward
slashes(//) follow the protocol
Page 14
Elements of URL

79. Protocol
Page 15
Set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different
devices in the same network

80. OSI (Open System Interconnection)
7 layers of communication
Page 15
The OSI Model
breaks down network
communication into
seven layers.
These layers are
useful for identifying
network issues

81. Protocol and their uses
Page 15
● Protocol communicates with a layer
● Protocol at one layer are unaware of issues at another
layer
● OSI reference model organizes a network into seven
layers(a protocol stack)

82. Protocol and their uses
Page 15

83. FTP-File Transfer Protocol
(application layer)
Page 15

84. Gopher Protocol
(application layer)
Page 15
The Gopher protocol is a
communication protocol designed for
distributing, searching, and retrieving
documents in Internet Protocol
networks.

85. HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(application layer)
Page 15
● Heart of the web
● Web application layer
protocol
● Running on TCP connection
● Client is TCP connection
initiator

86. HTTP-HTTPs
Page 15
*transfer information
without any security
*Useful for sending non
sensitive information
*used for blogs,
entertainment, information,
and articles
*No additional technology
for data sharing
*transfer information with
SSC, that encrypts
*Useful for sending
sensitive information
*used for exchanging info
such as login details, bank
details, payment details etc
*Requires additional SSL
certificate for secure
exchange of data

87. Mail protocol- POP, SMTP
(Application layer)
Page 15
● Used for sending mail on internet
● POP-Post Office protocol
● Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
● SMTP takes care of sending new emails
● POP takes care of receiving mail

88. News protocol
(application layer)
Page 15
● NNTP-Network News Transfer
Protocol
● Used for transporting news article
between news servers and end
users

89. Domains
Page 15
● Group of computers that can be
accessed and administered with
a common set of rules
● A company may require all local
computers to be in same domain
● So that, can be accessed and
seen from other computers
within domain serveretween
news servers and end users

90. Some common domain names
Page 15

91. Facts! Domain
Topic- Protocol and Newsgroups
● Three characters of domain to remember easily
● You have to register for a particular domain
● Within fifteen days registration cancel, if unable to answer inquiry or
wrong information uploaded
● 2007, 35 million $, Vac ationRentals.com was the most expensive
domain sold out
● Google.com was supposed to be spell as googol.com
● Until 1995 domain registrations were free
● March 15, 1985, first domain, symbolics.com is the ever registered
domain

92. News group-
A FORUM, like COMMUNITY BULLETIN
BOARD
1. Alt.tennis
2. Alt.astrology
3. Comp.language.c++
Online worldwide conversation is also called usenet

93. HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language

94. HTML
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the code
that is used to structure a web page and its
content. For example, content could be structured
within a set of paragraphs, a list of bulleted points,
or using images and data tables.

95. THANK YOU!